The Reformation

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The Reformation Page 153

by Will Durant


  French Disease, Three Chapters on the, 880

  Great Surgery, The, 880

  Paraguay, 194, 865

  Paraphrases (Erasmus), 285

  pardoners, 23

  Paré, Ambroise (1510–90), 872, 874–875, 886

  quoted, 874

  Paris, France: Bastille (1369), 80

  British control, 70, 87

  civil war, 885, 886

  Cluny, Musée de, 99

  Cours des Miracles, 72

  description, 60

  French attack on (1429), 84

  Hôtel Carnavalet, 827

  Hôtel de Ville (1532), 823

  Innocents, Church of the, 72

  Louvre, 60, 67, 68, 70, 496, 504, 823, 826, 827

  Navarre, College of, 73, 102, 104

  Notre Dame Cathedral, 79, 192, 221, 505

  peasant uprising (1300), 60

  printing press, 159

  revolution (1358), 67–68

  St. Etienne du Mont (1492–1628), 96, 822, 829

  St. Eutache (1532–1654), 822

  St.-Germain l’ Auxerrois, 827

  siege (1465), 91

  Sorbonne, 500, 503, 504, 785, 788, 798, 924

  Tour St. Jacques (1508–22), 96

  Tuileries, 828

  underworld, 101

  war ravages (1422), 71

  parish priests, 21, 329, 529, 619

  parlements, 66, 92, 105, 237, 494, 503, 505, 508, 521, 759, 785, 798, 882, 924

  Parler, Heinrich (1361), 155

  Parliament, English: first, 27–28

  “Good Parliament” (1376), 29

  labor representation, no; Lower House, 27

  Merciless Parliament, 56

  Reformation, 543–55

  Scotland, 602–603, 619

  Upper House, 27, 30

  Parma, Italy, 161, 507, 920, 922

  Parr, Catherine (1512–48), 576

  Pascal, Blaise (1623–62), 744, 807

  Pasquier, Étienne (1529–1615), 807

  quoted, 77

  Passau, Germany, 153, 455

  treaty (1552), 931

  Passion Plays, 76, 326

  Paston, Agnes (1450), 235

  Paston, John (1421–66), 122

  Paston, Sir John II (1442–79), 122

  Paston, Margaret (1460), 112, 122, 235

  Paston Letters, 122

  Pastor, Ludwig von (1854–1928), quoted, 17*, 18, 24, 332

  Pastoureaux, 60, 729

  Patagonia, 865

  Patay, France, 84

  paternalism, 297

  Patinier, Joachim (1485?-1524), 831

  St.

  Jerome (New York), 831

  Patras, Turkey, 706

  Patriotes, Genevese, 467, 469, 478, 479, 483

  patriotic massacres, 216

  patriotism, 641

  Paul, Saint (d. 67), 32, 272, 377, 469

  quoted, 373, 463

  Paul II;, Pope (1464–71), 13, 171, 204

  Paul III, Pope (1534–49), 438, 445, 446, 453, 454, 455, 505, 514, 515, 550, 558, 575, 697, 733, 735, 798, 818, 851, 860, 892, 897, 911, 919–922, 925, 927–930

  Paul IV, Pope (1555–9), 201, 521, 522, 598, 706, 735, 737, 744, 781, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 913, 922–923, 924, 925–926, 931

  Paumann, Conrad (d. 1473), 773

  pauperism, 763–764

  Pavia, Italy, 508, 509, 513, 535

  University, 259

  Peace, Admonition to, (Luther), 386

  Peace, The Complaint of (Erasmus), 287

  Peace, The Defender of (Marsilius of Padua), 252, 253

  Peace, Dialogue on (Trithemius), 257

  peasant commune, 582

  peasant revolts, 40, 67, 69, no, 145

  “Peasants, Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of,” (Luther), 389–391

  Peasants, Open Letter Concerning the Hard Book against the (Luther), 393

  Peasants’ War (1525), 145, 294, 382–94, 396, 504, 842, 876

  Pecock, Reginald (c. 1395 c. 1460), 217

  Pécs, University (1367), 184

  Pedersen, Christian (1480?-1554), 628

  Pedro (Peter) el Cruel, King of Castile and León (1350–69), 197–198, 200, 211

  Pedro I, King of Portugal (1357–67), 291

  Pedro, Prince of Portugal, 192

  Peking, China, 195, 240

  Pelayo, Alvaro (1330), 7

  Pellegrino, Francesco (1530), 823, 825

  Peloponnesus (Morea), 176

  penal code, 758

  penalties for crimes, 115, 713

  penances, 22

  pepper, 296

  Percy, Dame Eleanor, 119

  Percy, Henry, Earl of Northumberland

  (1342–1408), 32, 106, 537

  Percy, Henry “Hotspur” (1364–1403), 206

  Peres de Andrade, Fernao (1517), 195

  Pérez, Juan, 260

  Pergamum (Bergama), Asia Minor, 678

  Périgord, France, 68

  Perpendicular Gothic, 118, 119, 839

  Perpignan, France, 221

  rebellion, 90

  Perréal, Jean (d. c. 1528), 98

  Perrers, Alice (d. 1400), 28–29

  Perrin, Ami (1553), 483, 484

  persecution, 619, 630

  Marian, 596–599, 615

  Persia, 222, 453, 510, 663, 664–666, 678, 698–702

  personal hygiene, 198–199, 202, 244, 302. 712, 768

  Perth, Scotland, 602, 616, 617

  Peru, 864, 865

  Perugino, II (Pietro Vannucci: 1446–1523), 138

  Pescara, Marquis of, see Fernando Avalos

  pestilence, 39, 64, 218

  Peter, Saint (d. 67?), 22, 234, 252, 469

  Peter I, the Great (1672–1725), 658

  Peter Martyr (1457–1526), 225, 264

  Peter Martyr Vermigli (1500–62), 580, 589, 863, 892, 893

  Peter of Corvara, see Nicholas V, Antipope

  Peter the Lombard (1100?-60), 247

  Peterborough, England, Cathedral, 119

  Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca: 1304–74), 19, 20, 48, 54, 162, 182, 224, 252, 291, 873

  quoted, 60

  Canzoniere, 811

  Petri, Laurentius (1499–1573), 625

  Petri, Olaus (1493–1552), 624, 625

  Petrucci, Ottaviano dei (1466–1539), 773

  Petruzzi, Baldassare (1481–1536), 826

  Peutinger, Konrad (1465–1547), 298, 301, 320, 322, 324, 327

  Pfefferkorn, Johannes (1469–1524), 290, 324

  Handspiegel, 324

  Judenspiegel, 323

  Pfeiffer, Heinrich, 384, 391

  pharmacopoeia, 873

  pharmacy, 867

  Philadelphia, Asia Minor, 181

  Philibert II, King of Savoy (1480–1504), 96

  Philip II, King of France (1180–1223), 62

  Philip IV, King of France (1285–1314), 6, 60, 61, 62, 251

  Philip V, King of France (1316–22), 61

  Philip VI, King of France (1328–50), 59, 67, 62, 63, 65

  Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1363–1404), 72, 126

  mausoleum, 130–131

  Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (1419–67), 85, 87, 126–127, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136, 141

  Philip I, King of Spain (1504–06), 142, 226, 227, 301

  Philip II, King of Spain (1556–98), 141, 201, 216, 223, 228, 255, 456, 522, 591–592, 594, 595, 595, 597, 599, 600, 636, 637, 904, 923

  Philip, Landgrave of Hesse (1509–67), 380, 391, 401, 412, 439, 441, 445, 449–450, 452, 455, 5*6, 534

  Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow, 659–660

  Philippa of Hainaut, wife of Edward III (1314?-1369), 29, 75

  Philippines, 866

  Philippists, 457

  Philolaus (5th Century B.C.), 856

  philology, 791, 795

  philosophy, 16, 246–251, 693, 744–746, 789, 869, 881, 886, 939

  Philosophy, The Consolation of (Boethius), 49

  physicians, 243

  Physi
cians, Royal College of, 123, 873

  physics, 3, 239, 240, 242, 849

  physiology, 243

  Piacenza, Italy, 507, 920

  Picardy, 58, 91

  Piccolomini, Enea Silvio de (1405–64), see Pius II

  Pico della Mirandola, Gianfrancesco (1470–1533), 918

  Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (1463–94), 323, 405, 425, 724

  Pierre de Luxembourg, 231

  Pierre of Beaujeu, 98

  Pierrefonds, Chateau of (c. 1390), 74, 80

  Piers the Plowman (Langland), 46–47

  Pierson, Anthony, 576

  Pietà of Villeneuve (Louvre), 80

  piety, 648

  Pilgrims, 466, 489

  Pinkie Cleugh, Scotland, battle (1547), 581

  Pinsk, Russia, 173

  Pinta, Columbus’s ship, 261, 263

  Pinzón, Martín Alonso (1440–93), 262, 263

  Pinzón, Vicente (1460?-?1524), 269

  piracy, 109, 112, 572, 581, 627, 696, 718, 765

  Pires, Diogo, see Solomon Molcho Pirkheimer, Willibald (1470–1530), 291, 299, 301, 312, 319, 320, 322, 324, 350, 356, 425, 765

  quoted, 426

  Pisa, Council of, 9, 10

  Pisan, Christine de (1363–1431), 77

  Pius II, Pope (Aeneas Sylvius: 1458–64), 13, 18, 22, 59, 171, 187, 259, 295, 321, 897

  quoted, 12–13, 155, 298, 330, 331

  Pius IV, Pope (1559–65), 477, 780, 913, 926–927, 931

  Pizarro, Francisco (1471–1541), 865

  placard, against social or religious dissent, quoted, 634

  plagues, 39, 64, 245, 874

  planetary motion, 241, 856–857, 861–862

  planetary observation, 239, 862

  planets, revolution, 862*

  Plantarum, Historia (Gesner), 868

  Plantin, Christopher (1520?-89), 784

  Planudes, Maximus (1260?-?1330), 175

  Platina (Bartolommeo de’ Sacchi: 1421–81), 22

  Plato (427?-347 B.C.), 289, 883

  Platonic love, 500, 761

  Platonists, 176

  Plants, living pictures of (Brunfels), 868

  plateresque decoration, 846

  Plautus, Titus (c. 255–184 B.C.), 811

  playing cards, 72*, 114, 158, 419

  plays, see drama

  Pléiade, La, French poets, 808–811, 826, 827

  Plochnik, 180

  pluralism, 19

  Podolia, Russia, 173

  poetic contests, 224

  poetry, 46, 76, 723

  England, 811; erotic ballads, 72

  France, 807–811

  Germany, 325–326, 812–814

  narrative poems, 49

  Ottoman, 714

  Persia, 667–670

  Spain, 224

  Poetry, Academy of, Vienna, 322

  Plutarch (46–120?), 856

  Poggio, Giovanni (1380–1459), 426

  pogroms, 635, 725, 730

  Poitiers, 65, 79, 83, 88, 126, 506, 520

  Poitou, France, 58, 68

  Poland, 8, 161, 172–174, 629, 656, 725

  universities, 788

  war (1409), 144

  Poland, History of (Dlugosz), 173

  Pole, Geoffrey (1502?-58), 574

  Pole, Henry, Lord Montague (1492?-1538), 574

  Pole, Margaret, Countess of Salisbury (1473–1540, 575

  Pole, Reginald (1500–58), 560, 561–562, 575, 590, 594–595, 596, 599, ó00, 716, 896, 897, 926, 928, 929

  Church Unity, In Defense of, 562

  police, 115, 304, 757–758

  Politian, Angelus (1454–94), 123

  political morality, 304, 764–765

  politics, 246

  Politique Power, A Short Treatise of (Ponet), 881

  poll tax, 41, 93

  Polo, Marco (1254?-?1324), 664

  Polotsk, Russia, 173, 656

  polygamy, 671, 711

  polyphonic music, 781–782

  polytheism, 249, 479, 727, 891

  Pomerania, 22, 144, 172, 173

  Pomponazzi, Pietro (1462–1525), 16, 935

  Ponce de la Fuente, Constantino, 640

  Ponce de Leon, Juan (1460?-1521), 269

  Ponet, John (1558), Short Treatise of Politique Power, 881

  Ponthieu, France, 58, 61, 68

  Poor, On the Relief of the (Vives), 764

  Poor Preaching Priests, 36, 115

  poor relief, 475, 573, 582, 627, 764

  “Pope and the Bishops, Against the Falsely Called Spiritual Order of the,” (Luther), 377

  popes: Apostolic Succession, 249, 252

  infallibility, 249

  power, 7–8, 12

  supernational authority, 157, 653

  Popes, History of the (Pastor), quoted, 17*

  Popess Joanna, History in Rhyme of the (Sachs), 814

  portraiture, 829

  Portugal: commercial revolution, 191–196

  explorations, 259–260

  line of demarcation, 264

  Spanish Jews, 218–219

  postal service, 90, 95, 305, 627, 753

  Postel, Guillaume (1552), Contra atheos, 881

  Potosi, Bolivia, 865

  pottery, 222, 677, 685, 688

  Poupin, Abel (1547), 481

  Pourbus, Frans, I (1545–81), 832

  Pourbus, Frans, II (1599–1622), 832

  Pourbus, Pieter (1510–84), 832

  Poussin, Nicolas (1594–1665), 80

  poverty, 39, 40, 59, 60, 71, 873

  power of the Keys, papal, 340

  Poynings, Sir Edward (1459–1521), 569

  Poynings’ Law (1494), 569

  Poznan, Poland, Lubranscianum, 788

  Praemunire, Statute of, 15, 30, 541, 545

  Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 11, 15

  Prague, 147, 151, 156, 162, 184, 724, 725

  Bethlehem Chapel, 163

  Compacts of, 171

  Four Articles (1420), 168, 170

  Karlstein Castle, 162

  “New Town,” 168

  Peace of (1562), 707

  University, 162, 167–168, 237

  Praise of Folly, The (Erasmus), 277–278, 337, 429, 805, 840

  prayers, 30, 376

  predestination, 31, 37, 165, 328, 343, 371, 375, 408, 410, 429, 434, 435, 464, 465, 466, 477, 487, 489, 895

  prelates, 329, 331

  Presbyterian Church of Scotland, official

  creed, quoted, 618–619

  Presbyterianism, 599, 619

  Presbytery, 472–473

  price control, 40, no, 198, 382, 383, 475, 757

  price rises, 573

  Prierias, Sylvester, 346

  Primaticcio, Francesco (1504–70), 823, 825, 826, 829, 848

  Prince, The (Machiavelli), 13, 89, 227, 525, 548

  Princes, Dial of (de Guevara), 816

  princes, 300, 456–457

  printing, 90, 92, 119, 120, 128, 157–160, 189, 368, 505, 660, 784, 849, 924

  music, 773

  Priuli, Luigi, 896

  private judgment, doctrines of, 154, 929

  private property, public trust, 296

  processions, 199, 769

  profanity, 71, iii

  professors, salary, 237, 788

  profit distribution, 381

  prohibition, 667

  propaganda, 368

  prostitution, 10, 21, 72, 127, 302–303, 469, 761, 932

  protective tariffs, 110

  Protectors of the Poor, 764

  Protestant, German rebels from Rome, 442

  Protestant theology, exposition of, 364

  Protestantism, 148, 389, 425, 438–447, 453–458, 488, 520, 564, 590, 591, 598, 607, 608, 627, 629–631, 635, 642, 723, 757, 806, 820, 849, 921, 929, 937–939

  Gallic, 521

  Provence, 58, 92, 224, 505, 508, 510, 515, 520

  Provisors, Statute of, 15, 30

  Prussia, 144, 173, 397, 629

  Prutenic Tables of celestial motions, 862
/>   Psalter, illustrated, 80, 119

  Pskov, Russia, 647, 652, 653, 659

  psychology, 3, 240, 869

  Ptolemy, Claudius (fl. 127–51), 193, 239, 856, 857, 861, 862

  Geography, 480

  public accounting, 382

  public baths, 244, 302, 665, 712, 768

  public sanitation, 39, 65, 202, 712

  publishers, 159, 427, 432, 503, 784–786

  Puerto Rico, 264

  Pulgar, Hernando del (1436?-?1499), 215

  Pulkar, Isaac ibn- (1320), 741

  pumps, 241

  punishment, 22, 145, 304, 647, 758

  Purbach, Georg (1423–61), 239

  purgatory, 168, 348, 464, 579, 619

  Puritans, 302, 465, 489, 895

  Purvey, John, 36

  Pyrenees, 69

  Pythagoreanism, 850

  Qa’it Bey (1468–96), 677

  Qandahar, Persia, 698

  Qasvin, Persia, 700

  Qavam ad-Din, 685

  quackery, 231, 874

  Quakers, 367, 401–402

  quarantine, 245

  Quercy, France, 68

  quicksilver, 296

  Quintilian (68), 845

  Qul-Muhammad, 682

  Rabeau, Julienne (1531), 758

  Rabelais, François (1495–1553), 101, 277, 499, 788, 792, 795–807, 808, 810, 850

  quoted, 796

  Gargantua, 501, 760, 787, 797, 799–801

  Pantagruel, 797, 798, 801–804

  Racine, Jean Baptiste (1639–99), 807

  Radewijnszoon, Floris (1350–1400), 128

  Ragusa, Bosnia, 186, 245

  rain, prayers for, 850

  Rais (Retz), Baron de (?404?-40), 71

  Ralph Roister Doister (Udall), 811

  Ramus, Petrus (1515–72), 250, 883–887

  quoted, 883

  Aristotelicae animadversiones, 884

  Dialectique, 885

  Logic, Divisions of, 884

  Ramusio, Giambattista (1485–1557), 866

  Ramusio Map (1534), 866

  Ranconis, Adelbert (1388), 163

  ransom, 66, 68

  Raphael (1483–1520), 13, 132, 223, 281, 290, 317, 825, 829

  Rashidi Foundation, Tabriz, 665

  Rashidu’d-Din (c. 1247–1318), 663, 666

  quoted, 665

  Histories, Compendium of, 666

  Rathouse, Council Hall, 155

  Ratio fidei (Zwingli), 408

  rationalism, 255, 288, 745, 929

  Ratisbon (Regensburg), Germany, 297, 446, 731–732, 92

  Rättvik, Sweden, 622

  Ravenna, Italy, 540

  Ravi, Jean (1351), 79

  Rayonnant Gothic design, 79

  Rayy, Seljuq, 663, 688

  Real Presence, 572, 577, 585

  reason, 248, 370, 425

  Reason, Age of, 935

  rebaptism, 397, 399

  recess, 442*

  Recorde, Robert (1510?-58), 855

  Red Sea, 195

  reform, 253, 607, 929, 931–933

  reformers, 251–257

  Italian Catholic, 895–899

  Italian Protestant, 891–895

  Regiomontanus, see Johann Müller

 

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