by Will Durant
French Disease, Three Chapters on the, 880
Great Surgery, The, 880
Paraguay, 194, 865
Paraphrases (Erasmus), 285
pardoners, 23
Paré, Ambroise (1510–90), 872, 874–875, 886
quoted, 874
Paris, France: Bastille (1369), 80
British control, 70, 87
civil war, 885, 886
Cluny, Musée de, 99
Cours des Miracles, 72
description, 60
French attack on (1429), 84
Hôtel Carnavalet, 827
Hôtel de Ville (1532), 823
Innocents, Church of the, 72
Louvre, 60, 67, 68, 70, 496, 504, 823, 826, 827
Navarre, College of, 73, 102, 104
Notre Dame Cathedral, 79, 192, 221, 505
peasant uprising (1300), 60
printing press, 159
revolution (1358), 67–68
St. Etienne du Mont (1492–1628), 96, 822, 829
St. Eutache (1532–1654), 822
St.-Germain l’ Auxerrois, 827
siege (1465), 91
Sorbonne, 500, 503, 504, 785, 788, 798, 924
Tour St. Jacques (1508–22), 96
Tuileries, 828
underworld, 101
war ravages (1422), 71
parish priests, 21, 329, 529, 619
parlements, 66, 92, 105, 237, 494, 503, 505, 508, 521, 759, 785, 798, 882, 924
Parler, Heinrich (1361), 155
Parliament, English: first, 27–28
“Good Parliament” (1376), 29
labor representation, no; Lower House, 27
Merciless Parliament, 56
Reformation, 543–55
Scotland, 602–603, 619
Upper House, 27, 30
Parma, Italy, 161, 507, 920, 922
Parr, Catherine (1512–48), 576
Pascal, Blaise (1623–62), 744, 807
Pasquier, Étienne (1529–1615), 807
quoted, 77
Passau, Germany, 153, 455
treaty (1552), 931
Passion Plays, 76, 326
Paston, Agnes (1450), 235
Paston, John (1421–66), 122
Paston, Sir John II (1442–79), 122
Paston, Margaret (1460), 112, 122, 235
Paston Letters, 122
Pastor, Ludwig von (1854–1928), quoted, 17*, 18, 24, 332
Pastoureaux, 60, 729
Patagonia, 865
Patay, France, 84
paternalism, 297
Patinier, Joachim (1485?-1524), 831
St.
Jerome (New York), 831
Patras, Turkey, 706
Patriotes, Genevese, 467, 469, 478, 479, 483
patriotic massacres, 216
patriotism, 641
Paul, Saint (d. 67), 32, 272, 377, 469
quoted, 373, 463
Paul II;, Pope (1464–71), 13, 171, 204
Paul III, Pope (1534–49), 438, 445, 446, 453, 454, 455, 505, 514, 515, 550, 558, 575, 697, 733, 735, 798, 818, 851, 860, 892, 897, 911, 919–922, 925, 927–930
Paul IV, Pope (1555–9), 201, 521, 522, 598, 706, 735, 737, 744, 781, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 913, 922–923, 924, 925–926, 931
Paumann, Conrad (d. 1473), 773
pauperism, 763–764
Pavia, Italy, 508, 509, 513, 535
University, 259
Peace, Admonition to, (Luther), 386
Peace, The Complaint of (Erasmus), 287
Peace, The Defender of (Marsilius of Padua), 252, 253
Peace, Dialogue on (Trithemius), 257
peasant commune, 582
peasant revolts, 40, 67, 69, no, 145
“Peasants, Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of,” (Luther), 389–391
Peasants, Open Letter Concerning the Hard Book against the (Luther), 393
Peasants’ War (1525), 145, 294, 382–94, 396, 504, 842, 876
Pecock, Reginald (c. 1395 c. 1460), 217
Pécs, University (1367), 184
Pedersen, Christian (1480?-1554), 628
Pedro (Peter) el Cruel, King of Castile and León (1350–69), 197–198, 200, 211
Pedro I, King of Portugal (1357–67), 291
Pedro, Prince of Portugal, 192
Peking, China, 195, 240
Pelayo, Alvaro (1330), 7
Pellegrino, Francesco (1530), 823, 825
Peloponnesus (Morea), 176
penal code, 758
penalties for crimes, 115, 713
penances, 22
pepper, 296
Percy, Dame Eleanor, 119
Percy, Henry, Earl of Northumberland
(1342–1408), 32, 106, 537
Percy, Henry “Hotspur” (1364–1403), 206
Peres de Andrade, Fernao (1517), 195
Pérez, Juan, 260
Pergamum (Bergama), Asia Minor, 678
Périgord, France, 68
Perpendicular Gothic, 118, 119, 839
Perpignan, France, 221
rebellion, 90
Perréal, Jean (d. c. 1528), 98
Perrers, Alice (d. 1400), 28–29
Perrin, Ami (1553), 483, 484
persecution, 619, 630
Marian, 596–599, 615
Persia, 222, 453, 510, 663, 664–666, 678, 698–702
personal hygiene, 198–199, 202, 244, 302. 712, 768
Perth, Scotland, 602, 616, 617
Peru, 864, 865
Perugino, II (Pietro Vannucci: 1446–1523), 138
Pescara, Marquis of, see Fernando Avalos
pestilence, 39, 64, 218
Peter, Saint (d. 67?), 22, 234, 252, 469
Peter I, the Great (1672–1725), 658
Peter Martyr (1457–1526), 225, 264
Peter Martyr Vermigli (1500–62), 580, 589, 863, 892, 893
Peter of Corvara, see Nicholas V, Antipope
Peter the Lombard (1100?-60), 247
Peterborough, England, Cathedral, 119
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca: 1304–74), 19, 20, 48, 54, 162, 182, 224, 252, 291, 873
quoted, 60
Canzoniere, 811
Petri, Laurentius (1499–1573), 625
Petri, Olaus (1493–1552), 624, 625
Petrucci, Ottaviano dei (1466–1539), 773
Petruzzi, Baldassare (1481–1536), 826
Peutinger, Konrad (1465–1547), 298, 301, 320, 322, 324, 327
Pfefferkorn, Johannes (1469–1524), 290, 324
Handspiegel, 324
Judenspiegel, 323
Pfeiffer, Heinrich, 384, 391
pharmacopoeia, 873
pharmacy, 867
Philadelphia, Asia Minor, 181
Philibert II, King of Savoy (1480–1504), 96
Philip II, King of France (1180–1223), 62
Philip IV, King of France (1285–1314), 6, 60, 61, 62, 251
Philip V, King of France (1316–22), 61
Philip VI, King of France (1328–50), 59, 67, 62, 63, 65
Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1363–1404), 72, 126
mausoleum, 130–131
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (1419–67), 85, 87, 126–127, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136, 141
Philip I, King of Spain (1504–06), 142, 226, 227, 301
Philip II, King of Spain (1556–98), 141, 201, 216, 223, 228, 255, 456, 522, 591–592, 594, 595, 595, 597, 599, 600, 636, 637, 904, 923
Philip, Landgrave of Hesse (1509–67), 380, 391, 401, 412, 439, 441, 445, 449–450, 452, 455, 5*6, 534
Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow, 659–660
Philippa of Hainaut, wife of Edward III (1314?-1369), 29, 75
Philippines, 866
Philippists, 457
Philolaus (5th Century B.C.), 856
philology, 791, 795
philosophy, 16, 246–251, 693, 744–746, 789, 869, 881, 886, 939
Philosophy, The Consolation of (Boethius), 49
physicians, 243
Physi
cians, Royal College of, 123, 873
physics, 3, 239, 240, 242, 849
physiology, 243
Piacenza, Italy, 507, 920
Picardy, 58, 91
Piccolomini, Enea Silvio de (1405–64), see Pius II
Pico della Mirandola, Gianfrancesco (1470–1533), 918
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (1463–94), 323, 405, 425, 724
Pierre de Luxembourg, 231
Pierre of Beaujeu, 98
Pierrefonds, Chateau of (c. 1390), 74, 80
Piers the Plowman (Langland), 46–47
Pierson, Anthony, 576
Pietà of Villeneuve (Louvre), 80
piety, 648
Pilgrims, 466, 489
Pinkie Cleugh, Scotland, battle (1547), 581
Pinsk, Russia, 173
Pinta, Columbus’s ship, 261, 263
Pinzón, Martín Alonso (1440–93), 262, 263
Pinzón, Vicente (1460?-?1524), 269
piracy, 109, 112, 572, 581, 627, 696, 718, 765
Pires, Diogo, see Solomon Molcho Pirkheimer, Willibald (1470–1530), 291, 299, 301, 312, 319, 320, 322, 324, 350, 356, 425, 765
quoted, 426
Pisa, Council of, 9, 10
Pisan, Christine de (1363–1431), 77
Pius II, Pope (Aeneas Sylvius: 1458–64), 13, 18, 22, 59, 171, 187, 259, 295, 321, 897
quoted, 12–13, 155, 298, 330, 331
Pius IV, Pope (1559–65), 477, 780, 913, 926–927, 931
Pizarro, Francisco (1471–1541), 865
placard, against social or religious dissent, quoted, 634
plagues, 39, 64, 245, 874
planetary motion, 241, 856–857, 861–862
planetary observation, 239, 862
planets, revolution, 862*
Plantarum, Historia (Gesner), 868
Plantin, Christopher (1520?-89), 784
Planudes, Maximus (1260?-?1330), 175
Platina (Bartolommeo de’ Sacchi: 1421–81), 22
Plato (427?-347 B.C.), 289, 883
Platonic love, 500, 761
Platonists, 176
Plants, living pictures of (Brunfels), 868
plateresque decoration, 846
Plautus, Titus (c. 255–184 B.C.), 811
playing cards, 72*, 114, 158, 419
plays, see drama
Pléiade, La, French poets, 808–811, 826, 827
Plochnik, 180
pluralism, 19
Podolia, Russia, 173
poetic contests, 224
poetry, 46, 76, 723
England, 811; erotic ballads, 72
France, 807–811
Germany, 325–326, 812–814
narrative poems, 49
Ottoman, 714
Persia, 667–670
Spain, 224
Poetry, Academy of, Vienna, 322
Plutarch (46–120?), 856
Poggio, Giovanni (1380–1459), 426
pogroms, 635, 725, 730
Poitiers, 65, 79, 83, 88, 126, 506, 520
Poitou, France, 58, 68
Poland, 8, 161, 172–174, 629, 656, 725
universities, 788
war (1409), 144
Poland, History of (Dlugosz), 173
Pole, Geoffrey (1502?-58), 574
Pole, Henry, Lord Montague (1492?-1538), 574
Pole, Margaret, Countess of Salisbury (1473–1540, 575
Pole, Reginald (1500–58), 560, 561–562, 575, 590, 594–595, 596, 599, ó00, 716, 896, 897, 926, 928, 929
Church Unity, In Defense of, 562
police, 115, 304, 757–758
Politian, Angelus (1454–94), 123
political morality, 304, 764–765
politics, 246
Politique Power, A Short Treatise of (Ponet), 881
poll tax, 41, 93
Polo, Marco (1254?-?1324), 664
Polotsk, Russia, 173, 656
polygamy, 671, 711
polyphonic music, 781–782
polytheism, 249, 479, 727, 891
Pomerania, 22, 144, 172, 173
Pomponazzi, Pietro (1462–1525), 16, 935
Ponce de la Fuente, Constantino, 640
Ponce de Leon, Juan (1460?-1521), 269
Ponet, John (1558), Short Treatise of Politique Power, 881
Ponthieu, France, 58, 61, 68
Poor, On the Relief of the (Vives), 764
Poor Preaching Priests, 36, 115
poor relief, 475, 573, 582, 627, 764
“Pope and the Bishops, Against the Falsely Called Spiritual Order of the,” (Luther), 377
popes: Apostolic Succession, 249, 252
infallibility, 249
power, 7–8, 12
supernational authority, 157, 653
Popes, History of the (Pastor), quoted, 17*
Popess Joanna, History in Rhyme of the (Sachs), 814
portraiture, 829
Portugal: commercial revolution, 191–196
explorations, 259–260
line of demarcation, 264
Spanish Jews, 218–219
postal service, 90, 95, 305, 627, 753
Postel, Guillaume (1552), Contra atheos, 881
Potosi, Bolivia, 865
pottery, 222, 677, 685, 688
Poupin, Abel (1547), 481
Pourbus, Frans, I (1545–81), 832
Pourbus, Frans, II (1599–1622), 832
Pourbus, Pieter (1510–84), 832
Poussin, Nicolas (1594–1665), 80
poverty, 39, 40, 59, 60, 71, 873
power of the Keys, papal, 340
Poynings, Sir Edward (1459–1521), 569
Poynings’ Law (1494), 569
Poznan, Poland, Lubranscianum, 788
Praemunire, Statute of, 15, 30, 541, 545
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 11, 15
Prague, 147, 151, 156, 162, 184, 724, 725
Bethlehem Chapel, 163
Compacts of, 171
Four Articles (1420), 168, 170
Karlstein Castle, 162
“New Town,” 168
Peace of (1562), 707
University, 162, 167–168, 237
Praise of Folly, The (Erasmus), 277–278, 337, 429, 805, 840
prayers, 30, 376
predestination, 31, 37, 165, 328, 343, 371, 375, 408, 410, 429, 434, 435, 464, 465, 466, 477, 487, 489, 895
prelates, 329, 331
Presbyterian Church of Scotland, official
creed, quoted, 618–619
Presbyterianism, 599, 619
Presbytery, 472–473
price control, 40, no, 198, 382, 383, 475, 757
price rises, 573
Prierias, Sylvester, 346
Primaticcio, Francesco (1504–70), 823, 825, 826, 829, 848
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 13, 89, 227, 525, 548
Princes, Dial of (de Guevara), 816
princes, 300, 456–457
printing, 90, 92, 119, 120, 128, 157–160, 189, 368, 505, 660, 784, 849, 924
music, 773
Priuli, Luigi, 896
private judgment, doctrines of, 154, 929
private property, public trust, 296
processions, 199, 769
profanity, 71, iii
professors, salary, 237, 788
profit distribution, 381
prohibition, 667
propaganda, 368
prostitution, 10, 21, 72, 127, 302–303, 469, 761, 932
protective tariffs, 110
Protectors of the Poor, 764
Protestant, German rebels from Rome, 442
Protestant theology, exposition of, 364
Protestantism, 148, 389, 425, 438–447, 453–458, 488, 520, 564, 590, 591, 598, 607, 608, 627, 629–631, 635, 642, 723, 757, 806, 820, 849, 921, 929, 937–939
Gallic, 521
Provence, 58, 92, 224, 505, 508, 510, 515, 520
Provisors, Statute of, 15, 30
Prussia, 144, 173, 397, 629
Prutenic Tables of celestial motions, 862
Pskov, Russia, 647, 652, 653, 659
psychology, 3, 240, 869
Ptolemy, Claudius (fl. 127–51), 193, 239, 856, 857, 861, 862
Geography, 480
public accounting, 382
public baths, 244, 302, 665, 712, 768
public sanitation, 39, 65, 202, 712
publishers, 159, 427, 432, 503, 784–786
Puerto Rico, 264
Pulgar, Hernando del (1436?-?1499), 215
Pulkar, Isaac ibn- (1320), 741
pumps, 241
punishment, 22, 145, 304, 647, 758
Purbach, Georg (1423–61), 239
purgatory, 168, 348, 464, 579, 619
Puritans, 302, 465, 489, 895
Purvey, John, 36
Pyrenees, 69
Pythagoreanism, 850
Qa’it Bey (1468–96), 677
Qandahar, Persia, 698
Qasvin, Persia, 700
Qavam ad-Din, 685
quackery, 231, 874
Quakers, 367, 401–402
quarantine, 245
Quercy, France, 68
quicksilver, 296
Quintilian (68), 845
Qul-Muhammad, 682
Rabeau, Julienne (1531), 758
Rabelais, François (1495–1553), 101, 277, 499, 788, 792, 795–807, 808, 810, 850
quoted, 796
Gargantua, 501, 760, 787, 797, 799–801
Pantagruel, 797, 798, 801–804
Racine, Jean Baptiste (1639–99), 807
Radewijnszoon, Floris (1350–1400), 128
Ragusa, Bosnia, 186, 245
rain, prayers for, 850
Rais (Retz), Baron de (?404?-40), 71
Ralph Roister Doister (Udall), 811
Ramus, Petrus (1515–72), 250, 883–887
quoted, 883
Aristotelicae animadversiones, 884
Dialectique, 885
Logic, Divisions of, 884
Ramusio, Giambattista (1485–1557), 866
Ramusio Map (1534), 866
Ranconis, Adelbert (1388), 163
ransom, 66, 68
Raphael (1483–1520), 13, 132, 223, 281, 290, 317, 825, 829
Rashidi Foundation, Tabriz, 665
Rashidu’d-Din (c. 1247–1318), 663, 666
quoted, 665
Histories, Compendium of, 666
Rathouse, Council Hall, 155
Ratio fidei (Zwingli), 408
rationalism, 255, 288, 745, 929
Ratisbon (Regensburg), Germany, 297, 446, 731–732, 92
Rättvik, Sweden, 622
Ravenna, Italy, 540
Ravi, Jean (1351), 79
Rayonnant Gothic design, 79
Rayy, Seljuq, 663, 688
Real Presence, 572, 577, 585
reason, 248, 370, 425
Reason, Age of, 935
rebaptism, 397, 399
recess, 442*
Recorde, Robert (1510?-58), 855
Red Sea, 195
reform, 253, 607, 929, 931–933
reformers, 251–257
Italian Catholic, 895–899
Italian Protestant, 891–895
Regiomontanus, see Johann Müller