The Reformation

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by Will Durant


  Vida, Marco (1480?-1566), 896

  Vienna, Austria, 25, 152, 188, 297, 441, 444, 514, 704, 706

  Academy of Poetry, 322

  Stefansdom (1304), 154

  university, 239, 241, 301

  Vienne, Council of, 7, 729

  Vigili, Fabio, 896

  Vignola, Giacomo da (1507–73), 823, 922

  Villa di Papa Giulio (1553), 922

  Villach, Carinthia, 455

  Villefranche, France, 698

  Villiers de L’lle-Adam, Philippe de (1522), 704

  Villon, François (1431–1480), 78, 101–105, 808

  quoted, 102–104

  Grand testament, le (1461), 102

  Petit testament, Le (c. 1456), 101

  Villon, Guillaume de, 100, 104, 105

  Vincennes, France, chateau (1364–73), 80

  Vincente Ferrer, Saint (1350–1419), 73, 200

  Vinci, Leonardo da (1452–1519), 140, 188, 241, 313, 317, 856

  Last Supper, 132

  Mona Lisa, 823

  viol, 772

  Viret, Peter (1511–71), 468, 469, 479

  Virgin Islands, 264

  Virgin of the Pillar, The (Colombe), 98

  virginal, 773

  virginity, 71, 83, 112, 415, 648, 760

  Vischer, Hans (1489?-1550), 836

  Vischer, Hermann, the Younger (1486?-1517), 308

  Vischer, Paul (d. 1531), 836

  Vischer, Peter, the Elder (c. 1460–1529), 301, 507–30*

  Vischer, Peter, the Younger (1487–1528), 836

  Visconti (Lombard family), 149, 150

  Visconti, Bernabo (1323–85), 8

  Visegrad, Hungary, 188, 189

  Vitez, Janós (1408–72), 189

  Vitovst, Grand Duke, 725

  Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus (1st Century B.C.), 826

  Vitry, Philippe de (1291–1361), 773

  Vives, Juan Luis (1492–1540), 789–790, 869

  De anima et vita, 869

  On the Relief of the Poor, 764

  On the Transmission of Studies, 790

  viziers, 710

  Vladimir, Prince, 656, 658

  Vladimir, Russia, 649, 651

  vocation, conception of, 449

  Voes, Henry, 633

  Vogel, Hans, 732

  Volga River, 655, 656

  Volhynia, Russia, 173

  Volkslied, 156

  Voltaire (François Marie Arouet: 1694–1778), 246, 452, 489, 807, 939

  quoted, 184

  Volterra, Daniele da (1509–66), 899

  voodooism, 233

  Vorst, Peter van der (1536), 920

  Vulgate, 225, 272, 283, 285, 320

  Vyd, Jodocus (1432), 132

  wages, 573

  regulation, 39–40, no, 144, 198, 590, 756

  Wakefield, England, 107

  Waldeck, Franz von, 399

  Waldemar IV, King of Denmark (1340–75), 145

  Waldensians, 36, 149, 153, 164, 169, 328, 382, 396, 470, 505–506

  Waldo, Peter (1180), 505

  Waldseemüller, Martin (1470?-1518), 269

  Waldshut, Switzerland, 396

  Waldthauser, Conrad (1374), 163

  Wales, 27, 106

  Wales, Prince of, ruler of Flanders, 62

  Wallachia, 178, 179, 180, 182

  Wallingford, Richard (c. 1292–1335), 238, 242

  Walpole, Horace (1717–97), 437

  Walsingham, Alan de (1321), 118

  Waltham Abbey, 42

  Walther, Johann (1496–1570), 778

  Walworth, William (d. 1385), 42, 44, 45

  Wandering Jew, 720

  Wang Chen (1314), 158

  war: Christian states, 287

  decline, 65

  morals, 765

  work of kings, 29

  Warham, William, Archbishop (1450?-1532), 123, 125, 274, 276, 289, 428, 429, 524, 525, 529, 536, 545–546, 547

  Wars of the Roses, 107, 569, 571

  Warsaw, Poland, 172, 629

  Wartburg castle, 362, 363

  Warwick, John Dudley, Earl of (1549–53), 582, 583, 585–586, 587, 588, 589, 608, 610

  Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of (1428–71), 107, 113

  Warwick Castle, 119

  watches, 241, 242, 753

  water power, 241

  water supply, 39, 244, 674

  Watzelrode, Lucas, 856

  Wayneflete, William of (1395?-1486), 119, 123

  wealth: concentration, 17*, 287, 692

  ecclesiastical, 17–18, 30, 32, 115, 148, 153, 168

  English, growth, 109–111

  mercantile, 79

  papacy, 894

  peril of, 211

  weavers, 38, 59, 62, 63, 90, 136, 155, 365, 753

  weddings, 303, 648

  Wehe, Jakob (1525), 388

  Wehrgeld, 22

  Weigant, Friedrich (1525), 387

  Weimar, Saxony, 339*

  Weinsberg, Germany, 388, 391

  welfare state, paternalistic, 297

  well boring, 241

  Wells, England, cathedral clock, 242

  Welser family, 295, 299

  Wenceslaus III, King of Bohemia (1305–1306), 161, 172

  Wenceslaus IV, King of Bohemia (1378–1419), 152, 162, 163, 165, 168

  Wendover, Roger (d. 1236), 720

  Werner, Johannes (1468–1528), 855

  Werve, Claus de (1411), 130

  Wesel, Johan von (1410–81), 328

  Wessel, Andreas, 869

  Wessel Gansfort, Johann (1420?-89), 328

  Westminster Abbey, London (1376–1517), 56, 118

  Henry VII’s Chapel (1502–12), 118, 839

  Lady Chapel, 838

  Parliament, meeting, 27–28

  Weston, Sir Francis, 559, 560

  Weston, Sir Richard (1577–1635), 839

  Westphal, Joachim (1510–74), 477–478

  Westphalia, Treaty of, 155

  Wettin, house of, 300, 339*

  Weyden, Rogier van der (1399?-1464), 133–134, 136, 310, 774

  Adoration of the Magi (Munich), 134

  Annunciation (Antwerp, New York, Louvre), 134

  Crucifixion (Vienna), 134

  Descent from the Cross (Madrid), 134

  Last Judgment (Beaune Hospital), 134

  Nativity (Berlin), 134

  Portrait of a Lady (Washington), 134

  Presentation in the Temple (Munich), 134

  Resurrection (New York), 134

  St. Luke Painting the Virgin (Boston, Munich), 134

  Seven Sacraments (Antwerp), 134

  Visitation (Turin), 134

  Whetstone of Wit (Recorde), 855

  Wier, Johannes (1563), On Demonic Deceptions, 852

  Wildhaus, Switzerland, 404

  William, Count of Hainaut, 131

  William, Count of Henneberg (1525), 388

  William, Prince of Orange (1533–84), 636

  William of Ockham, see Ockham, William of

  Willoughby, Sir Hugh (d. 1554), 655

  wills, probating, 17, 545, 621

  Wilno, Lithuania, 173

  Wimpheling, Jakob (1450–1528), 321, 322, 331–332, 425

  Winchester, Bishop of, III

  Winchester, Cardinal (1431), 86

  Winchester Cathedral, 118–119

  windmills, 241

  windows, 74, 97, 113, 119

  Windsor Castle: Round Tower (1344), 28, 118

  St. George’s Chapel (1473), n8, 839

  wiredrawing, 241

  Wishart, George (1513?–46), 607–608

  witchcraft, 232–233, 473, 627, 851–852

  witches, burning, 85, 216, 233, 473, 851, 852

  Witches, Hammer of (Sprenger), 233

  Witches’ Sabbaths, 232–233

  Wittelbacher family, 300

  Wittenberg, Saxony, 339*, 344, 364, 454

  Castle Church, 339, 340, 452

  Dresden Altarpiece, 314

  Luther’s sermons on moderation, 367

&nbs
p; university, 238, 340, 349

  Witz, Conrad (c. 1400–c. 1447), 156

  Wolf, Jerome (1575), 863

  Wolgemut, Michael (1434–1519), 309, 311

  Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal (1475?-1530), 123, 525–542, 544, 545, 555, 563, 839

  women: communism of, 170

  education, 235, 789

  equality, 648

  freedom, 114, 933

  German conception, 416

  place in history, 63

  savants, 202

  Spain, 199

  status, 762

  writers, 77

  wood carving, 99, 298, 307, 309, 316, 828, 835, 847

  wood engraving, 80, 155, 158

  woodcuts, 835

  Dürer’s, 316

  Holbein’s, 842

  woolen industry, 38, 62

  woolsacks, 27

  Worde, Wynkyn de (d. 1534?), 121

  workers, revolts, 69, 144

  Worms, Germany, 293, 297, 299, 401, 446

  Diet of (1521), 357–363, 431, 627, 924

  Edict, 442, 444, 633

  quoted, 362

  Luther Memorial, 361*

  Wren, Christopher (1632–1723), 119

  Wullenwever, Jürgen (1488?-1537), 398, 445

  Württemburg, Germany, 147, 391, 397, 412

  dukes, 300

  Würzburg, Germany, 156, 387, 389, 391, 393

  Wyatt, Sir Thomas (1503?-42), 537, 811

  Wyatt, Sir Thomas the Younger (1521?-54), 592, 593

  Wycherley, William (1549), 850

  Wyclif, John (c. 1320–84), 8, 30–37, 40, 116, 152, 163, 164, 165, 166, 236, 250, 251, 255, 607

  quoted, 33

  Confessio, 35

  Tractatus de civili dominis, 31, 32

  Wykeham, William of (1324–1404), 119, 235, 770

  Wyttenbach, Thomas (1508), 404

  Xanten, Germany, 7

  St. Victor Church, 154

  Xavier, St. Francis (1506–52), 908, 910, 914

  Xeres, Granada, 201

  Ximenes de Cisneros, Francisco (1437–1517), 199, 207, 220, 225–226, 227, 228, 283, 637, 640, 817

  Yaqub II of Morocco (1269–86), 695

  Yazd, 698

  Yeni-Sheir, Asia Minor, 678

  Yersin, Alexandre (1863–1943), 64

  Yolande of Anjou, 87

  York Minister, 119

  Yorkshire, England, 566

  Ypres, France, 58, 59, 69, 515, 635

  Ysaac, Heinrich, 776, 779

  Yucatán, 865

  Yuri Danielovitch, Prince of Moscow (1303–25), 650, 651

  Zabarella, Cardinal, 22

  Zabern, Germany, 389, 392

  Zacuto, Abraham (c. 1450-r. 1510), 743

  Zahara, Morocco, 202

  Zamora, Council of (1313), 729

  Zápolya, John (1487–1540), 441

  Zaporogue Cossacks, 655

  Zasius, Ulrich (1461–1536), 322

  Zbynek, Archbishop (1408), 164

  Zeeland, Netherlands, 126

  Zell, Ulrich (d. c. 1507), 121

  Zirih, Persia, 672

  Zižka, Jan (1360?-1424), 168–169

  Zohar, 740

  zoology, 243, 689

  Zoroastrians, 176

  Zug, Switzerland, 146, 410

  Zurbarán, Francisco de (1598?-1664), 223

  Zurich, Switzerland, 146, 156, 404, 405–414, 457

  Great Council, 396, 407–411

  Grossmünster, 405, 406, 409

  Zurita y Castro, Jerónimo (1512–80), 215–16

  Zwickau, Germany, 365

  Zwickau Prophets, 366, 367

  Zwilling, Gabriel (1521), 365

  Zwingli, Anna Reinhard, 407

  Zwingli, Ulrich (1484–1531), 153, 396, 403–414, 424, 427, 443, 465, 478, 489, 778

  quoted, 726

  Archeteles, 406

  Christiane fidei brevis et clara expositio, 413

  Christliche Einleitung, Eine kurze, 408

  Ratio fidei, 408

  Religione, De vera et falsa, 408

  Zwinglian doctrine, 408

  Zwinglians, 384, 423, 442, 450, 607, 633

  About the Authors

  WILL DURANT was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, on November 5, 1885. He was educated in the Catholic parochial schools there and in Kearny, New Jersey, and thereafter in St. Peter’s (Jesuit) College, Jersey City, New Jersey, and Columbia University. New York. For a summer he served as a cub reporter on the New York Journal, in 1907, but finding the work too strenuous for his temperament;, he settled down at Seton Hall College, South Orange, New Jersey, to teach Latin, French, English, and geometry (1907-11). He entered the seminary at Seton Hall in 1909, but withdrew in 1911 for reasons he has described in his book Transition. He passed from this quiet seminary to the most radical circles in New York, and became (1911-13) the teacher of the Ferrer Modern School, an experiment in libertarian education. In 1912 he toured Europe at the invitation and expense of Alden Freeman, who had befriended him and now undertook to broaden his borders.

  Returning to the Ferrer School, he fell in love with one of his pupils—who had been born Ida Kaufman in Russia on May 10, 1898—resigned his position, and married her (1913). For four years he took graduate work at Columbia University, specializing in biology under Morgan and Calkins and in philosophy under Woodbridge and Dewey. He received the doctorate in philosophy in 1917, and taught philosophy at Columbia University for one year. In 1914, in a Presbyterian church in New York, he began those lectures on history, literature, and philosophy that, continuing twice weekly for thirteen years, provided the initial material for his later works.

  The unexpected success of The Story of Philosophy (1926) enabled him to retire from teaching in 1927. Thenceforth, except for some incidental essays Mr. and Mrs. Durant gave nearly all their working hours (eight to fourteen daily) to The Story of Civilization. To better prepare themselves they toured Europe in 1927, went around the world in 1930 to study Egypt, the Near East, India, China, and Japan, and toured the globe again in 1932 to visit Japan, Manchuria, Siberia, Russia, and Poland. These travels provided the background for Our Oriental Heritage (1935) as the first volume in The Story of Civilization. Several further visits to Europe prepared for Volume 2, The Life of Greece (1939), and Volume 3, Caesar and Christ (1944). In 1948, six months in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, and Europe provided perspective for Volume 4, The Age of Faith (1950). In 1951 Mr. and Mrs. Durant returned to Italy to add to a lifetime of gleanings for Volume 5, The Renaissance (1953); and in 1954 further studies in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, and England opened new vistas for Volume 6, The Reformation (1957).

  Mrs. Durant’s share in the preparation of these volumes became more and more substantial with each year, until in the case of Volume 7, The Age of Reason Begins (1961), it was so great that justice required the union of both names on the title page. And so it was on The Age of Louis XIV (1963), The Age of Voltaire (1965), and Rousseau and Revolution (winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1968).

  The publication of Volume 11, The Age of Napoleon, in 1975 concluded five decades of achievement. Ariel Durant died on October 25, 1981, at the age of 83; Will Durant died 13 days later, on November 7, aged 96. Their last published work was A Dual Autobiography (1977).

  * “One cause of the downfall of the German Church lay in her enormous riches, the unhealthy growth of which aroused on the one side the envy and hatred of the laity, and on the other had a most deleterious effect on the ministers of the Church themselves.”—Pastor (C), History of the Popes, VII, 293.

  † In any society the majority of abilities is contained in a minority of men; therefore, sooner or later, the majority of goods, privileges, and powers will be possessed by a minority of men. Wealth became concentrated in the Church in the Middle Ages because she served vital functions and was herself served by the ablest men. The Reformation, in one aspect, was a redistribution of this naturally concentrated wealth by the secular appropriation of ecclesiastical property or revenues.r />
  * Probably from Middle Dutch lollaerd, from lollen, to mutter, murmur, mumble (prayers?); cf. lull.

  * Livery was originally, in Anglo-French, livrée, a delivery or allowance of provisions or clothing, made by a lord to a vassal. In time the clothing took on the character of a uniform Worn by the clients of a great man in the pomp of his retinue. Guilds adopted the custom and proudly wore their distinctive livery at their meetings and in their parades. Such habits gave color to “Merrie England.”

  † The last two titles have undergone further evolution.

  * Sote is sweet; rote, root; eek, also; holt, farm; yë, eye; ferne, distant; halwes (hallows), shrines; couthe, known. In scanning Chaucer’s lines most now silent e’s are pronounced, as in French verse; and many words of French lineage (matter, courage, honor, voyage, pleasant, etc.) are accented on the final syllable.

  * Nas was not; holwe, hollow, thin; courtepy, short coat; sautrye, psaltery or harp; souninge, sounding.

  * His burial there may have been due not to his poetry but to his being at his death a tenant of Abbey property.

  * We may define capital as goods or funds used to produce goods for consumption; a capitalist as an investor or provider of capital; capitalism as an economic system or process dominated by capitalists.

  * The assumption that these two decrees referred to a law of the Salic Franks prohibiting the inheritance of land by women is now generally rejected;8 the inheritance of land by women had long since become ordinary in France.

  * It was already a century old, for cannon had been used by the Berbers at Sidgilmessa in 1247.12

  * This was apparently at first a proper name, Delphinus (Dolphin), which, often repeated in the ruling families of Vienne and Auvergne, became (c. 1250) a title of dignity. In 1285 it was officially conferred upon the eldest son of the Count of Vienne, and Delphinatus 01 Dauphiné was thenceforth used to designate the county, of which Grenoble is now the principal seat. In 1349 Count Humboldt II of the Viennois sold the Dauphiné, with the title Dauphin, to Charles of Valois, son of King John II. When Charles became king in 1364 he transferred the title to his eldest son; and thereafter the eldest son of a French king was regularly known as the Dauphin of the Viennois.

  * Playing cards entered Europe probably in the fourteenth century; the first definite mention of them is in 1379. Apparently they came from the Moslems through Africa, Spain, and the crusaders. The Chinese claim to have used them as early A.D. 1120.34

  * O age of lead, perverse time, sky of brass, Land without fruit, sterile and profitless, People accursed, with every sorrow full!—Is it not right that I should mourn you all?

 

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