by Will Durant
Vida, Marco (1480?-1566), 896
Vienna, Austria, 25, 152, 188, 297, 441, 444, 514, 704, 706
Academy of Poetry, 322
Stefansdom (1304), 154
university, 239, 241, 301
Vienne, Council of, 7, 729
Vigili, Fabio, 896
Vignola, Giacomo da (1507–73), 823, 922
Villa di Papa Giulio (1553), 922
Villach, Carinthia, 455
Villefranche, France, 698
Villiers de L’lle-Adam, Philippe de (1522), 704
Villon, François (1431–1480), 78, 101–105, 808
quoted, 102–104
Grand testament, le (1461), 102
Petit testament, Le (c. 1456), 101
Villon, Guillaume de, 100, 104, 105
Vincennes, France, chateau (1364–73), 80
Vincente Ferrer, Saint (1350–1419), 73, 200
Vinci, Leonardo da (1452–1519), 140, 188, 241, 313, 317, 856
Last Supper, 132
Mona Lisa, 823
viol, 772
Viret, Peter (1511–71), 468, 469, 479
Virgin Islands, 264
Virgin of the Pillar, The (Colombe), 98
virginal, 773
virginity, 71, 83, 112, 415, 648, 760
Vischer, Hans (1489?-1550), 836
Vischer, Hermann, the Younger (1486?-1517), 308
Vischer, Paul (d. 1531), 836
Vischer, Peter, the Elder (c. 1460–1529), 301, 507–30*
Vischer, Peter, the Younger (1487–1528), 836
Visconti (Lombard family), 149, 150
Visconti, Bernabo (1323–85), 8
Visegrad, Hungary, 188, 189
Vitez, Janós (1408–72), 189
Vitovst, Grand Duke, 725
Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus (1st Century B.C.), 826
Vitry, Philippe de (1291–1361), 773
Vives, Juan Luis (1492–1540), 789–790, 869
De anima et vita, 869
On the Relief of the Poor, 764
On the Transmission of Studies, 790
viziers, 710
Vladimir, Prince, 656, 658
Vladimir, Russia, 649, 651
vocation, conception of, 449
Voes, Henry, 633
Vogel, Hans, 732
Volga River, 655, 656
Volhynia, Russia, 173
Volkslied, 156
Voltaire (François Marie Arouet: 1694–1778), 246, 452, 489, 807, 939
quoted, 184
Volterra, Daniele da (1509–66), 899
voodooism, 233
Vorst, Peter van der (1536), 920
Vulgate, 225, 272, 283, 285, 320
Vyd, Jodocus (1432), 132
wages, 573
regulation, 39–40, no, 144, 198, 590, 756
Wakefield, England, 107
Waldeck, Franz von, 399
Waldemar IV, King of Denmark (1340–75), 145
Waldensians, 36, 149, 153, 164, 169, 328, 382, 396, 470, 505–506
Waldo, Peter (1180), 505
Waldseemüller, Martin (1470?-1518), 269
Waldshut, Switzerland, 396
Waldthauser, Conrad (1374), 163
Wales, 27, 106
Wales, Prince of, ruler of Flanders, 62
Wallachia, 178, 179, 180, 182
Wallingford, Richard (c. 1292–1335), 238, 242
Walpole, Horace (1717–97), 437
Walsingham, Alan de (1321), 118
Waltham Abbey, 42
Walther, Johann (1496–1570), 778
Walworth, William (d. 1385), 42, 44, 45
Wandering Jew, 720
Wang Chen (1314), 158
war: Christian states, 287
decline, 65
morals, 765
work of kings, 29
Warham, William, Archbishop (1450?-1532), 123, 125, 274, 276, 289, 428, 429, 524, 525, 529, 536, 545–546, 547
Wars of the Roses, 107, 569, 571
Warsaw, Poland, 172, 629
Wartburg castle, 362, 363
Warwick, John Dudley, Earl of (1549–53), 582, 583, 585–586, 587, 588, 589, 608, 610
Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of (1428–71), 107, 113
Warwick Castle, 119
watches, 241, 242, 753
water power, 241
water supply, 39, 244, 674
Watzelrode, Lucas, 856
Wayneflete, William of (1395?-1486), 119, 123
wealth: concentration, 17*, 287, 692
ecclesiastical, 17–18, 30, 32, 115, 148, 153, 168
English, growth, 109–111
mercantile, 79
papacy, 894
peril of, 211
weavers, 38, 59, 62, 63, 90, 136, 155, 365, 753
weddings, 303, 648
Wehe, Jakob (1525), 388
Wehrgeld, 22
Weigant, Friedrich (1525), 387
Weimar, Saxony, 339*
Weinsberg, Germany, 388, 391
welfare state, paternalistic, 297
well boring, 241
Wells, England, cathedral clock, 242
Welser family, 295, 299
Wenceslaus III, King of Bohemia (1305–1306), 161, 172
Wenceslaus IV, King of Bohemia (1378–1419), 152, 162, 163, 165, 168
Wendover, Roger (d. 1236), 720
Werner, Johannes (1468–1528), 855
Werve, Claus de (1411), 130
Wesel, Johan von (1410–81), 328
Wessel, Andreas, 869
Wessel Gansfort, Johann (1420?-89), 328
Westminster Abbey, London (1376–1517), 56, 118
Henry VII’s Chapel (1502–12), 118, 839
Lady Chapel, 838
Parliament, meeting, 27–28
Weston, Sir Francis, 559, 560
Weston, Sir Richard (1577–1635), 839
Westphal, Joachim (1510–74), 477–478
Westphalia, Treaty of, 155
Wettin, house of, 300, 339*
Weyden, Rogier van der (1399?-1464), 133–134, 136, 310, 774
Adoration of the Magi (Munich), 134
Annunciation (Antwerp, New York, Louvre), 134
Crucifixion (Vienna), 134
Descent from the Cross (Madrid), 134
Last Judgment (Beaune Hospital), 134
Nativity (Berlin), 134
Portrait of a Lady (Washington), 134
Presentation in the Temple (Munich), 134
Resurrection (New York), 134
St. Luke Painting the Virgin (Boston, Munich), 134
Seven Sacraments (Antwerp), 134
Visitation (Turin), 134
Whetstone of Wit (Recorde), 855
Wier, Johannes (1563), On Demonic Deceptions, 852
Wildhaus, Switzerland, 404
William, Count of Hainaut, 131
William, Count of Henneberg (1525), 388
William, Prince of Orange (1533–84), 636
William of Ockham, see Ockham, William of
Willoughby, Sir Hugh (d. 1554), 655
wills, probating, 17, 545, 621
Wilno, Lithuania, 173
Wimpheling, Jakob (1450–1528), 321, 322, 331–332, 425
Winchester, Bishop of, III
Winchester, Cardinal (1431), 86
Winchester Cathedral, 118–119
windmills, 241
windows, 74, 97, 113, 119
Windsor Castle: Round Tower (1344), 28, 118
St. George’s Chapel (1473), n8, 839
wiredrawing, 241
Wishart, George (1513?–46), 607–608
witchcraft, 232–233, 473, 627, 851–852
witches, burning, 85, 216, 233, 473, 851, 852
Witches, Hammer of (Sprenger), 233
Witches’ Sabbaths, 232–233
Wittelbacher family, 300
Wittenberg, Saxony, 339*, 344, 364, 454
Castle Church, 339, 340, 452
Dresden Altarpiece, 314
Luther’s sermons on moderation, 367
&nbs
p; university, 238, 340, 349
Witz, Conrad (c. 1400–c. 1447), 156
Wolf, Jerome (1575), 863
Wolgemut, Michael (1434–1519), 309, 311
Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal (1475?-1530), 123, 525–542, 544, 545, 555, 563, 839
women: communism of, 170
education, 235, 789
equality, 648
freedom, 114, 933
German conception, 416
place in history, 63
savants, 202
Spain, 199
status, 762
writers, 77
wood carving, 99, 298, 307, 309, 316, 828, 835, 847
wood engraving, 80, 155, 158
woodcuts, 835
Dürer’s, 316
Holbein’s, 842
woolen industry, 38, 62
woolsacks, 27
Worde, Wynkyn de (d. 1534?), 121
workers, revolts, 69, 144
Worms, Germany, 293, 297, 299, 401, 446
Diet of (1521), 357–363, 431, 627, 924
Edict, 442, 444, 633
quoted, 362
Luther Memorial, 361*
Wren, Christopher (1632–1723), 119
Wullenwever, Jürgen (1488?-1537), 398, 445
Württemburg, Germany, 147, 391, 397, 412
dukes, 300
Würzburg, Germany, 156, 387, 389, 391, 393
Wyatt, Sir Thomas (1503?-42), 537, 811
Wyatt, Sir Thomas the Younger (1521?-54), 592, 593
Wycherley, William (1549), 850
Wyclif, John (c. 1320–84), 8, 30–37, 40, 116, 152, 163, 164, 165, 166, 236, 250, 251, 255, 607
quoted, 33
Confessio, 35
Tractatus de civili dominis, 31, 32
Wykeham, William of (1324–1404), 119, 235, 770
Wyttenbach, Thomas (1508), 404
Xanten, Germany, 7
St. Victor Church, 154
Xavier, St. Francis (1506–52), 908, 910, 914
Xeres, Granada, 201
Ximenes de Cisneros, Francisco (1437–1517), 199, 207, 220, 225–226, 227, 228, 283, 637, 640, 817
Yaqub II of Morocco (1269–86), 695
Yazd, 698
Yeni-Sheir, Asia Minor, 678
Yersin, Alexandre (1863–1943), 64
Yolande of Anjou, 87
York Minister, 119
Yorkshire, England, 566
Ypres, France, 58, 59, 69, 515, 635
Ysaac, Heinrich, 776, 779
Yucatán, 865
Yuri Danielovitch, Prince of Moscow (1303–25), 650, 651
Zabarella, Cardinal, 22
Zabern, Germany, 389, 392
Zacuto, Abraham (c. 1450-r. 1510), 743
Zahara, Morocco, 202
Zamora, Council of (1313), 729
Zápolya, John (1487–1540), 441
Zaporogue Cossacks, 655
Zasius, Ulrich (1461–1536), 322
Zbynek, Archbishop (1408), 164
Zeeland, Netherlands, 126
Zell, Ulrich (d. c. 1507), 121
Zirih, Persia, 672
Zižka, Jan (1360?-1424), 168–169
Zohar, 740
zoology, 243, 689
Zoroastrians, 176
Zug, Switzerland, 146, 410
Zurbarán, Francisco de (1598?-1664), 223
Zurich, Switzerland, 146, 156, 404, 405–414, 457
Great Council, 396, 407–411
Grossmünster, 405, 406, 409
Zurita y Castro, Jerónimo (1512–80), 215–16
Zwickau, Germany, 365
Zwickau Prophets, 366, 367
Zwilling, Gabriel (1521), 365
Zwingli, Anna Reinhard, 407
Zwingli, Ulrich (1484–1531), 153, 396, 403–414, 424, 427, 443, 465, 478, 489, 778
quoted, 726
Archeteles, 406
Christiane fidei brevis et clara expositio, 413
Christliche Einleitung, Eine kurze, 408
Ratio fidei, 408
Religione, De vera et falsa, 408
Zwinglian doctrine, 408
Zwinglians, 384, 423, 442, 450, 607, 633
About the Authors
WILL DURANT was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, on November 5, 1885. He was educated in the Catholic parochial schools there and in Kearny, New Jersey, and thereafter in St. Peter’s (Jesuit) College, Jersey City, New Jersey, and Columbia University. New York. For a summer he served as a cub reporter on the New York Journal, in 1907, but finding the work too strenuous for his temperament;, he settled down at Seton Hall College, South Orange, New Jersey, to teach Latin, French, English, and geometry (1907-11). He entered the seminary at Seton Hall in 1909, but withdrew in 1911 for reasons he has described in his book Transition. He passed from this quiet seminary to the most radical circles in New York, and became (1911-13) the teacher of the Ferrer Modern School, an experiment in libertarian education. In 1912 he toured Europe at the invitation and expense of Alden Freeman, who had befriended him and now undertook to broaden his borders.
Returning to the Ferrer School, he fell in love with one of his pupils—who had been born Ida Kaufman in Russia on May 10, 1898—resigned his position, and married her (1913). For four years he took graduate work at Columbia University, specializing in biology under Morgan and Calkins and in philosophy under Woodbridge and Dewey. He received the doctorate in philosophy in 1917, and taught philosophy at Columbia University for one year. In 1914, in a Presbyterian church in New York, he began those lectures on history, literature, and philosophy that, continuing twice weekly for thirteen years, provided the initial material for his later works.
The unexpected success of The Story of Philosophy (1926) enabled him to retire from teaching in 1927. Thenceforth, except for some incidental essays Mr. and Mrs. Durant gave nearly all their working hours (eight to fourteen daily) to The Story of Civilization. To better prepare themselves they toured Europe in 1927, went around the world in 1930 to study Egypt, the Near East, India, China, and Japan, and toured the globe again in 1932 to visit Japan, Manchuria, Siberia, Russia, and Poland. These travels provided the background for Our Oriental Heritage (1935) as the first volume in The Story of Civilization. Several further visits to Europe prepared for Volume 2, The Life of Greece (1939), and Volume 3, Caesar and Christ (1944). In 1948, six months in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, and Europe provided perspective for Volume 4, The Age of Faith (1950). In 1951 Mr. and Mrs. Durant returned to Italy to add to a lifetime of gleanings for Volume 5, The Renaissance (1953); and in 1954 further studies in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, and England opened new vistas for Volume 6, The Reformation (1957).
Mrs. Durant’s share in the preparation of these volumes became more and more substantial with each year, until in the case of Volume 7, The Age of Reason Begins (1961), it was so great that justice required the union of both names on the title page. And so it was on The Age of Louis XIV (1963), The Age of Voltaire (1965), and Rousseau and Revolution (winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1968).
The publication of Volume 11, The Age of Napoleon, in 1975 concluded five decades of achievement. Ariel Durant died on October 25, 1981, at the age of 83; Will Durant died 13 days later, on November 7, aged 96. Their last published work was A Dual Autobiography (1977).
* “One cause of the downfall of the German Church lay in her enormous riches, the unhealthy growth of which aroused on the one side the envy and hatred of the laity, and on the other had a most deleterious effect on the ministers of the Church themselves.”—Pastor (C), History of the Popes, VII, 293.
† In any society the majority of abilities is contained in a minority of men; therefore, sooner or later, the majority of goods, privileges, and powers will be possessed by a minority of men. Wealth became concentrated in the Church in the Middle Ages because she served vital functions and was herself served by the ablest men. The Reformation, in one aspect, was a redistribution of this naturally concentrated wealth by the secular appropriation of ecclesiastical property or revenues.
* Probably from Middle Dutch lollaerd, from lollen, to mutter, murmur, mumble (prayers?); cf. lull.
* Livery was originally, in Anglo-French, livrée, a delivery or allowance of provisions or clothing, made by a lord to a vassal. In time the clothing took on the character of a uniform Worn by the clients of a great man in the pomp of his retinue. Guilds adopted the custom and proudly wore their distinctive livery at their meetings and in their parades. Such habits gave color to “Merrie England.”
† The last two titles have undergone further evolution.
* Sote is sweet; rote, root; eek, also; holt, farm; yë, eye; ferne, distant; halwes (hallows), shrines; couthe, known. In scanning Chaucer’s lines most now silent e’s are pronounced, as in French verse; and many words of French lineage (matter, courage, honor, voyage, pleasant, etc.) are accented on the final syllable.
* Nas was not; holwe, hollow, thin; courtepy, short coat; sautrye, psaltery or harp; souninge, sounding.
* His burial there may have been due not to his poetry but to his being at his death a tenant of Abbey property.
* We may define capital as goods or funds used to produce goods for consumption; a capitalist as an investor or provider of capital; capitalism as an economic system or process dominated by capitalists.
* The assumption that these two decrees referred to a law of the Salic Franks prohibiting the inheritance of land by women is now generally rejected;8 the inheritance of land by women had long since become ordinary in France.
* It was already a century old, for cannon had been used by the Berbers at Sidgilmessa in 1247.12
* This was apparently at first a proper name, Delphinus (Dolphin), which, often repeated in the ruling families of Vienne and Auvergne, became (c. 1250) a title of dignity. In 1285 it was officially conferred upon the eldest son of the Count of Vienne, and Delphinatus 01 Dauphiné was thenceforth used to designate the county, of which Grenoble is now the principal seat. In 1349 Count Humboldt II of the Viennois sold the Dauphiné, with the title Dauphin, to Charles of Valois, son of King John II. When Charles became king in 1364 he transferred the title to his eldest son; and thereafter the eldest son of a French king was regularly known as the Dauphin of the Viennois.
* Playing cards entered Europe probably in the fourteenth century; the first definite mention of them is in 1379. Apparently they came from the Moslems through Africa, Spain, and the crusaders. The Chinese claim to have used them as early A.D. 1120.34
* O age of lead, perverse time, sky of brass, Land without fruit, sterile and profitless, People accursed, with every sorrow full!—Is it not right that I should mourn you all?