100“same painter”: New York Times, October 23, 1901, in Wolk-Simon, “Raphael,” 57.
100to $500,000: New York Herald, January 1, 1902, ibid.
100“paid before”: Gaspard Farrer to James J. Hill, May 24, 1902, in Strouse, Morgan, 490.
100most cosmopolitan: Flaminia Gennari Santori observes that “Morgan was considered by the press to be the most American of American collectors,” The Melancholy of Masterpieces: Old Master Paintings in America 1900–1914 (Milan: 5 Continents, c. 2003), 108.
100“London aristocrats”: Chernow, Morgan, 47.
101“modern world”: Clinton Dawkins to Alfred Milner, February 8, 1901, in Strouse, Morgan, 394.
101“Charles James Fox”: “Lady Georgiana Spencer,” in Thomas Gainsborough, ed. Michael Rosenthal and Martin Myrone (London: Tate Publishing, 2002), 188.
102“proper places”: Sir Joshua Reynolds, in “Thomas Gainsborough: Art, Society, Sociability,” ibid., 12.
102“single call”: Gerald Reitlinger, The Economics of Taste: The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices 1760–1960 (London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1961), 188.
104the British Isles: Oliver Garnett, “Agnew’s,” in Art Dictionary, vol. 1, 454.
104“lunatic asylum”: Satterlee, Morgan, 353.
104recent notoriety: Strouse, Morgan, 412.
104“content or cost”: Ibid.
105“wait my chance”: Boughton to HGM, September 20, 1888, MMA Archives.
105“for love or money”: OG to BB, 1891, Hall, “Old Masters,” 21.
106“nor equaled since”: Reynolds, “The Third Discourse,” in Elizabeth G. Holt, A Documentary History of Art, vol. II (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co.), 278.
106six sittings a day: Joshua Reynolds: The Creation of Celebrity, ed. Martin Postle (London: Tate Publishing, 2005), 25; David Mannings, Sir Joshua Reynolds: A Complete Catalogue of His Paintings, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 2000), 4.
106“to paint circumstances”: Reynolds in Rosenthal and Myrone, “Gainsborough,” 23.
106“but at the expense of the likeness”: Ibid.
107sovereign beauty: Rosenthal and Myrone, 147.
108“hang it there?”: Satterlee, Morgan, 434.
CHAPTER IV. “GRECO’S MERIT IS THAT HE WAS TWO CENTURIES AHEAD OF HIS TIME”
109“down the wharf”: Louisine W. Havemeyer, Sixteen to Sixty: Memoirs of a Collector, ed. Susan Alyson Stein (New York: Ursus Press, 1993), 86.
109Baedeker’s: Karl Baedeker, Spain and Portugal: Handbook for Travellers (Leipsig, Germany: Karl Baedeker Publisher, 1898; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898), xi, xii, xv, xx.
110“be a Spaniard”: MC to Emily Sartain, May 22, [1871], Cassatt and Her Circle: Selected Letters, ed. Nancy Mowll Mathews (New York: Abbeville Press, 1984), 70. For the Havemeyers in Spain, see Susan Alyson Stein, “Chronology,” Frelinghuysen et al., Splendid, 230–31.
110“it belongs to you”: Henri Rouart to Edgar Degas, December 30, 1896, in Ann Dumas, “Degas and the Collecting Milieu,” The Private Collection of Edgar Degas (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997), 133n38. For El Grecos owned by Rouart, 127.
110“thought so much of him”: MC to LWH, February 6, 1903, MMA Archives.
110“some of Greco’s”: MC to LWH, February 6, [1903], in Nancy Mowll Mathews, Mary Cassatt: A Life (New York: Villard Books, 1994), 263; MC to Adolph Borie, July 27, 1910, in Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 192.
112 17 by Mary Cassatt: For the Havemeyer Collection, see Gretchen Wold, “Appendix,” Frelinghuysen et al., Splendid, 291–384.
112“private individuals”: MC to Theodate Pope [September 1903], Mathews, Letters, 286.
113“impulsive”: LWH, Sixteen, 143.
113“own home”: LWH, ibid., 22.
114“even a little mad”: Jonathan Brown, “El Greco, the Man and the Myth,” Toledo Museum of Art, El Greco of Toledo (Boston: Little Brown), 15, 20.
114lower-right-hand corner: Gabriele Finaldi, “The Purification of the Temple,” in El Greco, ed. David Davies (London: National Gallery Company, 2003), 89.
115on the price: Jonathan Brown, “El Greco: An Introduction to his Life, Art, and Thought,” in The Frick Collection, El Greco: Themes and Variations (New York: The Frick Collection, 2001), 13n.
115“wrong attributions”: Harold E. Wethey, El Greco and His School, vol. 2 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962), 162–259.
115“great painter”: Paul Lefort, in Brown, “El Greco,” 21.
115“artistic impressions”: Julius Meier-Graefe, The Spanish Journey, trans. J. Holroyd-Reece (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., [1926]), 128.
115“and its color”: LWH, Sixteen, 131.
116“could be seen”: Ibid., 132.
116“not consider it”: HOH, ibid., 152. For the meeting with Cossio, 132.
116“greatest pictures”: Ibid., 138, 141.
117dislikes of Old Masters: Mathews, Cassatt, 262–63.
117“in your house”: MC to LWH, November 29, 1906, MMA Archives.
117“painters and connoisseurs”: MC in Erica E. Hirshler, “Helping ‘Fine Things’ Across the Atlantic: Mary Cassatt and Art Collecting in the United States,” Mary Cassatt: Modern Woman, organized by Judith A. Barter (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago in association with Harry N. Abrams, 1998), 183.
118“Goyas are a bargain”: MC to DR, January [1903], Lionello Venturi, Les Archives de L’impressionnisme vol. 2 (Paris and New York: Durand-Ruel, Editeurs, 1939), 117.
118they took it: See Stein, “Notes,” Sixteen, 326n224.
118“for a Nattier”: MC to LWH, Hirshler, “Fine Things,” 203.
118“Tell him that”: MC in LWH, Sixteen, 289.
119“don’t think her ugly”: LWH, Sixteen, 110; MC, ibid., 293.
119“big haul”: MC to LWH, Friday, February 6, 1903, in Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 139; Mathews, Cassatt, 262.
119“too commercial for me”: MC to Adolph Borie, July 27, 1910, MMA, Frances Weitzenhoffer Files.
119great works of art: LWH, Sixteen, 160, 116, 268.
119early age: for MC biography, see Mathews, Cassatt.
120“narrow and hard one”: LWH, Sixteen, 268.
120“my artistic life”: MC to Oliver Payne, February 28, [1915], Mathews, Letters, 321.
121“ever met”: LWH, Sixteen, 269.
123“bought it upon her advice”: Ibid., 249–50.
123by Pissarro: Stein, “Chronology,” Splendid, 203.
123“judgment and advice”: LWH, Sixteen, 268.
124independence of mind: Ibid.
125“very angry”: Ibid., 24.
125“struck with a Cranach”: MC to LWH, February 2, 1903, MMA Archives.
125asked at least $60,000: New York Times, February 19, 1895; Esmée Quodbach, “ ‘Rembrandt’s “Gilder” is Here:’ How America Got Its First Rembrandt and France Lost Many of Its Old Masters,” Simiolus 31, no. 1⁄2 (2004–5), 105.
125“so costly”: New York Times, in Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 53.
126“done Havemeyer twice”: HGM to Samuel Avery, April 19, 1889, MMA Archives.
126“won’t do”: HGM to Luigi Cesnola, June 23, 1891, in Stein, “Chronology,” Splendid, 234.
126“in our board”: Samuel Avery to Luigi Cesnola, June 23, 1891, MMA Archives.
127“in Fifth Avenue”: Wilhelm von Bode, the New York Times, October 11, 1893, in Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 79.
127picked up the refined: Harry W. Havemeyer, Frederick Christian Havemeyer: A Biography 1807–1891 (New York: Privately published, 2003), 42–43.
127“too arduous or beneath us”: Theodore Havemeyer, Louisiana Planter, July 17, 1897, in Jack Simpson Mullins, The Sugar Trust: Henry O. Havemeyer and The American Sugar Refining Company (University of South Carolina, University Microfilms, 1964), 19.
128“cheaper’than anyone else”: Theodore Havemeyer, March 23, 1891, in Havemeyer, Havemeyer: A Biography, 94–95.
128“King of the sugar market”: Frederick C. Havemeyer to Theodore Havemeyer, May 10, 1885, and July 3, 1885, ibid., 146, 151.
128“a brute”: John Parsons, in Richard Zerbe, “The American Sugar Refinery Company, 1887–1914: The Story of a Monopoly,” Journal of Law and Economics, 12, no. 2, 350.
128“largely interested”: New York Tribune, March 25, 1891; Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 69.
128“principal object”: HOH testimony in Zerbe, “The American Sugar Refinery Company,” 349.
128$28 million: Mullins, The Sugar Trust, 122.
129“foreign nations” was illegal: Sherman Antitrust Act, July 1890, in Alan Brinkley, American History, vol. 2 (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1999), 667.
129“change enough, isn’t it?”: HOH in Louisiana Planter, 25 (November 4, 1905), in Mullins, The Sugar Trust, 73; $100,000 salary, Zerbe, “The American Sugar Refinery Company,” 350.
129for the states: Mullins, The Sugar Trust, 92–93.
129$1.1 million on the deal: Ibid., 84. Zerbe, “The American Sugar Refinery Company,” 154; for Arbuckle fight, 442.
130“not give way”: John Arbuckle, Hardwick Committee, Hearings III, 2332–3, in Mullins, The Sugar Trust, 23–24.
130“interest deeply Mr. Havemeyer”: LWH, Sixteen, 160, 161.
130as a copy: Stein, “Notes”; ibid., 323, 184.
131“things go”: MC to LWH, June 16, 1901, ibid., 345n463.
131“with disappointments”: MC to HOH, undated letter [August 5 to 9, 1901], MMA, Weitzenhoffer Files.
131“until I had seen it myself”: MC to LWH, August 30, 1901. MMA Archives.
131“in a private gallery”: Ibid.
132retrospective of El Greco: S. Viniegra, Exposición de las Obras del Greco (Madrid: Museo Nacional del Pintura, 1902).
132 ANYTHING FOR YOU: PDR to HOH, June 16, 1902, Durand-Ruel Archives, Paris.
132“not make good”: Camille Pissarro to Lucien Pissarro, April 25, 1891, in Hirshler, “Fine Things,” 192.
132 550 Old Master pictures: Flavie Durand-Ruel, correspondence, April 5, 2007.
133“better luck in America”: MC to Alexander Cassatt, September 21 [1885], Mathews, Letters, 195.
133“stir in Paris”: PDR, in Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 41.
133“French collectors”: PDR to Fantin-Latour, ibid., 41–42.
134“something for a museum”: PDR to Joseph Wicht, July 2, 1902, Durand-Ruel Archives.
135actual space of the room: Keith Christiansen, “A Cardinal,” in El Greco, ed. Davies, 282.
135Sandoval y Rojas: See Brown, El Greco, 69; Jonathan Brown and Dawson A. Carr, “Portrait of a Cardinal: Nin~o de Guevara or Sandoval y Rojas?” in Figures of Thought: El Greco as Interpreter of History, Tradition, and Ideas, ed. Jonathan Brown, Studies in the History of Art, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1982), 33–42.
135“the finest thing of Greco’s”: MC to LWH, February 13, 1902, MMA Archives.
136 Cardinal’s price: PDR to Joseph Wicht, July 2, 1902, Durand-Ruel Archives.
136“buy or not”: HOH to MC, July 1, 1902, MMA, Weitzenhoffer Files.
136“by 1 meter 30”: PDR to HOH, July 10, 1902, Durand-Ruel Archives.
137“for the new gallery”: MC to LWH, November 20, [1902], Mathews, Letters, 288–89.
137to offer $10,000: MC to LWH, Christmas Evening [1902], ibid.
137“no account ”: MC to LWH, January 5, 1903, MMA Archives.
137too low: Meier-Graefe, Spanish Journey, 323.
137“a large picture”: MC TO LWH, February 6, 1903, MMA Archives.
137“if we can get it”: MC to LWH, February 10, 1903, MMA Archives.
138“correspondence’between us”: HOH to PDR, July 31, 1903, MMA, Weitzenhoffer Files.
138“difficult and dangerous”: PDR to HOH, November 13, 1903, Durand-Ruel Archives.
138“three masterpieces”: MC to PDR, [November 12, 1903], Venturi, Archives, 119. (He suggests the date of the letter is 1905.)
138“none of beauty”: MC to PDR, November 12, 1903, MMA, Weitzenhoffer Files.
138for the Cardinal : PDR to MC, December 29, 1903, Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 166.
138“didn’t want to sell at all”: PDR to MC, December 29, 1903, Durand-Ruel Archives.
139“same quality as the Cardinal”: PDR to MC, December 29, 1903, Durand-Ruel Archives.
139“to buy it”: PDR to Ricardo Madrazo, January 9, 1904, Durand-Ruel Archives.
139“big price”: John Singer Sargent to Edward Robinson, February 7, 1904, Director’s Files, Museum Archives, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
139“have a cardinal”: LWH, Sixteen, 156.
139only $17,000: Edward Robinson to Ricardo Madrazo, March 17, 1904, Director’s Files, Museum Archives, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. $17,165.84 including packing and shipping.
140“for an American museum”: PDR to HOH, April 1, 1904, Durand-Ruel Archives.
140“Cardinal by Greco”: April 11, 1904, in Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 153.
140 150,000 francs for the Cardinal : PDR to HOH, April 22, 1904, Durand-Ruel Archives.
140“very rare”: PDR to HOH, April 28, 1904, Durand-Ruel Archives.
140“BUY GRECO 225”: See PDR to HOH, May 10, 1904, Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 153. Flavie Durand-Ruel correspondence, April 5, 2007.
140“at his price”: PDR to HOH, May 10, 1904, in Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers,153.
140 225,000 francs: PDR to HOH, May 20, 1904, MMA, Weitzenhoffer Files.
140“higher price”: HOH to PDR, May 6, 1904, in Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 153.
141“to have left Spain”: MC to Theodore Duret, November 30, [1904], Mathews, Letters, 295.
141“rivalry exists between museums”: Eugene Glaenzer to BB, May 31, 1904, Berenson Archive, Villa I Tatti. See Glaenzer to BB, December 24, 1903, for 25% commission.
141“really approve” and “preposterous”: BB to ISG, July 27, and ISG to BB, August 7, 1904, Letters, 341, 343.
142“fine paintings will be acquired”: MC to Theodore Duret, November 30, [1904], Mathews, Letters, 295.
142“250,000 francs”: PDR to MC, early December 1904, Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 157; PDR to MC, December 13, 1904, MMA, Weitzenhoffer Files; Durand-Ruel Archives.
142“what interest”: Glaenzer to BB, December 24, 1906, Berenson Archive, Villa I Tatti.
142“untouched”: MC to Charles L. Hutchinson, January 9, 1905, in Hirshler, “Fine Things,” 205.
142seven to six: July 17, 1906. Minutes of the Board of Trustees, vol. 3, 173, May 16, 1906; 178, June 7, 1906; 186, July 17, 1906, Institutional Archives, The Art Institute of Chicago.
142“Mr. Havemeyer”: MC to LWH, October 17, 1906, in LWH, Sixteen, 291.
143Cathedral of Valladolid: Susan Grace Galassi, “The Frick El Grecos,” in The Frick Collection, El Greco: Themes and Variations, 37.
143“leaving Spain”: Ricardo Madrazo to LWH, June 14, 1909, in Stein, “Chronology,” Splendid, 250.
143“like a miniature”: LWH, Sixteen, 139.
144“less full of artifice”: Kenneth Clark, Landscape into Art (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961), 49.
CHAPTER V. “A PICTURE FOR A BIG PRICE”
145turned down: BB to ISG, August 2, 1896, Letters, 62.
146to sell: Frick had bought contemporary paintings from Tooth, including Christ and the Disciples at Emmaus (for $21,000) by P. A. J. Dagnan-Bouveret.
146“dies disgraced”: Andrew Carnegie, “[Gospel of] Wealth,” North American Review (June 1889), 139–40, in David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), 350.
148sharp-eyed accountant: Nasaw observes: “Frick was a master accountant, with his eye firmly fixed on the bottom line,” ibid., 395.
148“ruthless, domineering, icy”: Charles M. Schwab, in Kenneth Warren, Triumphant Capitalism: Henry Clay Frick and the Industrial Transformation of
America (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996), 374.
148“charitable side”: James H. Bridge, ibid., 375.
148“habitual enthusiasms”: Ibid., 41.
149“Baltimore & Ohio [Railroad]”: HCF to AC, May 10, 1898, HCFP, GLB, vol. 16, TFC/FARL.
149“thrown in”: HCF to AC, May 12, 1898, HCFP, GLB, vol. 16, TFC/FARL.
149“unfits him for business”: HCF to AC, May 9, 1898, HCFP, GLCB, vol. 16, TFC/FARL.
149“agree with me”: HCF to AC, May 9, 1898, HCFP, GLB, vol. 16, TFC/FARL.
150“self-contained, dignified”: HCF to Elbert Gary, May 7, 1919, in Warren, Triumphant, 359.
150“energy of youth”: HCF to CSC, July 29, 1908, HCFP, GLB, vol. 27, TFC/FARL.
150“trade-unions . . .”: Carnegie, “An Employer’s View of the Labor Question,” Forum (April 1886), in Nasaw, Carnegie, 279.
150strikebreakers: “Results of the Labor Struggle,” Forum (August 1886), ibid., 282.
151“a battle with him”: Nasaw, Carnegie, 568.
151“King of Coke”: For Frick biography, see Warren, Triumphant; George Harvey, Henry Clay Frick: The Man (1928; reprint, Washington, D.C.: Beard Books, 2002).
152“enough to hurt”: Warren, Triumphant, 13.
153valued at $1 million: Ibid., 17.
154to the steel magnate: Nasaw, Carnegie, 210.
154“with the Frick Coke Co.”: AC to HCF, February 25, 1886, in Warren, Triumphant, 41–42.
154three times that much: Nasaw, Carnegie, 210.
154future profits: Warren, Triumphant, 55, 209.
154“your steel interests”: HCF to Henry Phipps (and also to John Walker, May 13, 1887), in Warren, Triumphant, 48.
155“do the same”: HCF to AC, July 25, 1889, in Nasaw, Carnegie, 371.
155“managed as it can be”: AC to HCF, August 8, 1889, ibid., 371–72.
155“Frick Coke Co. successfully”: HCF to AC, August 9, 1889, ibid., 372.
155“the man”: AC to HCF, September 3, 1889, ibid., 373.
155“energy, or transportation”: Warren, Triumphant, 64.
155“the most beneficial results”: Carnegie, [Gospel of] Wealth, in Nasaw, Triumphant, 348–49.
155“lid taken off”: David Cannadine, Mellon (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 107.
156two dollars a day: Ibid.
Old Masters, New World Page 33