by Ernst Roets
13. Maroela Media. (26 January 2018). Boer sterf dag na plaasaanval.
14. Employment Equity Act, 1998 (Act No. 55 of 1998), section 1.
CHAPTER 1 – A LAND OF SORROW
1. The description of the events was reconstructed from personal conversations with Martin Coetzee. Media reports about the event include: SABC. (18 September 2014). Farmer eviction order bid postponed. Also AfriForum. (18 September 2014). Media statement: AfriForum represents farm attack victim in Land Claims Court.
2. Van der Walt, R. (2011). Documentary film: War of the flea.
3. Roets, E. (14 December 2010). Memorandum to the President of the World Federation of Democratic Youth, Tiago Vieira.
4. Kriel, K. (3 December 2010). ANC must accept responsibility for the murder of 3-year-old. In Politicsweb.
5. Times Live. (5 December 2010). Steve starts race row.
6. Corrigan, T. (18 January 2018). The “brutal farmer” stereotype. In Politicsweb.
7. Beeld. (10 October 2017). Dis oor wetteloosheid.
CHAPTER 2 – WHAT IS A FARM ATTACK?
1. Bezuidenhout, C. (November 2012). Overview of farm attacks in South Africa and their potential impact on society. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 8–29 at p. 11.
2. Burger, J. (November 2012). From rural protection to rural safety: How government changed its priorities. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 58–71 at p. 59.
3. South African Police Service. (March 2012). Manual for crime definitions, Consolidation notice 2/2012. Pretoria: National Commissioner. p. 188. Quoted in Burger, J. (November 2012). From rural protection to rural safety: How government changed its priorities. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 58–71 at p. 59.
4. Burger, J. (November 2012). From rural protection to rural safety: How government changed its priorities. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 58–71 at p. 59.
5. Burger, J. (November 2012). From rural protection to rural safety: How government changed its priorities. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 58–71 at p. 59.
6. South African Police Service. (2011). Strategy. Pretoria: Division Visible Policing. p. 8. Quoted in Burger, J. (November 2012). From rural protection to rural safety: How government changed its priorities. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 58–71 at p. 60.
7. South African Police Service. (March 2012). Manual for crime definitions. Consolidation notice 2/2012. Pretoria: National Commissioner. p. 50.
8. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. p. 4.
9. Steenkamp, J. (2014). The Griekwastad murders: The crime that shook South Africa. Cape Town: Random House Struik, and Kemp, C. (2014). Moord op Griekwastad: Die storie van die Steenkamp-treurspel. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
10. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. pp. 8–11.
11. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. pp. 8–11.
12. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. pp. 8–11.
13. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. pp. 8–11.
14. South African Human Rights Commission. (2014). Report: National investigative hearing into safety and security challenges in farming communities. p. 72.
15. Interview with Johan Burger. (20 September 2017).
16. Hart, H. (1961). The concept of law. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 27.
17. Malan, K. (2008). THRHR. The deficiency of individual rights and the need for community protection. pp. 415–437.
18. Regulation of Gatherings Act, 1993 (Act No. 205 of 1993).
19. The Telegraph. (1 December 2012). South African farmers fearing for their lives.
20. Wagner, BB. (December 2014). Unique approaches for a unique type of crime: Prosecuting hate crimes. Offices of the United States Attorneys.
21. Welsh, BC and Farrington, DP. (2010). The future of crime prevention: Developmental and situational strategies. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice. p. 46.
22. Sherman, LW; Gottfredson, DC; MacKenzie, DL; Eck, J; Reuter, P and Bushway, SD. (July 1998). Preventing crime: What works, what doesn’t, what’s promising. Report to the United States Congress. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice. Chapter 2 (page number omitted).
CHAPTER 3 – FREQUENCY: WHAT ARE THE NUMBERS?
1. Africa Check. (8 May 2017). Analysis: Why calculating a farm murder rate in SA is near impossible.
2. Burger, J. (November 2012). From rural protection to rural safety: How government changed its priorities. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 58–71 at p. 61.
3. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. p. 2.
4. Burger, J. (November 2012). From rural protection to rural safety: How government changed its priorities. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 58–71 at p. 60.
5. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. p. 2.
6. South African Police Service Annual Reports. (2001/2002–2006/2007).
7. Promotion of Acces to Information Act, 2000 (Act No. 2 of 2000).
8. Office of the State Attorney, Pretoria. (6 May 2016). Report: RE: AfriForum NPC/National Information Office South African Police Service. p. 2.
9. Compilation of SAPS Annual Reports, (2001/2002–2006/2007); Presentation by the South African National Police Service. (4 May 2016). Meeting with AfriForum – Incidence of violence on farms and smallholdings and statistics released by the acting National Police Commissioner in October 2017.
10. Hermann, D and Van Zyl, C. (2011). Land of sorrow: 20 years of farm attacks in South Africa. Centurion: Kraal Uitgewers.
11. AfriForum. (24 April 2012). Video on YouTube: Treurgrond, (Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uphYTonwTU&t=3s).
12. Statistics South Africa. (2017). Victims of crime survey 2015/2016. p. 65.
13. AfriForum and TAU SA.
14. NationMaster. Facts and stats about South Africa. (Available at http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/South-Africa/Crime).
15. NationMaster. Facts and stats about South Africa. (Available at http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/South-Africa/Crime).
16. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2013). Report: The global study on homicide 2013.
17. South African Police Service Crime Statistics. (2016/2017).
18. South African Police Service Crime Statistics. (2016/2017).
19. South African Police Service Crime Statistics. (2016/2017).
20. Institute of Race Relations. (2017). South Africa Survey 2017. p. 794.
21. Beeld. (9 June 2017). Halfmiljoen vermoor. Also Cronje, F. (2016). A time traveller’s guide to South Africa in 2030. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 57.
22. IOL. (13 May 2008). Poaching figures skyrocket in South Africa.
23. South African Police Service Crime Statistics. (2016/2017).
24. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2013). Report: The global study on homicide 2013. p. 21.
25. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2013).
Report: The global study on homicide 2013.
26. Rates taken from the latest figures provided in Report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2013). The global study on homicide 2013. South African rate taken from SAPS Crime Statistics. (2016/2017).
27. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2013). Report: The global study on homicide 2013. p. 23.
28. The Mercury. (31 October 2011). South Africa’s ever-shrinking farmers.
29. Statistics South Africa. (2007). Census of commercial agriculture 2007.
30. Burger J. (17 October 2012). Farm attacks and farm murders remain a concern. Institute for Security Studies.
31. AfriForum and TAU SA. (15 January 2015). Report: Statistics for farm attacks and farm murders in 2014.
32. Times Live. (25 October 2016). Farmers 4,5 times more at risk of being murdered – AfriForum.
33. Africa Check. (8 May 2017). Analysis: Why calculating a farm murder rate in SA is near impossible.
34. Africa Check. (8 May 2017). Analysis: Why calculating a farm murder rate in SA is near impossible.
35. Africa Check. (8 May 2017). Analysis: Why calculating a farm murder rate in SA is near impossible.
36. Email by Chris van Zyl of TAU SA. (10 January 2018).
37. AfriForum Research Institute. (26 April 2017). Report: Plaasaanvalle en plaasmoorde in Suid-Afrika: Statistiek dui op drastiese toename in plaasmoorde. p. 6.
38. Burger, J. (6 November 2013). Why is it more dangerous to be a farmer than a policeman in SA? Article published by Africa Check.
39. Myburgh, J. (9 October 2012). Why the IRR is wrong about farm attacks. In Politicsweb.
40. Antoni, ML. (7 February 2018). Farm murder blindness. In Politicsweb.
41. South African Police Service Crime Statistics. (2016/2017).
42. Myburgh, J. (9 October 2012). Why the IRR is wrong about farm attacks. In Politicsweb.
CHAPTER 4 – BRUTALITY: HOW BAD DOES IT GET?
1. Bezuidenhout, C. (November 2012). Overview of farm attacks in South Africa and their potential impact on society. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 8–29 at p. 15.
2. Bezuidenhout, C. (November 2012). Overview of farm attacks in South Africa and their potential impact on society. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 8–29 at p. 15.
3. Mistry, D and Dhlamini, J. (2001). Perpetrators of farm attacks: An offender profile. South Africa: Technikon SA.
4. Bezuidenhout, C. (November 2012). Overview of farm attacks in South Africa and their potential impact on society. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 8–29 at p. 15.
5. United Nations Human Rights. (1984). Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 1.
6. Also AfriForum. (26 June 2014). The reality of farm tortures in South Africa.
7. Pearsall, J (Ed.). (2002). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. 10th edition, revised. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8. AfriForum Research Institute. (26 April 2017). Report: Plaasaanvalle en plaasmoorde in Suid-Afrika: Statistiek dui op drastiese toename in plaasmoorde. p. 6.
9. Netwerk24. (12 August 2017). Polisiekapt: ‘Die 17 plaasmoorde was die wreedste’.
10. AfriForum. (26 June 2016). Report: The reality of farm tortures in South Africa. p. 28.
11. South Africa Today. (14 June 2016). Shocking hate crimes – farm murders – in South Africa.
12. Forum Nuus. (9 October 2014). Generaal Phiyega kom kuier asseblief op ons plaas.
13. Landbou.com. (17 May 2010). Vermoorde boer agter bakkie gesleep.
14. AfriForum. (26 June 2016). Report: The reality of farm tortures in South Africa. p. 23. Also AfriForum. (14 March 2013). Media statement: AfriForum welcomes verdict re Ottosdal farm murder, asks for farm murder strategy.
15. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 64.
16. AfriForum. (26 June 2016). Report: The reality of farm tortures in South Africa. p. 24.
17. New York Daily News. (27 July 2012). Robbers accused of torturing, killing South African family plead guilty.
18. Rapport. (19 October 2013). 666 geskryf op plaas by lyke.
19. AfriForum. (26 June 2016). Report: The reality of farm tortures in South Africa. p. 20.
20. News24. (20 February 2015). Murdered farm couple tortured for hours.
21. Netwerk24. (4 June 2015). Aanvallers ‘druk Samurai- swaard in man se keel af’.
22. Volksblad. (28 November 2016). Doom, strykyster gebruik in aanval op boer (58).
23. Beeld. (28 November 2016). Aanvallers spuit boer met Doom.
24. Netwerk24. (6 March 2018). Sakeman (86) nog kritiek 6 weke ná aanval.
25. OFM. (15 May 2018). Legendariese Piet Els sterf maande ná aanval.
26. Maroela Media. (11 February 2017). Bejaarde boer met Jik, tang gemartel: Sterf week ná aanval.
27. BBC. (17 October 2015). South African murders: Man admits charges after Roger and Christine Solik killed.
28. BBC. (17 October 2015). South African murders: Man admits charges after Roger and Christine Solik killed.
29. The Telegraph. (23 February 2017). British woman killed in South Africa after robbers torture her with blow torch and leave her husband for dead; The Telegraph. (28 February 2017). Husband of woman tortured in South Africa robbery speaks about horrific ordeal; BBC News. (24 February 2017). Susan Howarth ‘tortured and killed’ in South Africa.
30. News24. (11 March 2017). Robbers tortured woman with drill in farm attack; The Citizen. (11 March 2017). DA condemns brutal farm attack in Gauteng; Randfontein Herald. (13 March 2017). Farm attack: Elderly woman tortured with drill; Randfontein Herald. (13 March 2017). Elderly woman critical after vicious farm attack; Vaal Weekblad. (11 March 2017). Gemartelde plaasvrou se toestand nou stabiel.
31. Netwerk24. (20 August 2017). Boer vermoor en toe in bakkie verbrand.
32. OFM. (16 October 2017). DA vra polisie se dringende ingryping nadat nog ’n boer in Potch-plaasaanval sterf; Netwerk24. (20 August 2017). Boer vermoor en toe in bakkie verbrand.
33. Netwerk24. (20 August 2017). Boer vermoor en toe in bakkie verbrand.
34. Maroela Media. (22 August 2017). Man met strykyster, tang op kleinhoewe gemartel.
35. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA.
36. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 53.
37. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 52.
38. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 52.
39. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 56.
40. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 52.
41. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. pp. 55–56; Rust, R. (2016). Vlees en bloed. Pretoria: LAPA. pp. 131–132.
42. Rust, R. (2016). Vlees en bloed. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 129.
43. Rust, R. (2016). Vlees en bloed. Pretoria: LAPA. pp. 128–130.
44. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. pp. 54–55.
45. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 60.
46. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 56.
47. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 58.
48. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 64.
49. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 57.
50. Rust, R. (2016). Vlees en bloed. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 135; Beeld. (5 December 2017). Bejaarde egpaar in huis oorval: Honde voor plaasaanval doodgem
aak.
51. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 52.
52. Claasen, L. (November 2012). The significance of the level of brutality and overkill. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 46–57 at p. 46.
53. Moolman, N. (2000). Farm attacks: Are there any ulterior motives? Acta Criminologica, 13(2). pp. 64–74.
54. Merriam-Webster. (2017). s.v. ‘overkill’. (Available at https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/overkill).
55. Pearsall, J (Ed.). (2002). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. 10th edition, revised. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
CHAPTER 5 – UNIQUE ROLE: WHY WE CANNOT AFFORD FARM MURDERS
1. SABC 2. (16 September 2014). Afrikaanse Nuus.
2. Johnson, RW. (2015). How long will South Africa survive? The looming crisis. Johannesburg and Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers. p. 167.
3. Johnson, RW. (2015). How long will South Africa survive? The looming crisis. Johannesburg and Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers. p. 169.
4. Statistics South Africa. (6 March 2018). Gross domestic product: Fourth quarter 2017. p. 8.
5. Statistics South Africa. (31 July 2017). Mid-year population estimates.
6. Statistics South Africa. (31 July 2017). Mid-year population estimates; Statistics South Africa. (13 February 2018). Quarterly labour force survey: Quarter 4: 2017.
7. Statistics South Africa. (6 March 2018). Gross domestic product: Fourth quarter 2017. p. 8; Institute of Race Relations. (2018). South Africa Survey 2018. p. 109. Read together with Institute of Race Relations. (2017). South Africa Survey 2017. p. 101.
8. Institute of Race Relations. (2018). South Africa Survey 2018. p. 111.
9. Greyling, J. (March 2015). A look at the contribution of the agricultural sector to the South African economy. Pretoria: Grain SA.
10. export.gov. (19 July 2017). South Africa – Agricultural sector. (Available at https://www.export.gov).
11. Statistics South Africa. (15 May 2018). Quarterly labour force survey: Quarter 1: 2018. p. 7.
12. Statistics South Africa. (15 May 2018). Youth unemployment still high in quarter 1: 2018.
13. National Planning Commission. (11 November 2011). National Development Plan.