Children during the Holocaust
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Aptowicz, Richard, xxxviii, xxxix
Arbeitsunfähige (individuals unable to work), 62
armaments: factories, 249; factory camp, 187; industries, 61, 64n63, 150, 187n56
Armia Krajowa (Polish Home Army), 324, 325, 394
Army, U.S., 5n13
Army Air Force, U.S., 279
Army Group South, 88n29
Arrow Cross, 103n47, 104
art, by children: examples of, 73, 159, 166, 317, 321; value of, 72, 158, 305, 306, 316–17, 320
Aryan: children, 243–45, 246–71, 282; definition of, 11n27, 74
Aryanization, 31
Asser, Lissy, 98
assimilation, Jewish, 3
Aufklärungsamt für Bevölkerungspolitik und Rassenpflege (Information Office for Population Policy and Race Cultivation), 259
Auschwitz: A Doctor’s Eyewitness Account (Nyiszli), 160–62
Auschwitz concentration camp, xiii, 154; children at, 128, 181, 305, 420; deaths at, 150–51, 155, 155, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 169, 172, 187, 223, 224, 239n86, 286n6, 293n21, 338n25; gas chambers of, 96, 148, 155, 155, 160–61, 163, 164, 370, 377; liberation of, 169, 371n53; liquidation of, 158, 417; medical experiments at, 237, 238, 238–41, 242; Sonderkommando at, 241n87
Auschwitz Decree, 195, 223
Auschwitz II-Birkenau extermination camp, xi, 148, 154; children at, 162–63, 164–70, 223–26; deaths at, 223, 296, 370; Gypsy family camp in, 223–24, 241; Kinderblock of, 312–13; revolt at, 328; runners in, 165, 166, 401; Sauna of, 166; survival of, 169–70. See also Theresienstadt family camp
Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp, 154, 377
Ausländerkinderpflegestätten (nursery care facilities), 62–65, 66
Austria: Allied occupation of, 395–96; emigration from, 20n42, 68; Nazi Party of, 15; Vienna, 15n36, 279
Austro-German unification (Anschluss), 15
Avangarda Młodzieży (Youth Avant-Garde), 338
Avram, Janka, 176–80
Awret, Azriel, 14n33
Awret, Irene Spicker, 13–14
Axmann, Artur, 244n1
Babi Yar, 87n26, 88n29, 90n33
Bad Herweck (Germany), 8
Bad Polzin (Poland), 2
Bahrmann, Harry, 278
Bajler, Szlamek, 183n50
baptism, xxxiii, 394
Barbie, Klaus, 370, 371, 372
Bárdossy, Lászlo, 103n47
Battle of Berlin, 277, 279–81
Battle of Britain, 45–46
Battle of Königsberg, 277
Battle of Nations (Völkerschlacht), 276n49
Baur, Erwin, 200n20
Bavaria, 1, 2, 29, 149
BDM. See League of German Girls
BDM Union for Belief and Beauty (BDM-Werk Glaube und Schönheit), 248
Beer Hall Putsch, 24
Beit Theresienstadt, 385n12
Bejilis, Menahem Mendel, 394n20
Belarus, 83–86
Belgium: invasion of, 96; Jewish star in, 44; Red Cross of, 366
Belorussia, 42, 332
Bełżec extermination camp, 150, 152, 153
Bergen Belsen concentration camp, 354, 354n36
Beriha (flight, migration, or exodus), 395–96
Berlin (Germany), 282n54; Battle of, 277; bombing of, 274; boycott in, 6, 7; Grunewald, 40n10; Hansaviertel, 41n12; segregation in, 39n9; University of Berlin, 224
Berlin Deaf Athletes’ Association, 245, 246–47
Berlin Society for Christian-Jewish Relations, 95
Berman, Adolf Avraham, 128, 129, 130–31
Bernburg (Germany), 171n29, 216
Beyond Despair (Appelfeld), 415, 416
Bible, 290n16, 338, 339, 340
Biebow, Hans, 115, 121, 122
Bielski, Alexander (Zus), 332–33
Bielski, Aron, 332–33
Bielski, Asael, 332–33
Bielski, Lilka Titkin, 333n16
Bielski, Tuvia, 332–33
Bielski partisans, 332–33, 334, 334
Bikernieke Forest, 127
Biology for Secondary Schools (Graf), 259
Birenbaum, Halina, 417, 418–19
Birkenau. See Auschwitz II-Birkenau
Birkenau Boys, 165
birth certificates, xl, 177
Birthday Wish I (Weissová), 307, 308
birthrate: in France, 201; in Germany, 193n4; in Łódź, 141–42
Bitter Herbs (Minco), 59
Black Saturday, 47
Blatt, Thomas (Tuvia), 329
Bleicher, Willi, 188
Blitz, 45–46, 47–48
Blitz scouts, 46
Blobel, Paul, 87, 88, 92
Block, Elisabeth, 1, 2, 9, 29–31, 32n62, 308–11
Block, Fritz, 209
Blood Protection Law (Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor), 13
Blum, Willy, 188
Blumgarten, Solomon, 290, 291
Bobrek (Poland), 377, 378
Bock, Gisela, 195
Boder, David, 378–82
Bohemia, 55n37, 401
Böhme, Horst, 55
Bolkestein, Gerrit, 353
Bondy, Curt, 20, 21
books: burning of, 258; textbooks, 259–61. See also publications
Borisenko, Petr Pavlovich, 346
Bormann, Martin, 274, 277
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 50
Bothmann, Hans, 182, 185, 186
Bouhler, Philipp, 210, 216
Bousquet, Rene, 368
boycott, 6
Boycott of April 1, 1933, 7–8
Brack, Viktor, 210, 215n50
Bramson, Ryva, 118
Brandenburg (Germany), 216
Brandt, Karl, 210, 215n50, 216
Braun, Johanna, 365
Braun, Robert, 365
Brazil, 21, 171n31, 175n36
“Break the Youth League Free,” 255
Breitenau camp, 5n12
Breitmeyer, Arno, 247n7
Bremen (Germany), 9–10
Breslau (Germany), 3
A Bridge Too Far, 58n47
Britain, Battle of, 45–46
Brith Sholom lodge, 32
British Committee for the Jews of Germany, 323–24, 357
British Mandate of Palestine, 396n26, 406
British Royal Air Force (RAF), 46, 273, 274, 279
Brunner, Alois, 373
Bruskina, Masha, 344, 345–46, 346, 347
Bryan, Julien Hequembourg, 36, 37, 37–38
Bryan, Sam, 36n4
Buchenwald Boys, 188, 404, 404, 405, 406, 407–8
Buchenwald concentration camp, 5n12, 21, 190; children at, 404, 404, 405, 406; founding of, 149; liberation of, 270, 377, 378, 404, 410; resistance at, xxxviii–xxxix, 187–88; survival of, 404, 404, 405, 406
buffered learning, 299
Bullenhuser Damm, 232, 233–35
Buna concentration camp. See Auschwitz III-Monowitz
Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM), 243, 248–49, 272
Bund Deutsch-Jüdischer Jugend (League of German Jewish Youth), 21
Bündische Jugend (Youth Leagues), 247, 252
Bur, Federico Laredo, 77
Burkeville (United States), 21, 22–23
Burmeister, Walter, 183
Bursztyn, Luba, 288n13
businesses, 6, 7–8, 266–67
Butcher of Lyon, 371
butterflies, 296–97, 298
Byelaya Tserkov (Ukraine), xxii, 87–91
CAEJR. See Committee to Assist Jewish Refugee Children
Caesarian sections, 203n25
The Call of Youth, 338
Ca
llsen Trial, 90n33
Capesius, Victor, 157n12
Carl von Ossietzky prize, 39n8, 188n58
Carter, Jimmy, 398n28
Catel, Werner, 210
Catholicism, xxxiii
Celan, Paul, 416n50
CENTOS (Central Organization for Orphan Care), 128, 130–33, 285, 341
Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith (Centralverein), 265
Central Organization for Orphan Care. See CENTOS
Centralverein (Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith), 265
chaimke (Łódź currency), 118n16
Château de la Hille, France, 366, 367, 367, 368, 369
Chełmno extermination camp, 124; deaths at, 57, 121, 123, 150, 182–83, 184–86; gas chambers of, 57; start of, 181; survival of, 170
Chetniks, 48, 49
Chiemsee (Poland), 1
children: actions for, 109, 127, 383; adoption of, 193, 204–9; antisemitism towards, 4, 5, 9, 16–18, 19, 27–28; art by, 72, 73, 158, 159, 166, 305, 306, 316–17, 317, 320, 321; Aryan, 243–45, 246–71, 282; of Byelaya Tserkov, 87–92; in concentration camps, 128, 151, 162–76, 177, 178–80, 181, 184–87, 188, 223–26, 305, 404, 404, 405, 406, 420; deaths of, xiv, xxii, xxv, xxvi, xxxvi, 68, 87–90, 91–92, 93, 100, 101, 127–28, 130, 132–33, 217, 218–19, 220–21, 229, 232–35, 347; deportation of, 96–97, 109, 112–13, 123–26, 127, 127, 128, 129–30, 132–34, 178, 224–26, 303–4, 305, 368n50; emigration of, 71n5, 323–24, 357–59, 361; “euthanasia” of, 193, 209–10, 211–13, 215, 217–21; evacuation of, 32–34, 46–47, 71n5, 72, 73–75, 274, 275, 276, 285, 286, 357–59, 360, 361–68, 369, 404, 404, 405, 406, 407; in ghettos, xxviii–xxxii, 108–9, 111–14, 114, 115–16, 117, 118–20, 121, 123–26, 129–33, 284, 285, 286, 302–3, 382–83; hidden, xxiv, xxx, xxxii, xxxiii–xxxiv, 14n33, 38–39, 83, 153, 179, 188, 314, 315–16, 319, 320, 324, 347–54, 355, 356, 356, 376, 388, 389–91; labor of, 118, 119–20, 121, 137–40, 141, 176, 177, 309; in Łódź, 117; memories of, 415, 416–17; narratives of, xvi, xxiv; orphaned, xxiii, 100–101, 115, 128, 129–32, 349–50, 351, 352; play of, 262, 283–86, 291–92, 293, 293–94, 298–302, 302, 312–13, 314; publications for, 337–40; resistance of, 323, 340–41, 342, 343–44; smuggling by, 323, 340–41, 342, 343–44; as soldiers, 276–78; toys of, 261–62, 294–96, 297, 298; as “useless eaters,” 127. See also education; Germanization; Rehoboth Bastards; “Rhineland Bastards”; specific children
children’s actions (Kinderaktionen), 109, 127, 383
Children’s Aid Society. See Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants
children’s block (Kinderblock), xxxix, 312–13
children’s colony (Kinderkolonie), 115
children’s transports (Kindertransport), 71n5, 73–74, 323–24, 357–59, 361
child-supported allowances (Kindergeld), 193, 208
The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto, 138, 293, 294–95
Chwila (The Moment), 151
Clauberg, Carl, 236
closed number (numerus clausus), 9, 9n22
coal holidays, 272
“coal miners,” 118, 119–20, 121
collection camp, 2, 94
Cologne Navajos, 252, 253, 257
Committee for the Care of European Children, U.S., 367
Committee to Assist Jewish Refugee Children (Comité d’Assistance aux Enfants Juif Refugiés), 366
compensation, 309n42
concentration camps (Konzentrationslager), 25; after Reichskristallnacht, 149; children in, 128, 151, 162–76, 177, 178–80, 181, 184–87, 188, 223–26, 305, 404, 404, 405, 406, 420; deaths in, 121, 150–51, 152, 155, 155, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 169, 172, 182–83, 184–85, 187, 223–24, 228, 239n86, 286n6, 293n21, 338n25, 370; education in, 168; food at, 168–69; function of, 149–50; play in, 312–13, 314; revolts at, 172, 173, 323, 328, 329; selection process at, 154–58, 159, 173–74, 176, 177, 178, 383, 410; survival in, 159, 160–62, 169–70, 177n42, 375, 395–97, 397, 404, 404, 405, 406. See also specific concentration camps
conscription, 268, 276–78
Conti, Leonardo, 231
Council of Elders (Ältestenrat), 115, 143
crematoria. See gas chambers
Criminal Biological Institute of the Security Police, 222
Croatia, Independent State of, 48, 228
Cuba, 77, 80
Cukier, Julian, 138
CV. See Centralverein
Czechoslovakia: Lidice, 55, 56, 57, 206; Mischlinge in, 385; occupation of, 144, 385; regulations in, 41
Czerniakow, Adam, 123
Dachau concentration camp, 5n12; founding of, 149; liberation of, 382, 382–85; medical experiments at, 235–36; political prisoners in, 103
DAF. See German Labor Front
Davenport, Charles B., 191
DAW. See German Armaments Works
D-day, 58, 276
deafness, 186, 195, 245, 246
“Death Fugue” (Celan), 416n50
death houses, 128
death marches, 169, 177n42, 377–78, 395, 406, 410, 417
deaths: of children, xiv, xxii, xxv, xxvi, xxxvi, 68, 87–90, 91–92, 93, 100, 101, 127–28, 130, 132–33, 217, 218–19, 220–21, 229, 232–35, 347; civilian, 48; of communities, 87; in concentration camps, 121, 150–51, 152, 155, 155, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 169, 172, 182–83, 184–85, 187, 223–24, 228, 239n86, 286n6, 293n21, 338n25, 370; by Einsatzgruppen, 67–68, 81–87, 88n29, 108, 228; in gas chambers, 57, 83, 94n36, 96, 123, 216, 217, 370, 412, 417; by gas vans, 82; in ghettos, 109, 110; of Gypsies, 221–22, 223–26, 227–29; in Hungary, 103, 104; in the Iasi Pogrom, 99; of Jehovah’s Witnesses, 269; in Netherlands, 59; on Reichskristallnacht, 25; in Romania, 98–99; by shooting, 82, 83–86; of soldiers, 277, 279; in Soviet Union, 332; from starvation, xxvi, 52, 54, 59, 99, 227–28, 313, 354n36; in World War I, 35, 193n4; World War II, 35, 67–68. See also “euthanasia”; suicide
“Death Trains,” 99
Decoste, Marie-Louise, 371n53
Dedijer, Vladimir, 49, 50–51
Denmark, 42n14, 274n45
deportation, 2, 44, 94; under Auschwitz Decree, 223; to Auschwitz II–Birkenau, 154; of children, 96–97, 109, 112–13, 123–26, 127, 127, 128, 129–30, 132–34, 178, 224–26, 303–4, 305, 368n50; definitions of, 68; in France, 95–97; from ghettos, 108, 112–13, 123–24, 127, 127–28, 156, 177, 181, 182–83, 184, 302–3; of Gypsies, 224–28; from Hungary, 103, 104, 410; of Romanians, 98–99. See also Great Deportation Action
depression, xxvii–xxviii. See also Great Depression
Deutekom, Dirk, 232, 235n81
Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labor Front), 268–69, 274n43
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Society), 242
Deutsche Rüstungswerke (German Armaments Works), 151–52
Deutsches Jungvolk (German Young Volk), 244, 265
Deutschkron, Inge, 38–39, 40–41
Deutschkron, Martin, 39
“Deutschlandlied” (“Deutschland, Deutschland, über alles”), 271n40
diaries, 30–31, 50–51, 70. See also specific diaries
Diary of a Young Girl (Frank, Anne), 411
The Diary of Mary Berg (Wattenberg, M.), 287n9
disabilities, people with: “euthanasia” for, 170, 182n48, 193, 209, 210, 211–14, 215; mental, 81–82, 192, 194
Disney, Walt, 312, 314
displaced persons (DP), 395; camps for, 376, 396–97, 397, 398, 399; education for, 397, 399, 399
Displaced Persons Coordinating Committee, 367n46
Di Yugent Stimme (The Voice of Youth), 338
Ðjilas, Milovan, 49, 50–51
Dobrecki, Róża, 112
Dobrecki, Seweryn, 112–13
Dobrecki, Zygmunt, 112
documentaries, 259
documentation: birth certificates, xl, 177; forged, 345, 347; working papers, xli, 137
Dom Seriot, 129
Don’t Trust a Fox in a Green Meadow or the Jew by His Oath (Trau keinem Fuchs auf grüner Heid und keinem Jud bei seinem Eid), 261
DP. See displaced persons
Draenger, Jurek, xxxvii
Draenger, Margot, xxxvii, xxxviii
Drancy transit camp, 96, 370, 373n56
“Das drohende Unheil” (“The Threatening Calamity”), 88n28
Dror youth organization, 286, 324
Dubois, Maurice, 368, 369
Dünamünde Action, 127
Dutch Green Police, 354
Dutch Hunger Winter, 58–60, 61
Dydyna, Hedvig, 389
Earnest Bible Students (Ernste Bibelforscher). See Jehovah’s Witnesses
Eberl, Irmfried, 170–71
Écouis (Eure), France, 406, 407–8
Edelweiss Pirates, 243, 251–53, 256–57
edema, 66n65, 169
education: antisemitism in, 13, 14–15, 26, 27–28, 264–65; coal holidays from, 272; in concentration camps, 168; deprivation of, 28, 29, 30; in DP camps, 396–97, 397, 398; in ghettos, 131, 132, 283, 284, 285–89, 289, 303, 341, 350; postwar, 396–97, 397, 398, 399, 399, 406; segregation in, xvi, 9, 28, 29, 30, 40, 264, 284; teachers, 258; textbooks for, 259–61
Effektenkammer (warehouse for personal effects), 398
Ehegesundheitsgesetz (Marital Hygiene Law), 246
Ehestandsdarlehen (marriage loans), 193, 208
Ehrenreich, Frieda, 358, 359
Ehrenreich, Helmuth, 358–59, 360
Ehrenreich, Nathan, 358, 359
Ehrmann, Alice, 385, 386–87
Ehrmann, Pavla, 385
Ehrmann, Rudolf, 385
Ehrmann, Ruth, 385
Eichberg, 217
Eiche, Theodor, 231n74
Eichmann, Adolf, 103
Eichmann Trial, 83, 128n27, 130, 183n49, 298–300, 418
Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units), 67–68, 81–87, 88n29, 108, 228
Einsatzgruppen Trial, 87n26
Einsatzkommando 9, 109
Einzelaktionen (individual action against Jews), 6
Eisen, George, 299
Eisner, Jisreal, 105
Eisner, Mordechai, 104
Eisner, Pinchas, 104–6
Eisner, Sorele, 105
El Al (Upwards), 337–38
emigration, 19; after Reichskristallnacht, 7, 8n21, 10, 68, 69, 73, 74; from Austria, 20n42, 68; of children, 323–24, 357–59, 361; to England, 73, 74, 75, 78, 323–24, 357–58; National Socialist policy of, 67, 68; obstacles to, 20, 71–72; to U.S., 4n11, 5, 7, 8n21, 32, 70, 76, 77–81, 81, 96, 287n9, 290n16, 320, 356, 361–65, 365. See also children; St. Louis, MS