III
51. http://www.facebook.com/pages/prince-andreas-of-saxe-coburg/136732246347101?sk=wrki (2011). 52. Royal News of 2009, I, www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/news/2009_1.htm (2010). 53. www.fact-archive.com/encylopedia/simeo_ii_of_bulgaria (2008); see also John D. Bell, Bulgaria in Transition (Westview, conn., 1998). 54. ‘The Belgian Royal Family’, http://www.monarchie.be/en (2011). 55. Mountbatten-Windsors, see Ben Pimlott, The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II (London, 1996). 56. E. Tauerschmidt, Prince Albert’s Ancestry (London, 1840). 57. Dulcie M. Ashdown, The Royal Line of Succession: The British Monarchy from Egbert AD802 to Queen Elizabeth II (Andover, 1992). 58. To her divorce lawyer, Anthony Julius; see Sally Bedell Smith, Diana: The Life of a Troubled Princess (London, 2007).
CHAPTER 12. TSERNAGORA
Bibliographical Note. Surprisingly enough, the history of Montenegro has been well served by English-language historians, although the short-lived Montenegrin Kingdom is inevitably treated as a passing episode. The most up-to-date works are: Elizabeth Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro (London, 2007), and Kenneth Morrison, Montenegro: A Modern History (London, 2009). It is well worth dipping into some of the older books to sample the period flavour. See, for example, R. Wyon and G. Prance, Land of the Black Mountain (London, 1903), or Mary Edith Durham, Through the Lands of the Serb (London, 1904). H. W. V. Temperley’s chapter ‘Montenegro and her Share in Serbian National Development’, in his History of Serbia (London, 1917), gives a distinctly pro-Serb slant, while the Handbook No. 19, Montenegro, issued by the Historical Section of the British Foreign Office in 1919, is informative both about the country’s past and about the attitudes of the Great Powers. A monograph by Srdja Pavlovic, Balkan Anschluss: The Annexation of Montenegro and the Creation of the South Slav State (West Lafayette, Ind., 2008) was not available when the present study was being prepared.
I
1. http://un.org/members/list.shtml (2008). 2. http://montenegro.embassyhomepage.com (2008). 3. www.visit-montenegro.com/tourism-mcc.htm (2008). 4. http://www.summitpost.org/durmitor/152176 (2011). 5. Claire Wrathall, ‘A Star Reborn’, Financial Times (4–5 June 2011); http://www.amanresorts.com. 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/podgorica (2008). 7. http://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/cetinje (2008). 8. BBC News, 14 November 2002; Steve Hanke, ‘Inflation Nation’, Wall Street Journal (24 May 2006). 9. http://media.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008 (2008); Russia weighed in at 147th, and Belarus at 151st. Denmark is top, Somalia bottom. 10. ‘Controversy over Montenegrin ethnic identity’, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/montenegrins. 11. ‘Montenegro’s Referendum’, www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?=4144 (2006). 12. Radio Free Europe, 17 October 2008. 13. www.earthconservation.net/dam-effect-on-environment.html (2011). 14. http://www.eupolitics.einnews.com/news/eu-enlargement-montenegro (2011). 15. As seen on CNN and on the BBC World Service.
II
16. La Dictionnaire encyclopédique Quillet (Paris, 1935). 17. www.montenegro.org/kirigniki.html (2008). This source is a website of the Montenegrin Association of America. 18. Wyon and Prance, Land of the Black Mountain. 19. Christopher Boehm, Blood Revenge: The Enactment and Management of Conflict in Montenegro and Other Tribal Societies (Philadelphia, 1987). 20. See Germaine Tillon, My Cousin, my Husband: Clans and Clanship in Mediterranean Societies (London, 2007). 21. E. D. Goy, The Sabre and the Song (Belgrade, 1995). 22. See Branislav Djurdjev, Turska vlast u Crnoj Goriu XVI i XVII veku (Sarajevo, 1953). 23. Adapted by Norman Davies from The Mountain Wreath, by Petar Petrović-Njegoš, trans. Vasa D. Mihailovich (Belgrade, 1997). 24. S. Pavlović, ‘The Mountain Wreath: Poetry or a Blueprint for the Final Solution?’, spacesofidentity.net, 1/3 (Oct. 2001). 25. George Brodrick et al., ‘Montenegro and its Borderlands: A Discussion’, Geographical Journal, 4/5 (1894), pp. 405–7. 26. As quoted in ‘Montenegro: A Commentary’, Ambassadors’ Review (Fall 2008). 27. W. E. Gladstone, Montenegro or Tsernagora: A Sketch (London, 1913), pp. 4–5; repr. from Nineteenth Century (May 1877). 28. Ibid., p. 18. 29. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, ‘Montenegro’ (1877), from Ballads and Other Poems (1880). 30. Montenegro, FCO Handbook No. 19, p. 36. 31. ‘Montenegro’, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edn. (1911). 32. C. Mylonos, Serbian Orthodox Fundamentals (Budapest, 2003). 33. ‘The Family of King Nikola Petrovic-Njegos’, www.njegos.org/petrovics/family.htm (2010). 34. Charles Henry Meltzer, ‘Nicholas of Montenegro, King and Dramatist’, New York Times (11 Nov. 1917). 35. Don Marquis, ‘Nicholas of Montenegro’ (1912). 36. See Richard Hall, The Balkan Wars, 1912–13: Prelude to the First World War (London, 2000); also Brian Pearce (ed.), The Balkan Wars: The War Correspondence of Leon Trotsky (London, 1980). 37. Nicholas I Petrovitch-Niegosh, The Empress of the Balkans, trans. W. M. Petrovitch and D. J. Volnay (London, 1913). 38. Meltzer, ‘Nicholas of Montenegro’. His article, which was prompted by the announcement of King Nicola’s exile, contained reminiscences of events some six years earlier. 39. Margaret MacMillan, Peacemakers (London, 2001), p. 129. 40. ‘Vilya’s Song’ for Die lustiger Witwe (‘The Merry Widow’), music by Franz Lehár, libretto by Victor Leon and Leo Stein; see J. Kenrick, ‘The History of a Hit’ (2004), www.musicals101.com/widowhist/htm. 41. Montenegro postal history: Kingdom of Montenegro from 1874, Austrian occupation, 1917–18, Italian occupation, 1941–3, German occupation, 1943–4, Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue (New York, 1984), vol. 3, pp. 890–92. 42. See Jan Gordon, Two Vagabonds in Serbia and Montenegro, 1915 (London, 1939). 43. Milovan Djilas, Montenegro (London, 1964), p. 107. 44. Corfu Declaration (1917), www.firstworldwar.org/source/greaterserbia_corfudeclaration.htm (2010). 45. Hugh Seton-Watson (ed.), R. W. Seton-Watson and the Yugoslavs: Correspondence 1906–41, 2 vols. (London, 1976), vol. 1, p. 359. 46. MacMillan, Peacemakers, p. 27. 47. Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain, pp. 218 ff. 48. Andrija Radović to R. W. Seton-Watson, R. W. Seton-Watson and the Yugoslavs, vol. 1, p. 304. 49. Djilas, Montenegro, pp. 108–9. 50. Hugh Seton-Watson, The Making of a New Europe: R. W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary (London, 1981), p. 157. 51. Wilson’s Fourteen Points, quoted by Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain, p. 330. 52. Šerbo Rastoder, ‘Twentieth Century Montenegro’, in his The History of Montenegro from Ancient Times (Podgorica, 2006), pp. 159 ff. 53. Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origin, History, Politics (Ithaca, NY, 1984), especially part II, ‘Great Serbia and Great Yugoslavia’, pp. 141–214. 54. Rastoder, ‘Twentieth Century Montenegro’, p. 160. 55. MacMillan, Peacemakers, p. 126. 56. Quoted by Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain, p. 320. 57. Rastoder, ‘Twentieth Century Montenegro’, p. 162. 58. Quoted in Alex Devine, The Martyred Nation: A Plea for Montenegro (London, 1924), p. 13. 59. Ibid. 60. Milovan Djilas, Land Without Justice (New York, 1958), quoted by Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain, p. 326. 61. J. Ciubranovitch (ed.), Le Plus Grand Crime de L’histoire (Rome, 1928), p. 10. 62. A. Radović, Le Montenégro: son passé et son avenir (Paris, 1918); Janko Spasojevic, Le Roi Nicholas et l’Union du Montenegro avec la Serbie (Geneva, 1918); Alex Devine, Montenegro in History, Politics and War (London, 1918); Yovan Plamenatz, Le Monténegro devant La Conférence de la paix (Paris, 1919). 63. On Montenegro at the Peace Conference, see Dejan Djokić, Nikola Pasić and Ante Trumbić: the Kingdom of Croats, Serbs and Slovenes (London, 2010) (the Peace Conferences of 1919–23 and their aftermath), and Whitney Warren, Montenegro: The Crime of the Peace Conference (New York, 1922); also Ivo Lederer, Yugoslavia at the Peace Conference (New Haven, 1963). 64. Report by earl de Salis on Montenegro, 21 August 1919, PRO (London) FO 608/46: referenced by Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain. Text published in R. L. Jarman (ed.), Yugoslavia Political Diaries, 1918–65 (Cambridge, 1997), vol. 1. 65. Temperley Report, 12 October 1919, in Jarman, Yugoslavia Political Diaries, vol. 1. 66. See J. D. Fair, Harold Temperley: A Scholar and Romantic in the Public Realm (London, 1992). 67. Montenegro, FCO Handbook No. 19, p. 38. 68. New York Times (4 April 1920). 69. Devine, Martyred Nation, p. 34. 70. Report by earl de Salis, in Jarman, Yugoslavia Political Diaries, vol. 1. 71. Col. Burha
m, quoted by Devine, Martyred Nation, pp. 19–20. 72. Enclosure in George Grahame (Paris) to Earl Curzon, 19 August 1920. National Archives, LG/F/57/2//4. 73. Bryce Report, 12 December 1920, in Jarman, Yugoslavia Political Diaries, vol. 1. 74. Published in the New York Times in 1922. 75. New York Times (22 Oct. 1921). 76. Ciubranovitch, Le Plus Grand Crime. 77. Ibid. 78. ‘Montenegro’s Plea as Made at Genoa’, New York Times (4 June 1922). 79. Walter Littlefield, ‘Annihilation of a Nation: Montenegrins’ Effort to Prevent Annexation of their Country to Serbia’, New York Times (16 April 1922). 80. Devine, Martyred Nation, p. 1. 81. ‘Serbian Bishop Condemns Supporters of the Montenegrin Church’, BBC – IMR, 7 January 2006. 82. www.moc-cpc.org/index_e.htm (2010). 83. See T. Judah, The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (New Haven, 1997). 84. Lenard Cohen, Serpent in the Bosom: The Rise and Fall of Slobodan Miloševíc (Boulder, Colo., 2001). 85. Nick Hawton, The Quest for Radovan Karadzˇić (London, 2009). 86. ‘Serbia accepts Montenegro Result’, BBC News, 23 May 2006, news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/Europe/5009242.stm (2011). 87. Florian Bieber (ed.), Montenegro in Transition: Problems of Identity and Statehood (Baden-Baden, 2003). 88. http://www.montenegro.org/language.html (2011). 89. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gptpjmdtofk (2011). 90. ‘PM Unveils Monument to Last Montenegrin King, Vows to Renew Independence’, BBC – IMR, 20 December 2005.
III
91. http://njegos.org/past/petrovics/family.htm (2008); see also Olga Opfell, Royalty Who Wait (Jefferson, NC, 2001). 92. See www.cfr.org/publication/15897/montevideo_convention.html (2008). 93. James Barros, The Åland Islands Question (New Haven, 1968). 94. Miranda Vickers, The Albanians: A Modern History (London, 1999). 95. E. J. Dillon, The Inside Story of the Peace Conference (London, 1919), p. 98. 96. Roberts, Realm of the Black Mountain; Rastoder, ‘Twentieth Century Montenegro’; Devine, Martyred Nation. 97. Pavlovic, Balkan Anschluss, not consulted. 98. See Andres Kung, A Dream of Freedom (Cardiff, 1981). 99. See Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, The Rape of Poland (London, 1948). 100. Laura Silber, Alan Little and A. Cirić, The Death of Yugoslavia (London, 1995); Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War (London, 1996); Mark Almond, Europe’s Backyard War (London, 1994). 101. Human Rights Watch, Weighing the Evidence: Lessons from the Slobodan Milosevic Trial (New York, 2006). 102. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/onamo_‘namo! (2008).
CHAPTER 13. RUSYN
Bibliographical Note. Thanks to the work of American and Canadian Ukrainians, the history of Carpatho-Ruthenia is reasonably accessible in English. The principal scholar in the field is Paul Robert Magocsi, whose titles include The Rusyn-Ukrainians of Czechoslovakia (Vienna, 1983), Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: A Bibliography (New York, 1988), and Our People: Carpatho-Rusyns and their Descendants in North America (Toronto, 1994). The region also attracted a number of Western travellers with a taste for the exotic, notably Henry Baerlein, In Czechoslovakia’s Hinterland (London, 1938).
I
1. Anthony Hope, The Prisoner of Zenda (London, 1894).
II
2. Paul Magocsi, ‘National Assimilation: The Case of the Rusyn-Ukrainians of Czechoslovakia’, East Central Europe, 11/2 (1975), pp. 101–31. 3. Michael Winch, Republic for a Day: An Eye-witness Account of the Carpatho-Ukraine Incident (London, 1939), pp. 275 ff. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. www.ucrdc.org/hi-augustyn-voloshyn.html. 7. Yuri Snegirev, ‘A New Republic is Close to Appearing in Transcarpathia’, Izvestiya (14 Nov. 2008), trans. at www.robertamsterdam.com/2008/11/when_in_ruthenia.htm.
III
8. Immanuel Wallerstein, Modern World Systems: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy (New York, 1974). 9. Hans Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism: A Study of its Origin and Background (New York, 1944). 10. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford, 1983). 11. John Plamenatz, Man and Society: A Critical Examination of Some Important Social and Political Theories (London, 1963). 12. Ibid., quoted by Norman Davies, Europe East and West (London, 2006), pp. 29–32. 13. Ibid. 14. Vesna Goldsworthy, Inventing Ruritania: The Imperialism of the Imagination (London, 1998), p. xi. See also Norman Davies, ‘Fair Comparisons and False Contrasts’, in his Europe East and West, pp. 22–45.
CHAPTER 14. ÉIRE
Bibliographical Note. Despite an enormous literature, Ireland’s twentieth-century history is not particularly accessible. Many authors are manifestly partisan, and others assume exacting levels of knowledge that their readers may not possess. General surveys of the subject have been published by Mary Collins (London, 1970), Edward Norman (London, 1971), J. J. Lee (Cambridge, 1989), Tony Gray (London, 1996), Alvin Jackson (Oxford, 1999), Richard Killeen (Dublin, 2003) and Tim Pat Coogan (London, 2004). Roy Foster, who brings strong cultural insights into his political analysis, is the acknowledged authority. Senia Pašeta, Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2003) provides a good entry point. The Oxford Companion to Irish History, ed. S. J. Connolly (Oxford 1998), offers a mine of reliable information. Recordings of all the songs in this chapter can be found on the website of www.youtube.com.
I
1. Irish Times (4 April 2011). 2. Ray MacManais, The Road from Ardoyne: The Making of a President (Dingle, 2004). 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/amhran_na_bhfiann (2008). 4. www.visitdublin.com/seeanddo/historicsites/dublin.aspx (2008). 5. www.fiannafail.ie (2010). 6. www.finegael.org (2010). 7. ‘Worldwide Quality of Life Index, 2005’, www.economist.com/media/pdf/quality_of_life.pdf (2008). Interestingly, a rival index produced by the Irish-based organization International Living.com placed France in first place, and Ireland in 57th; www.il-ireland.com/qofl2008/ (2009). 8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_high_kings_of_ireland (2009). 9. M. Mahoney, Brian Boru: Ireland’s Greatest King (Stroud, 2002). 10. See Cecelia Holland, The Kings in Winter (New York, 1968) and Morgan Llywelyn, Lion of Ireland (New York, 1980), historical novels; also www.doyle.com.au/battleclontarf.htm. 11. Philip Robinson, The Ulster Plantation: British Settlement in an Irish Landscape, 1600–1607 (Belfast, 2005); Cyril Falls, The Birth of Ulster (London, 1996). 12. R. Dunlop (ed.), Ireland under the Commonwealth (Manchester, 1913). 13. P. B. Ellis, The Boyne Water (London, 1976). 14. M. Wall, The Penal Laws, 1691–1760 (Dundalk, 1961). 15. ‘Let Erin Remember’, Thomas Moore, Poetical Works (Edinburgh, n.d), pp. 440–41. 16. As recounted by Mary Kenny, The Crown and the Shamrock: Love and Hate between Ireland and the British Monarchy (Dublin, 2009). 17. Roy Foster, Charles Stuart Parnell: The Man and his Family (Hassocks, 1979); Paul Bew, Parnell (Dublin, 1991). 18. R. V. Comerford, The Fenians in Context, 1858–82 (Dublin, 1998). 19. D. O’Corrain and T. O’Riordan, Ireland, 1815–70: Emancipation, Famine, and Religion (Dublin, 2011). 20. Diarmaid Ferriter, ‘Ireland in the Twentieth Century’, www.gov.ie/en/essays/twentieth.html (2009). 21. Roy Foster, ‘The “New” Nationalism’, in his Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London, 1988), pp. 450, 454. 22. www.ireland-information.com/irishmusic/thewearingofthegreen.shtml (2010). 23. ‘When Irish Eyes Are Smiling’, from The Isle O’ Dreams (1912) by Chauncey Olcott, www.contemplator.com/ireland/irisheye.html (2009). 24. W. S. Churchill, My Early Life (London, 1930). 25. Michael O’Riain, ‘Queen Victoria and her Reign at Leinster House’, Dublin Historical Record, 1 (1999), pp. 75–86.
II
26. Full text in Foster, Modern Ireland, pp. 596–7. 27. Brian Barton and Richard Foy, The Easter Rising (Stroud, 1999). 28. www.triskelle.eu/lyrics/bloodstainedbandage.php?index (2009). 29. www.firstworldwar.com/audio/itsalongwaytotipperary.htm (2009). 30. Foster, Modern Ireland, p. 489. 31. www.loyalist.lyrics.co.uk/index-s.html (2009). 32. Foster, Modern Ireland, p. 489. 33. Ibid., p. 490. 34. ‘Sinn Fein’s ‘Declaration of Independence’, Manchester Guardian (22 Jan. 1922). 35. ‘The Rifles of the IRA’, http://ingeb.org/songs/inninet.htm (2009). 36. C. L. Mowat, Britain between the Wars (London, 1968), pp. 84–5. 37. See Ronan Fanning, ‘De Valera’, in Dictionary of Irish Biography (Cambridge, 2009). 38. Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins: A Biography (London, 1990). 39. R. Davis, Arthur Griffith (Dundalk, 1976). 40. See Arthur Griffith, The Resurrection of Hungary: A Parallel fo
r Ireland (Dublin, 1904). 41. Calton Younger, A State of Disunion (London, 1972). 42. See Thomas Jones, Diary with Letters (London, 1954). 43. See Frank Pakenham (Lord Longford), Peace by Ordeal (London, 1962). 44. Kevin O’Higgins, quoted in J. Cannon (ed.), The Oxford Companion to British History (Oxford, 1997), p. 515. 45. Foster, Modern Ireland, p. 509. 46. Ibid., p. 506. 47. Tom Cox, The Damned Englishman: A Study of Erskine Childers (Hicksville, NY, 1975). 48. See Tim Pat Coogan, De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow (London, 1993). 49. ‘Take it down from the Mast’, www.free-lyrics/thedubliners/274859.html. 50. Jeremy Dibble, Charles Villiers Stanford: Man and Musician (Oxford, 2002); C. V. Stanford, Pages from an Unwritten Diary (London, 1914). 51. ‘A Fire of Turf’, op. 139, nr. 1 (1913), words by Winifred Letts, from An Irish Idyll. 52. e.g. George VI, ‘the last King of Ireland’, www.answers.com/topic/king-george-vi (2009). 53. Text of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921: National Archives of Ireland, Documents on Irish Foreign Policy, vol. 1: 1919–21 (Dublin, 1998), also online. 54. ‘God Save Ireland’, www.celtic-lyrics.com>
Vanished Kingdoms Page 93