Sobieski, Jan 282, 363–4, 459
Sobrarbe 159, 162, 163, 164, 165–6, 185
Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) 674, 681
Solferino 421
Solidarity movement 716, 722, 723
Solomon of Montpellier 181
Solsona 181
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 715
Somalia 731
Somerset, Lord Henry Richard 499
Soviet Communist Party 301, 302, 706, 712, 717, 721, 732–3
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (KPSS/CPSU) 715
Soviet Russia (RSFSR) 328, 702, 703, 717, 721
Soviet Union (CCCP) 737
1945–1991 716
Belarus 231–9, 232
and the Bolsheviks see Bolsheviks
and Carpatho-Ukraine 631
Cold War see Cold War
collapse and disappearance of 3, 303, 328, 723, 724–5, 727–8, 732–3; dissolution day 699, 723
concentration camps 382, 479, 706
creation of 699–703
détente 716
economy 706, 725
and Estonia 689–728
Five Year Plans 382, 706
and former Galicia 478, 479–80, 483
and Germany 301–2, 382–8, 478–9, 710, 712–14, 721; Operation Barbarossa 301–2, 382, 479, 710
glasnost 721, 722
and Halich 446, 449
and Hungary 631
and the Irish Republic 652
and Kaliningrad oblast 328
NKVD 302, 712, 713, 714
nuclear arsenal 715
occupation of Lithuania 301–3
perestroika 721
and Poland 388, 618–19, 716
post-war era 715–17
Red Army 89, 301, 302, 382–7, 446, 478, 479, 618, 631, 702, 705, 710, 712, 713, 714
resistance to Moscow 722–3
Stalinism see Stalinism
Storming of Königsberg 385–7
as a superpower 3, 710, 724
takeover of the Baltic States 301–2, 618, 710–12, 737
transformation under Stalin 706
and the US 715, 716, 724, 726
Western former USSR after 1991 726
World War II 301–2, 382–6, 478, 479–80, 709–15; takeover of the Baltic States 737
Sovietskiy Monument 695–6
Sovyetsk Gvardejsk 334
Spain
Aragon see Aragon, empire
and the Bull of Donation 215
Castile see Castile, relations with Aragon
Catalonia see Catalonia/Catalans
and France 506–7, 522–3; Franco-Spanish War 222–3; Treaty of Aranjuez 509
Valencia see Valencia
Spanish Inquisition 218, 221
Spencer, Lady Diana, princess of Wales 572, 573
Spike Island 663
‘Springtime of Nations’ 416, 469–70, 560
SSSR/CCCP see Soviet Union (CCCP)
Stalin, Joseph 382, 383, 479, 618, 703, 710, 711, 719–20
transformation of the USSR 706
Stalingrad 382, 710
Stalinism 233, 301, 382, 477, 478–9, 480, 703, 706–7, 710–15, 717, 719–20
see also NKVD; Red Army
Stamford Bridge, Battle of 75
Stanford, Sir Charles Villiers 2, 658–9
Stanislas 141
Stanisław-August Poniatowski, king and grand-duke 285–6, 287, 289–90, 305–6
Stanisław, Feast of St 464
Stansgate, William Wedgwood-Benn, viscount 627–8
Stary Sącz 487
statehood 729, 738
theories of the death of states 729–39
lo Statuto Albertino 416
Stefan Batory, king 278–9
Stefanyk Library, L′viv 487
Stefanyk, Vasyl 467
Steinbach, Erika 392
Stella, Erasmus 349–50
Stockholm 714, 715
Stoye, John 7
Strathclyde 71, 74–5, 76, 77, 78
Kingdom of see Alt Clud, Kingdom of the Rock
Strauss, Johann II, 562
Stuart, Mary 39
Succat 51
Sudan 731
Sudetenland 625
Sudovians 338
Suevi 17, 18, 31
Suleiman the Magnificent 442
Sunningdale Agreement 669
Supreme Ruthenian Council (Holovna Ruska Rada) 470
Susi, Arnold 715
Suvorov, Alexander 289, 327, 505
Sveti Stefan 579
Svyatoslav 245
Sweden/Swedes 281–2, 283, 355, 361, 362, 363, 368
Switzerland 112, 125, 138, 408, 409, 505
and France 517
and Sabaudia 409, 425–6
Syagrius 24
Sybel, Heinrich von 367
Szela, Jakub 456
Szeptycki, Andrzej 463
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 506, 511, 515, 517, 536
Tallinn/Reval 339, 691–3, 696, 700–701, 703, 705, 718, 722, 723
Museum of Occupations 695
National (previously Kruetzwald State) Library 720
Talorgen 64
Tarnowski, Jan 269
Tarnowski, Stanisław 465
Tarragona 181
Tartars 237, 251, 252, 254, 256, 260, 261, 265, 268, 269
Muslim Tartar cavalry 347
Tartu/Dorpat 259, 277, 691, 703, 713
Tartu Treaty 705–6, 722
Taylor, A. J. P. 4–5, 7
Temperley, H. W. V. 608, 610
Tenew, queen of Lleddiniawn 55
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord 73–4, 589
Teodoricus, Flavius (Theodoric the Ostrogoth) 23–4, 25, 26
Teruel 190, 204
Tetmayer, Kazimierz 466
Teudebur map Beli 64
Teutonic Knights 247–8, 252, 253, 256, 259, 270, 339–42, 350–51
Teutonic Ordensstaat 340–44, 345–8, 346, 351–3
Thatcher, Margaret 672
Thatcherism 683
Theodoric I (Theodorid) 18, 20–21
Theodoric II 18, 21–3
Theodoric the Ostrogoth (Flavius Teodoricus) 23–4, 25, 26
Theodosius, count 48
Theodosius, St 266
Theodosius I, emperor 46, 314
Theuderic II 102
Thirty Years War 280, 356, 358
Thomas Aquinas, St 730
Thorens, Château de 435
Thorismund 18, 21
Thorn 342, 349
Treaty of 348, 350
Thun 121
castle of 122
Thuringia 542
Tiananmen Square massacre 723
Tief, Otto 714
Tigernach, Irish Annals of 64
Tipperary 652
Tiso, Jozef 626
Titan Rain 697
Titles Deprivation Act 566–7
Tito, Josip Broz 614
Titograd 580
see also Podgorica
Toledo 29
Visigoth Kingdom of 28
Tolosa, city of Palladia Tolosa 18–20
Tolosa, Kingdom of 19, 18–31, 734
Tõnisson, Jaan 704, 709
Torino see Turin
Torquemada, Tomás de 218
Torrellas, Arbitration of 189
Tortosa 177
Tournus, abbey of 107
Traugutt, Romuald 296
Treason (Felony) Act 682
Trefusis, Violet (née Keppel) 499
Treitschke, Heinrich von 353, 367, 376
Trevor-Roper, Hugh 5
Trimble, David 674
Trinacria, Kingdom of 193, 194, 197
Troki 275
Troki, Isaac ben: Hizzuq Emunah 280
Trokiele 266
Trotsky, Leon 300, 702
troubadours 167, 172–3
True People’s Party (Montenegro) 592
Trumbić, Ante 598–9, 604, 607
Tsernagora see Montenegro/Tsernagora
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Tsukanov, Nikolay 335–6
Tully 643
Turbil, M. 426
Turin (Torino) 406, 407, 409, 415, 416, 417, 418–19, 429, 437
Shroud 406, 409, 432
Treaty of 423–5, 436
Turkish Ottomans see Ottomans
Turkmenistan 725
Tuscany 214, 422, 426, 501–3, 505, 506–8, 509, 515, 529, 534
Etruria see Etruria
Florence see Florence/Florentines
and France 525, 526
regiments 525
Tutagual 52, 57
Two Swords, doctrine of 122
Uberti 496
UDA (Ulster Defence Association) 669
UDR (Ulster Defence Regiment) 669
Ujejski, Kornel 462
Ukraine/Ukrainians 244, 251, 252, 260, 265, 267, 281, 282, 288, 368, 703, 706, 738
Carpatho-Ukraine see Carpatho-Ukraine
Cossacks see Cossacks
‘Ukrainian Awakening’ 467
Ukrainian Insurrectionary Army (UPA) 479
West Ukraine/east Galicia 442, 450–51, 477, 478, 480, 481–3; see also Galicia; Distrikt Galizien 479; Halich 441–9
Ulcinj 579
Ulster 655, 656, 667–8, 676
Annals of 52, 61, 69
and the Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’ 667–9, 677, 679–80
Plantation of 641
Protestants 641, 650, 654, 660, 667–9, 674, 684
Royal Ulster Constabulary 654, 666, 667, 668, 669
Volunteers 645, 650, 656; see also Ulster Volunteer Force
Ulster Bank 677
Ulster Defence Association (UDA) 669
Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) 669
Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) 641, 645, 650–51, 665, 666–7, 668, 673, 677, 678, 680, 681, 684
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) 668, 669
Uluots, Jüri 714
Umberto I Il Buono 429
Umberto II 400–401, 429, 431–2
Una Vincenzo, Lady Troubridge 499
Undaunted 530
Uniate (Greek Catholic) Church 237, 277, 295, 301, 463, 625
United Irishmen 642
United Kingdom 3, 41, 578, 641, 650, 666, 673, 732, 735
disintegration of 6, 648, 679–85
and the fate of the monarchy 681–2
New Labour 680
see also Britain
United Nations 577, 616
United Sich Riflemen 473, 474
United States of America
and Albania 601
and Charles Edward, duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 569–70
and Montenegro 596, 598, 601, 609, 611
and the Nazis 569
and Russia 727
Russo-American START Treaty 335
and the Soviet Union 715, 716, 724, 726
World War II 710
Upper Burgundy 108, 110–15, 113, 118, 138, 147
Urban II 169
Urgell 162, 175, 181
Urien, king of Rheged 56–57
Urraca of Leon 170
Usatges de Barcelona 174
USSR see Soviet Union (CCCP)
Ustrzyki Dolne 479–80
Utrecht, Treaty of 223, 409
UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force) 668, 669
Uzbekistan 233, 721, 725
Uzhgorod 623, 624, 625, 627
Vagad, Gualberto Fabricio de 219
Vaino, Karl 717
Valdemar/Volodimir (Vladimir the Great) 245–6
Valdemar the Victorious 89
Valdensians/Vaudois 126, 408, 416
Valdo, Peter 126
Valencia 173, 176, 189–90, 221, 222–3, 225, 736
bishopric 181
Furs de Valencia (‘Charters of Valencia’) 190
pogrom 182
university 184
Valentinois 118
Vall d’Aran 159
Valladolid 210
Vallia 18
Vandals 17, 18, 22, 23, 31
VAPSI movement 709
Varangians see Vikings/Varangians
Varmia/Varmians 338, 342, 349
Vasari, Giorgio 213
Vatican Council II 671
Vaud, Pays de 404, 407
Grandson in the Vaud 138
Venel, General 600, 606
Venice 429, 739
Grimani Collection 481
Verdun, Treaty of 104, 106
Versailles settlement 380, 381, 382
Verulamium 46
Vesontio (Besançon) 95, 118
Vézelay, abbey of 108
Via Aquitania 19–20
Viareggio 534
Vic 173, 181
Victoria, queen 3, 83, 549–51, 554–5, 557, 558–9, 562, 643, 648
Victoria, princess royal, ‘Vickie’ 558
Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein 566, 571
Victoria Maria Louisa of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 546–7, 549–51, 556
Victoria, Damnonia 46
Victorius 19
Vidal de Besalú, Ramón 172
Vienna/Viennese
Congress of Vienna 294, 369, 412, 415, 420, 451, 533, 534, 536
and Galicia 452–3, 455–6, 470, 471, 734
museums 481
Ottoman Siege of Vienna 282, 364
Palais Coburg 559
Vienna Awards 625
Vienne 108
Colonia Julia Vienna 95, 97
Council of 200–201
counts of 127
Vigilantius 20
Vikings/Varangians 53, 66–9, 70, 72, 242, 738
invasion routes 67
Villiers, George 417
Vilna Martyrs 254
Vilna-Radom Act 256
Vilnius/Vilna//Wilno 238, 251–2, 255, 261, 266–7, 275, 280, 281, 289, 290, 291, 293, 298, 300, 301
Vincent of Saragossa, St 181
Vincent the Deacon, St 181
Vincentius 20
Vincenz, Stanisław 465
Vindogara 46
Visigoths 16–19, 26, 27–31
Kingdom of Toledo 28
Kingdom of Tolosa 18–31, 19
sacred art 29
Viskuli 303
Vistula 285, 344, 345, 349, 453
Vitebsk 249, 275, 277, 286, 291
Vittorio Amadeo II /Victor Amadeus II 409–10
Vittorio Amadeo III 411
Vittorio Emanuele I 415
Vittorio Emanuele II 416–17, 422, 424, 429
Vittorio Emanuele III 429, 430, 431, 593
Vittorio Emanuele IV 432–3
Vivarais 125
VKP (Vsyesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partia) 703
Vladimir the Great (Valdemar/Volodimir) 245–6
Vladimiri, Paulus 347–8
Vojtech of Prague (St Adalbert of Prussia) 337
Vojvodina 605
Volchin (Wolczyn) 306, 307
Volhynia 264, 270, 272
Volodymyr (Lodomeria) 450
and Galicia see Galicia: Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Volodymyr, Pan 441–2, 443, 445, 448
Voloshyn, Avgustyn 625, 626, 631, 633
Voltaire 280, 283, 285, 315, 419, 583
Votadini 46, 47
Vouillé 15, 25, 26
Voulon 26
Vsyesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partia (VKP) 703
Vyazma, fortress 268
Vytautus the Great 255–6, 260, 262
Wadowice 453
Waldensians see Valdensians/Vaudois
Wales/the Welsh 42–3, 684
Walewska, Maria 531, 533
Walewski, Alexander Florian Colonna- 533
Wallace, William 39, 79–80
Wallerstein, Immanuel 632
War of the Reapers 222
War of the Two Peters 207
Warhol, Andy 624
Warsaw 277, 289, 293, 296, 349, 358, 361
Battle of Praga 289
creation of Duchy of 452
Washington, George 641–2
Waterloo, Battle of 533
Wawel Castle 306
Wedgwood-Benn, William 627–8
Wedgwood, Josiah 505
Wehlau, Treaty of 361, 364
Weigl, Rudolf 478
Weimar Republic 380, 567
Weiss, Leopold (Muhammad Asad) 478
Wells, H. G. 308
Welsh Annals 52, 68–9, 70
Wemyss Bay 38
Wessex 68, 72
West Francia 104, 106, 110, 115
Westphalia, Treaty of 132, 409
Weyden, Roger van der 135
Whitby 57
Synod of 60
White Russia 291
White Ruthenia 249, 251, 254, 260, 265, 267, 284–5, 291, 295
Whithorn 63
Candida Casa 52
Widgery Report 677
Widsith 93
Wieniawa-Długoszowski, Bolesław 473
Wiesenthal, Simon 478
Wikileaks scandal 235
Wilde, Oscar 650
Wilfred the Hairy (Guifré El Pilós) 175, 184, 224
Wilfrid, St 60
Wilhelm I 374, 376
Wilhelm II 377, 378, 379, 561, 562, 566, 567
Wilhelm Gustloff 385, 386n
Willebad 103
Willets, Harry 8
William, duke of Cambridge 682
William III of Orange 641, 650–51
William IV 549, 551
William of Normandy 75
William of Toulouse 171
Wilno see Vilnius/Vilna//Wilno
Wilson, Woodrow 602, 607, 611, 618
Winch, Michael 628–31
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 317
Windsors 566–7
Mountbatten-Windsors 572
Winrich von Kniprode 341
Wísniowiecki 272
Witos, Wincenty 477
Władysław II Jagiełło 347
Władysław III 256
Władysław IV Waza (Ladislas IV Vasa) 278, 280
court of 359
Wolfsschanze (‘Wolf’s Lair’) 383
Wolowicz, Ostafi 271–2
women’s rights (Ireland) 671–2
Wordsworth, William 739
World War I 377–80, 599–600
Galicia 473–6
and Germany 377–80, 474–5, 701, 703
and Italy 430
and Lithuania 300
and Russia 377–80, 701–2, 703
World War II
Estonia 695, 710–15
and the former Galicia 478–80
and Germany 301–2, 382–6, 478–9, 710, 712–14; see also Nazism
Holocaust 302, 479, 480
and Ireland 663–4
and Lithuania 301–2
Nazism see Nazism
Operation Barbarossa 301–2, 382, 479, 710
and Prussia 382–6, 384
and Sabaudia 436
Soviet Union 301–2, 382–6, 478, 479–80, 709–15
Worms
Borbetomagus 93
Concordat of 122
Wrocław 486–7
Wyspiański, Stanisław 466
X-Case 672
Yalta 710
Yantarny 334
Yaroslav the Wise 246, 253
Yeats, William Butler, ‘Byzantium’ 323–4
Vanished Kingdoms Page 102