2. M. Fitzpatrick, “Enlightenment,” and N. Thomas, “Exploration,” in McCalman, Oxford Companion, pp. 299–311, 345–53.
3. Flinders to Sir Joseph Banks, Reliance, September 6, 1800, in Personal Letters, pp. 50–52.
4. Flinders to Ann, Port Jackson, July 20, 1802, in Personal Letters, pp. 84–86.
5. Flinders, Personal Letters, p. 25.
6. I. McCalman, Darwin’s Armada: How Four Voyagers to Australasia Won the Battle for Evolution and Changed the World, Melbourne, Penguin, 2010, pp. 28–29; M. Flinders, A Voyage to Terra Australis … 1801, 1802 and 1803 in His Majesty’s Ship The Investigator … 2 vols., plus atlas, London, G. and W. Nicol, 1814, vol. 1, pp. cxciii–cxciv. See also K. V. Smith, Mari Nawi: Aboriginal Odysseys, New South Wales, Rosenberg, 2010, pp. 102–17.
7. Smith, Mari Nawi, p. 102; Flinders, Terra Australis, vol. 2, p. 10.
8. Quoted in Smith, Mari Nawi, p. 105.
9. Flinders, Terra Australis, vol. 2, p. 10; Robert Brown’s journal indicated that Bungaree could understand a few words of their language, R. Brown, Nature’s Investigator: The Diary of Robert Brown in Australia, 1801–1805, compiled by T. G. Vallance, D. T. Moore, and E. W. Groves, Canberra, Australian Biological Resources Study, 2001, p. 232.
10. Flinders, Terra Australis, vol. 2, p. 30. See also the lively account of the incident by the gardener, Peter Good, The Journal of Peter Good, Gardener on Matthew Flinders Voyage to Terra Australis 1801–1803, ed. P. I. Edwards, London, British Museum, 1981, p. 86.
11. Flinders, Terra Australis, vol. 2, pp. 7, 10–11.
12. Ibid., pp. 238–39.
13. M. Estensen, The Life of Matthew Flinders, Sydney, Allen and Unwin, 2002, p. 239.
14. G. C. Ingleton, Charting a Continent, Sydney, Angus and Robertson, 1944, pp. 75–77.
15. Flinders, Terra Australis, vol. 2, pp. 7, 12, 13, 19.
16. Ibid., pp. 28–29, 36–39, 58.
17. Ibid., p. 43.
18. Ibid., pp. 67–70. The grueling circumstances of their surveys and scientific explorations of Broad Sound are best conveyed in Brown’s diary, Nature’s Investigator, pp. 251–82.
19. Flinders, Terra Australis, vol. 2, pp. 91, 84–85.
20. Ibid., p. 87. Brown, both more prosaic and grumpy, was simply annoyed that Flinders stayed too briefly on the reef for them to explore the different species of coral in more detail: Nature’s Investigator, pp. 283–84.
21. Flinders, Terra Australis, vol. 2, p. 91.
22. Ibid., p. 92.
23. Ibid., pp. 109–111.
24. Ibid., p. 114.
25. Ibid., pp. 117–23.
26. Estensen, Life of Matthew Flinders, p. 45; Flinders, Terra Australis, vol. 2, p. 123.
27. Flinders, Terra Australis, pp. 141–43.
28. Ibid., p. 143.
29. J. D. Mack, Matthew Flinders, 1774–1814, Edinburgh and London, Thomas Nelson, 1966, pp. 145–46.
30. Quoted in Mack, Flinders, p. 146.
31. Estensen, Life of Matthew Flinders, p. 276.
32. For Brown’s achievements on the voyage, see Bowen, Great Barrier Reef, pp. 65–73.
33. M. Flinders in Philosophical Transactions (Royal Soc.) 96 (1806), p. 252; entry in OED: “barrier reef,” OED Online, September 2012, Oxford University Press, www.oed.com.ezproxy2.library.usyd.edu.au/view/Entry/15765?redirectedFrom=barrier+reef&,accessed October 17, 2012.
34. Flinders, Terra Australis, vol. 2, p. 102.
35. Ibid., p. 103.
36. Ibid., pp. 103–104.
37. Ibid., p. 115.
38. Ibid., pp. 115–16.
39. Ibid., p. 116.
40. McCalman, Darwin’s Armada, p. 78.
3. CAGE: ELIZA FRASER’S HACK WRITER
1. The letter is reproduced in J. Curtis, SHIPWRECK of the STIRLING CASTLE,… the Dreadful Sufferings of the Crew,… THE CRUEL MURDER OF CAPTAIN FRASER BY THE SAVAGES [and] … the Horrible Barbarity of the Cannibals Inflicted upon THE CAPTAIN’S WIDOW, Whose Unparalleled Sufferings Are Stated by Herself, and Corroborated by the Other Survivors, London, George Virtue, 1838, pp. 206–207.
2. Quoted in M. Alexander, Mrs. Fraser on the Fatal Shore, London, Sphere Books, 1976, p. 130.
3. The Times, August 19, 1837, p. 6.
4. See L. T. Werkmeister, A Newspaper History of England, 1792–1793, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1967; L. T. Werkmeister, The London Daily Press, 1772–1792, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1963.
5. K. Schaffer, In the Wake of First Contact: The Eliza Fraser Stories, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 68–69, 112–14. See also her incisive analysis, “Captivity Narratives and the Idea of Nation,” in Captured Lives: Australian Captivity Narratives, eds., K. Darian Smith, R. Poignant, and K. Schaffer, London, Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, 1993, pp. 1–13.
6. K. Wilson, Island Race: Englishness, Empire and Gender in the 18th Century, London, Routledge, 2003, ch. 5, passim. For something of the seamy milieu of nineteenth-century newsmen and publishers, see I. McCalman, Radical Underworld: Prophets, Revolutionaries and Pornographers in London, 1795–1840, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 164–66.
7. Michael Alexander, who mentions James Curtis in passing, assumes that he is the same man as John Curtis, but cites no evidence, Mrs. Fraser on the Fatal Shore, p. 115. However, Stephen D. Behrendt’s major Liverpool database of the period shows how commonly individuals switched freely between calling themselves James and John. See S. D. Behrendt et al., “Designing a Multi-Source Relational Database: ‘Liverpool as Trading Port, 1700–1850,’” International Journal of Maritime History, vol. 24, no. 1 (June 2012), pp. 265–300. See also the description of James Curtis, in J. Grant, The Great Metropolis, 2 vols., London, Saunders and Otley, 1837, vol. 2, pp. 199–212; P. Collins, “The Molecatcher’s Daughter,” The Independent, November 26, 2006; L. James, Print and the People, 1819–1851, London, Viking, 1976, pp. 250–51; on Maria Marten, often also known as “The Red Barn Murder,” see, R. D. Altick, Victorian Studies in Scarlet, New York and London, Norton, 1970, pp. 28–30, 93–96.
8. On Kelly and George Virtue, see J. C. Reid, Bucks and Bruisers: Pierce Egan and Regency England, London, Routledge, 1971, pp. 8, 73.
9. Curtis, Shipwreck, “Introduction,” p. iv.
10. Ibid., pp. ii–v; Schaffer, In the Wake, pp. 49–60.
11. Schaffer, In the Wake, pp. 36–37, 45.
12. Curtis, Shipwreck, pp. 20–21.
13. Ibid., pp. 72–73.
14. Ibid., p. 147; Colonial Times (Hobart), January 16, 1838, pp. 5–6.
15. Curtis, Shipwreck, pp. 78–79, 155–56.
16. Curtis, Shipwreck, p. 193; The Times, August 19, 1837, p. 6.
17. Curtis, Shipwreck, pp. 41, 107, 115, 157–58. At this point he also inserted a footnote containing an assertion that Baxter and Mrs. Fraser had seen their captors, “after feeding on human food, carefully clean and preserve the bones of the victim.”
18. Ibid., pp. 128–29.
19. Ibid., pp. 156–58.
20. Ibid., pp. 179–81.
21. Ibid., p. 186.
22. Ibid., p. 199; Sydney Gazette, January 25, 1838, p. 27, February 1, 1838, p. 2.
23. Curtis, Shipwreck, p. 209.
24. Ibid., pp. 204, 216–19.
25. Ibid., p. 215.
26. Ibid., fn. 219.
27. Darge’s testimony is given in full in Alexander, Mrs. Fraser, pp. 119–25.
28. Curtis, Shipwreck, p. 221.
29. Ibid., pp. 222–23, 239, 241.
30. Ibid., p. 241. A detailed and accurate account of the Charles Eaton story has been published by V. Peek, “Voyage of the Charles Eaton/Charles Eaton Shipwreck,” http://veronicapeek.com, accessed August 30, 2012.
31. J. Goodman, The Rattlesnake: A Voyage of Discovery to the Coral Sea, London, Faber, 2005, p. 8; on the influence of Barrow, see F. Fleming, Barrow’s Boys, London, Granta, 1998; C. Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty: A Life of Sir Jo
hn Barrow, London, Collins, 1970.
32. C. M. Lewis, A Voyage to the Torres Strait in Search of the Survivors of the Charles Eaton, Which Was Wrecked upon the Barrier Reefs, in HM Colonial Schooner Isabella, C. M. Lewis Commander, arranged by P. P. King, Sydney, E. H. Statham, 1837; Sydney Times, November 19, 1836; see also letter from J. W. Worthington, The Times, August 26, 1837, p. 5. Worthington, a friend of Bayley, also complained about Mayor Kelly having said that the Eliza Fraser case was one “of frightful novelty” when it was not. A brief account of the Mansion House interview with Ireland is in The Times, August 31, 1837, p. 6. For Ireland’s rather incoherent memoir, see J. Ireland, The Shipwrecked Orphans: A True Narrative of Four Years’ Sufferings, ed. Thomas Teller, New Haven, Babcock, 1845.
33. T. Wemyss, Narrative of the Melancholy Shipwreck of the Charles Eaton, Stockton, W. Robinson, 1837; V. Peek, “Charles Eaton Shipwreck,” veronicapeek.com, accessed August 30, 2012.
34. T. B. Wilson, Narrative of a Voyage Round the World: Comprehending an Account of the Wreck of the Ship, Governor Ready in the Torres Strait, London, Gilbert and Piper, 1835; W. E. Brockett, Narrative of a Voyage from Sydney to Torres Straits in Search of the Survivors of the Charles Eaton, Sydney, Henry Bull, 1836.
35. Curtis, Shipwreck, p. 333.
36. Ibid., p. 256.
37. Ibid., pp. 324–25.
38. Wemyss, Narrative, pp. 34–35; Curtis, Shipwreck, pp. 336–46.
39. Curtis, Shipwreck, p. 308. Curtis commented on Duppa, “as far as that person (Duppa) was concerned, the lad Ireland does not much complain”; Ireland, Shipwrecked Orphans, pp. 36–45; Lewis, A Voyage to Torres Strait, pp. 15–25.
40. Curtis, Shipwreck, pp. 302–303.
41. Ibid., p. 315.
42. Ibid., pp. 373–74.
43. Schaffer, In the Wake, chs. 6–10; R. Evans and J. Walker, “‘These Strangers, Where Are They Going?’ Aboriginal–European Relations in the Fraser Island and Wide Bay Region, 1770–1905,” Occasional Papers in Anthropology, no. 8 (March, 1977), pp. 42–45; J. Davidson, “Beyond the Fatal Shore: The Mythologization of Mrs. Fraser,” Meanjin, 3 (1990), pp. 449–61.
4. BASTION: JOSEPH JUKES’S EPIPHANIES
1. J. Allen and P. Corris, eds., The Journal of John Sweatman: A Nineteenth Century Surveying Voyage in North Australia and Torres Strait, St Lucia, Queensland University Press, 1977, “Introduction,” p. xvi.
2. J. B. Jukes, Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H.M.S. Fly … in the Torres Strait, New Guinea, and Other Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, during the years 1842–1846, 2 vols., London, T. and W. Boone, 1847, “Appendix I,” vol. 2, pp. 255–57.
3. Jukes to his cousin, Dr. Ingleby, July 12, 1848, in C. A. Browne, ed., Letters and Extracts from the Addresses and Occasional Writings of J. Beete Jukes, London, Chapman and Hall, 1871, p. 385.
4. Jukes, Narrative of the Fly, vol. 1, pp. 113–14.
5. H. S. Melville, The Adventures of a Griffin on a Voyage of Discovery, Written by Himself, London, Bell and Daldy, 1867, pp. 102–103.
6. Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, p. 105.
7. Jukes, Narrative of the Fly, vol. 1, pp. 77–83.
8. Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, pp. 5, 128.
9. Jukes, Narrative of the Fly, vol. 1, pp. 92, 112–14.
10. Quoted in Goodman, The Rattlesnake, p. 13.
11. Jukes, Narrative of the Fly, vol. 1, p. vi.
12. Ibid., pp. 8–9, 15–16.
13. Ibid., pp. 17–18.
14. Ibid., p. 316.
15. Ibid., p. 332.
16. Ibid., p. 347.
17. Jukes to Browne, November 26, 1843, Browne, Letters and Addresses, p. 215.
18. Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, pp. 179–82.
19. January 9–19, 1843, Browne, Letters and Addresses, pp. 173–74; Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, pp. 98–99.
20. Jukes, Narrative of the Fly, vol. 1, p. 118.
21. Browne, Letters and Addresses, pp. 8, 379–81, 401.
22. Ibid., p. 202.
23. Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, pp. 138–39.
24. Jukes, Narrative of the Fly, vol. 1, pp. 96–98; Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, p. 125.
25. R. Holmes, Coleridge: Early Visions, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1990, p. 230.
26. Jukes, Narrative of the Fly, vol. 1, p. 122; E. Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, London, R. and J. Dodsley, 1757.
27. Quoted in Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, pp. 126–27.
28. Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, p. 127; Jukes, Narrative of the Fly, vol. 1, pp. 122–24.
29. Jukes, Narrative of the Fly, pp. 48–49.
30. Ibid., pp. 145–53, 302–308.
31. Ibid., pp. 298–303.
32. Ibid., p. 297.
33. Jukes to Browne, August 27, 1843, Browne, Letters and Addresses, p. 198; Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, p. 190.
34. Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, pp. 197, 202–03; Jukes, Narrative of the Fly, vol. 1, pp. 155–80, 197–98.
35. Jukes, Narrative of the Fly, pp. 160–70, 209–10.
36. Ibid., p. 189.
37. Ibid., pp. 245–59.
38. Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, p. 205.
39. Browne, Letters and Addresses, pp. 247–248.
40. Ibid., pp. 249–50.
41. Jukes to Amelia Browne, October 2, 1845, Browne, Letters and Addresses, p. 263; see Melville’s wistful account of his heroic colonial adventures, “Up Country in New South Wales,” Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, pp. 225–48.
5. HEARTH: BARBARA THOMPSON, THE GHOST MAIDEN
1. D. R. Moore, Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York: An Ethnographic Reconstruction Based on the 1848–1850 “Rattlesnake” Journals of O. W. Brierly and Information Obtained from Barbara Thompson, Canberra, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1979, pp. 8, 178. This splendid, meticulously accurate book consists of the full transcriptions of Brierly’s interviews with Giom, and an insightful ethnographic survey of the Kaurareg.
2. Ibid., p. 186.
3. Ibid., p. 189.
4. Ibid., pp. 190–91.
5. Ibid., p. 160.
6. Ibid., p. 192.
7. Ibid., p. 194.
8. J. MacGillivray, Narrative of the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake … During the Years, 1846–1850, 2 vols., London, Boone, 1852, vol. 1, p. 305.
9. Moore, Islanders and Aborigines, pp. 186–97.
10. Ibid., p. 76.
11. I am persuaded by the detailed detective work of R. J. Warren, Wildflower: The Barbara Crawford Thompson Story, Brisbane, R. J. Warren, rev. 3rd edition, 2012, pp. 35–36, that she was much younger than is generally thought, and probably shipwrecked at thirteen and rescued at the age of eighteen; MacGillivray, Narrative of the Rattlesnake, vol. 1, p. 305.
12. Moore, Islanders and Aborigines, p. 77.
13. Ibid., p. 77.
14. M. Bassett, Behind the Picture: HMS Rattlesnake’s Australia–New Guinea Cruise, Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1966, pp. 95–96; T. H. Huxley, Diary of the Voyage of the Rattlesnake, ed. J. Huxley, New York, Doubleday, 1936, p. 191.
15. Moore, Islanders and Aborigines, pp. 77–80, 224.
16. Ibid., p. 60.
17. Ibid., pp. 39–44.
18. Ibid., pp. 35–44, 54–70.
19. For a nuanced account of Brierly’s relationships with Aborigines at Twofold Bay, see M. McKenna, Looking for Blackfella’s Point: An Australian History of Place, Sydney, University of New South Wales Press, 2002, pp. 126–28; Goodman, The Rattlesnake, pp. 125–29.
20. Moore, Islanders and Aborigines, p. 35.
21. Ibid., pp. 46, 49.
22. Ibid., p. 64; Melville, Adventures of a Griffin, p. 182; O. W. Brierly, “Journal on HMS Rattlesnake. Torres Straits, New Guinea,…, 8 May 1849–8 Aug. 1849,” Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales, MS A 507, mfm. MAV/FM4/2560.
23. Moore, Islanders and Aborigines, p. 197.
<
br /> 24. Huxley, Diary of the Rattlesnake, pp. 188–91; MacGillivray, Narrative of the Rattlesnake, vol. 1, p. 305.
25. Moore, Islanders and Aborigines, pp. 106–108, 146, 148–51, 155, 170, 176.
26. Ibid., pp. 150–53, 155–61, 173, 175, 182–5, 199–200, 203–204, 226.
27. Ibid., pp. 90, 121, 154, 164–66.
28. Ibid., pp. 91–92, 122, 116–19, 130, 166, 170.
29. Huxley, Diary of the Rattlesnake, p. 190; Moore, Islanders and Aborigines, pp. 80, 92, 162, 186.
30. Moore, Islanders and Aborigines, pp. 151, 213.
31. Ibid., pp. 121, 169.
32. Ibid., pp. 206–208.
33. Ibid., pp. 144–45, 177, 206–208.
34. MacGillivray, Narrative of the Rattlesnake, vol. 1, p. 302.
35. Ibid., pp. 306–307.
36. Moore, Islanders and Aborigines, “Introduction,” pp. 8–9, 191.
37. Ibid., pp. 174, 190.
38. Ibid., pp. 163–67, 175, 179, 183.
39. Ibid., pp. 154–55, 170.
40. Ibid., p. 169; Warren, Wildflower, pp. 218–19, gives close attention to this issue, arguing that she also gave birth to a boy called Numa, but the evidence seems to me inconclusive.
41. Schaffer, In the Wake, esp. chs. 1–5.
42. For a wonderful study of the neglected naturalist’s career and character, see Sophie Jensen, “On Such a Full Sea: John MacGillivray (1821–1867),” ANU, History PhD thesis, 2009.
43. MacGillivray, Narrative of the Rattlesnake, vol. 1, p. 305.
44. Warren, Wildflower, pp. 182–83. Ray Warren and Barbara’s surviving relatives are to be congratulated for their considerable detective work in tracking these successive marriages; Moore, Islanders and Aborigines, pp. 12–13.
6. HEARTLANDS: THE LOST LIVES OF KARKYNJIB AND ANCO
1. L. de Rougemont, The Adventures of Louis de Rougemont, Project Gutenberg e-book, April 17, 2007, transcribed from the George Newnes edition, London, 1899.
2. B. G. Andrews, “Louis de Rougement (1847–1921),” Australian Dictionary of Biography, Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1981, vol. 8; Rod Howard, The Fabulist: The Incredible Story of Louis de Rougemont, Sydney, Random House, 2006, pp. 224–36.
The Reef: A Passionate History: The Great Barrier Reef from Captain Cook to Climate Change Page 33