4. Economic Report of the President, January 1972 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972), 165–66.
5. Paul Volcker and Toyoo Gyohten, Changing Fortunes: The World's Money and the Threat to American Leadership (New York: Times Publishers, 1992), 73.
6. Ibid., 73.
7. Marina Whitman to Paul McCracken, memorandum, August 27, 1971, Marina v.N. Whitman Personal Collection.
8. C. Jackson Grayson Jr, with Louis Neeb, Confessions of a Price Controller (Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin, 1974), 64.
9. “The Economy: A Blurry Banner for Phase II,” Time, October 18, 1971, 15.
10. Richard M. Nixon, “The Continuing Fight against Inflation,” radio and television address, October 7, 1971.
11. Richard Nixon recorded conversation with H. R. Haldeman, January 24, 1972, Conv. No. 654–1, tape subject log, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, National Archives and Records.
12. Ibid.; Richard Nixon recorded conversation with H. R. Haldeman, January 28, 1972, Conv. No. 659–1.
13. Richard Nixon recorded conversation with H. R. Haldeman, Conv. No. 654–1; Richard Nixon recorded conversation with H. R. Haldeman, Conv. No. 659–1; Richard Nixon recorded conversation with H. R. Haldeman, January 29, 1972, Conv. No. 660–8.
14. Richard Nixon recorded conversation with H. R. Haldeman, Conv. No. 654–1; Richard Nixon recorded conversation with H. R. Haldeman, Conv. No. 660–8.
15. Richard Nixon recorded conversation with H. R. Haldeman, Conv. No. 654–1.
16. Ibid.
17. Richard Nixon recorded conversation with H. R. Haldeman, Conv. No. 659–1; Richard Nixon recorded conversation with H. R. Haldeman, Conv. No. 660–8.
18. Richard Nixon recorded conversation with H. R. Haldeman, Conv. No. 659–1.
19. Richard Nixon recorded conversation with H. R. Haldeman, Conv. No. 660–8.
20. Boston Sunday Globe, January 30, 1972.
21. Detroit News, February 1, 1972.
22. Richard F. Janssen, “Woman Nominated for First Time to Serve on President's Economic Advisers Council,” Wall Street Journal, January 31, 1972.
23. Ibid.
24. Life, February 25, 1972.
25. Michael C. Jensen, “Mrs. Whitman; Council Appointee Sees Self as Solver of Problems,” New York Times, February 6, 1972.
26. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, 92nd Cong., 2nd sess., 1972, 7–17.
27. Joint Economic Committee, Review of Phase II of the New Economic Program: Hearings before the Joint Economic Committee on April 14, 1972, 92nd Cong., 2nd sess., 1972, 4.
28. “Two Top Economists Optimistic for 1972: Dr. Whitman and Dr. Heller Predict a Vigorous Recovery,” New York Times, May 18, 1972.
29. Economic Report of the President, 1972, 154.
30. Marina v.N. Whitman, “Some Reflections on International Monetary Reform,” Remarks Before the International Fiscal Association, New York, October 27, 1972.
31. Ibid.
32. Joint Economic Committee, The 1973 Economic Report of the President: Hearings before the Joint Economic Committee on February 6, 1973, 93rd Cong., 1st sess., 1973, 8–9.
33. Ibid., 89.
34. William Chapman, “Women: Putting Bread on the Table,” Washington Post, February 3, 1973.
35. Time, October 23, 1972.
36. Business Week, July 8, 1972.
37. Nicholas von Hoffman, “Washington's Rats on the Move,” Washington Post, October 25, 1972.
38. Parade, December 31, 1972.
39. Laura Whitman, interview by Greta Walker, Good Housekeeping, August 1972.
40. Marion Bell Wilhelm, “Economist Whitman Goes to Washington,” Christian Science Monitor, March 20, 1972.
41. Life, February 25, 1972.
42. Time, February 12, 1973.
43. Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, May 21, 1973.
44. Herbert Stein, “The Nixon I Knew,” Slate, January 2, 1998.
45. Wall Street Journal, August 6, 1973.
46. Money, May 1973.
47. Herbert Stein, “Memorandum for the President, Observations on Japan,” March 31, 1973. Marina v.N. Whitman Personal Collection.
CHAPTER 7
1. Marina Whitman to the President's Files, memorandum, March 27, 1973, Marina v.N. Whitman Personal Collection.
2. Washington Post, June 3, 1973.
3. Marina Whitman to President Nixon, June 14, 1973, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.
4. President Richard Nixon to Marina Whitman, June 27, 1973, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.
5. Statement of Representative Henry Reuss, Joint Economic Committee, The 1973 Midyear Review of the Economy: Hearings before the Joint Economic Committee on August 1, 1973, 93rd Cong., 1st sess., 1973, 146.
6. Statement of Senator Jacob Javits, Joint Economic Committee, The 1973 Midyear Review of the Economy: Hearings before the Joint Economic Committee on August 1,1973, 93rd Cong., 1st sess., 1973, 146.
7. Statement of Senator Sparkman of Alabama, Joint Economic Committee, The 1973 Midyear Review of the Economy: Hearings before the Joint Economic Committee on August 1, 1973, 93rd Cong., 1st sess., 1973, 146.
8. Statement of Senator Proxmire, Joint Economic Committee, The 1973 Midyear Review of the Economy: Hearings before the Joint Economic Committee on August 1,1973, 93rd Cong., 1st sess., 1973, 147.
9. Both these ideas had been suggested by John Maynard Keynes, who represented Great Britain at the Bretton Woods negotiations in 1944 but had been overridden by the objections of the US representative to the conference, Harry Dexter White.
10. American Survey, The Economist, October 6, 1973.
11. Bob Arnold, “Marina Whitman's Back in Town,” Renaissance Pittsburgh, vol. 5, no. 2 (February 1974): 26.
12. Marylin Bender, “Women Take Transfers Companies, Pressured, Offer,” New York Times, July 23, 1974.
13. Pittsburgh Press, December 5, 1976.
14. Leonard Silk, “Peers Give Nixon's Advisers Bad Reviews,” New York Times, October 17, 1973.
15. University Times (Pittsburgh), October 4, 1973, 8.
16. Marina Whitman, “The ‘Dismal Science’ Comes of Age: Economics in America's Third Century,” Sloan Management Review (SMR Forum), vol. 17, no. 3 (spring 1976), 89.
17. Office of the White House Press Secretary, “Remarks of the President at the Opening of the Conference on Inflation,” September 5, 1974, Gerald R. Ford Library and Museum, National Archives and Records Administration, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
18. Arthur Okun, “Summary of September 5 Economists' Conference on Inflation,” meeting, Washington, DC, September 5, 1974, Gerald R. Ford Library and Museum, National Archives and Records Administration, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
19. “Summary of September 23, 1974, Meeting of Economists,” meeting, New York City, September 23, 1974, Gerald R. Ford Library and Museum, National Archives and Records Administration, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
20. Soma Golden, “Self-Interest Stymies Inflation Fight,” New York Times, September 22, 1974.
21. Edwin L. Dale Jr, “Carter Sees Permanency in Floating Money Rates,” New York Times, August 19, 1976; Edwin L. Dale Jr, “Carter's Foreign Economic Plan,” New York Times, August 24, 1976.
22. Dale, “Carter's Foreign Economic Plan.”
23. The one exception was the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976, which was passed close to the end of President Ford's term and implemented under President Carter.
CHAPTER 8
1. Pam Proctor, “New Voices in Business: Ladies of the Boardroom,” Parade, July 28, 1974.
2. The Economist, September 22, 2007, 86.
3. Vijay Vaitheeswaran, “Something New under the Sun: A Special Report,” The Economist, October 13–19, 2007,
12.
4. CDA-Collaborative Learning Projects, “Yadana Gas Transportation Project, Fourth Field Visit Report,” April 17-May 6, 2005, http://cdainc.com/publications/cep/fieldvisits/cepVisit16MyanmarBurma4.pdf.
5. “Agreement between the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the President of Radcliffe,” Cambridge, MA, 1977, http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2573641?n=700&s=4&print.
6. Governance of the University, The Harvard Guide, http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/underst/index.html.
7. “Governance Review Culminates in Changes to Harvard Corporation,” Harvard Gazette, December 6, 2010. One of these changes was expansion of the corporation's membership to thirteen.
8. “Overseers and Associated Harvard Alumni Directors: A Guideline on Qualifications,” http:news.harvard.edu/gazette/2000/03.02/report.htm).
9. “Meeting of the Committee of the Board of Overseers to Visit the Department of Economics,” Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, February 13–14, 1976. Marina v.N. Whitman Personal Collection.
CHAPTER 9
1. Emma Rothschild, Paradise Lost: The Decline of the Auto-Industrial Age (New York: Random House, 1973).
2. “The Squeeze on Oil,” Time, February 5, 1979.
3. Charles Belle, “Business in the Black,” San Francisco County Sun-Reporter, April 1981.
4. Fortune, August 20, 1984, 31.
5. Marina Whitman, “Economics from Three Perspectives,” Business Economics, January 1983, 20–24.
6. The Dartmouth, February 25, 1982.
7. Giorgio Israel and Ana Millán Gasca, The World as a Mathematical Game: John von Neumann and Twentieth Century Science, Science Networks Historical Studies, no. 38 (Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhauser Verlag, 2009), xi.
8. Ibid., 51.
9. Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989).
10. Marina Whitman, “Economic Scene: Auto Industry's New Challenges,” op-ed, New York Times, September 3, 1980.
11. Marina Whitman, “Economic Scene: Shape of Power in Next Decade,” op-ed, New York Times, September 5, 1980.
12. See, for example, Neil Sheehan, A Fiery Peace in a Cold War: Bernard Schriever and the Ultimate Weapon (New York: Random House, 2009).
13. Marina Whitman, interview with Maryann Keller, transcript, 1991.
14. “Healing the Auto Industry,” GM Economics Staff and Financial Staff to the GM Executives, memorandum, September 3, 1982.
15. Ibid., 2.
16. “Trends,” Forbes, August 3, 1981.
17. Forbes, August 31, 1981, 10.
18. Henry Ford II to Ford CEO Philip Caldwell, memorandum, May 17, 1981.
19. Washington Post, April 2, 1981.
20. “Import Restrictions Revisited,” Marina Whitman to Chairman Roger Smith, Vice Chairman Howard Kehrl, and Executive Vice President Alan Smith, memorandum, January 12, 1981.
21. Roger Smith, “Its Time to End the Auto Quotas,” op-ed, Washington Post, January 30, 1985.
22. Oscar Frenette, “Automotive Report,” WJR-Detroit, January 6, 1986.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Statement of Marina Whitman, The Future of the Automobile Industry: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce (February 8, 1984), 98th Cong., 2nd session, 1984, pp. 237–44.
26. Wall Street Journal, June 10, 1987.
27. Ibid.
28. Business Week, September 6, 1986.
CHAPTER 10
1. General Motors Annual Report, America's Corporate Foundation, 1985; General Motors Annual Report, America's Corporate Foundation, 1990; General Motors Annual Report, America's Corporate Foundation, 1992; General Motors Annual Report, America's Corporate Foundation, 2005.
2. Pew Environment Group, “History of Fuel Economy: One Decade of Innovation, Two Decades of Inaction,” The Pew Charitable Trusts, http://www.pewfuelefficiency.org/docs/cafe_history.pdf.
3. Wall Street Journal, April 23, 2008; US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Policy Information; US Census Bureau.
4. Marina v.N. Whitman, Global Warming and CAFE Standards, Hearings before the General Motors Corporation submitted to the Senate Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 101st Cong., 1st Sess., May 2, 1989, pp. 130–47.
5. Paul Ingrassia and Joseph B. White, The Fall and Rise of the American Automobile Industry (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 93.
6. “The Innovator: The Creative Mind of Roger Smith,” New York Times Magazine, April 21, 1985.
7. Letter from Marina Whitman to John H. D'Arms, February 7, 1990, in my personal collection.
8. Nick Poulos, “Economist's Ride with GM Exhilarating,” Atlanta Journal and Atlanta Constitution, February 16, 1986.
9. Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 196.
10. Ibid., 139.
11. Ibid., 243.
12. Ibid.
13. Automotive News, March 12, 1990.
CHAPTER 11
1. Time, November 26, 1984.
2. Marina Whitman to Frank Press, December 5, 1988, in my personal collection.
3. Marina von Neumann Whitman, New World, New Rules: The Changing Role of the American Corporation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1999).
4. Louis Uchitelle, “Company Woman,” New York Times, June 27, 1999.
5. Marina Whitman, “Women Who Take the Corporate Climb” (letter to editor), Business Week, July 31, 1987.
6. Annette Churchill, “GM Vice President Marina Whitman: An Academic Makes It to the Fourteenth Floor,” Ann Arbor Observer, March 1986.
Index
Aberdeen, MD, 26
Aberdeen Proving Grounds, 49
Alabama, 110, 165
Albright, Madeleine, 14, 278
Alcoa, 203, 204
Allegheny Mountains, 132
Allegheny River, 103
Allen, George, 14
Allies, 4, 40, 46
Ambassador Hotel, 113
American Physical Society, 33
American Virgin Islands, 146
Ancker-Johnson, Betsy, 229, 247, 249
Anderson, Arthur, 233
Anderson, John, 226
Anschluss, 58
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM), 137
anticommunism, 58, 68
McCarthy, 77, 115
Nixon, 115
von Neumann, 169
anti-Semitism, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17
Army Ordnance Department (Aberdeen, MD), 26
Artzt, Edwin, 191–92
atomic bombs, 1, 4, 11, 37, 42, 77
development, 24, 57
Japan, 40
testing, 45
See also Manhattan Project
atomic energy, 42, 78
peacetime uses, 185
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 1, 11, 26, 51, 77, 78, 159
von Neumann, member of, 91
von Neumann nominated for a seat, 79, 84
Augustine, Norman
Augustine's Laws, 196
Austria, 10, 18, 19, 58
annexation of in 1938, 20, 58
Austro-Hungarian border, 89
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 7, 10, 54, 58, 168
Austro-Hungarian Navy, 10
automobile industry, 251
Japan, 224, 225, 230, 231, 234–36, 238, 246, 251, 252, 253
fuel efficiency, 219–20, 227, 236, 248, 252–53, 263
US, 151–52, 215, 219–21, 223, 242, 253
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