Sadhu (or Sannyasin): A Hindu holy person, ideally with saintly qualities that Gandhi saw (in contrast to B. G. Tilak) as consonant with political action and leadership.
Sarvodaya: “Welfare of all,” Gandhi’s term for an ideal system of social and economic equality produced by social reforms.
Satya: Truth. A fundamental concept of Hindu philosophy. Gandhi combined the word with “agraha,” thus coining his key word, “satyagraha,” to mean literally “Clinging to the truth,” and so producing a form of moral power.
Satyagraha: Power (or force) of truth, love and nonviolence. The word has a broad meaning to include various forms of social and political action: individual or mass civil disobedience, as in the “salt satyagraha,” or fasting for communal harmony, or campaigns for social reform, such as for the abolition of untouchability.
Satyagrahi: One who practices the method or employs the power of satyagraha.
Swadeshi: “One’s own country,” meaning the principle of relying on the products of India rather than foreign goods. This often demanded boycott of British produce specifically.
Swaraj: Freedom. Gandhi interpreted the word to mean freedom in two distinct senses: the “external freedom” of political independence and “internal freedom.” The latter meaning evoked the ancient Hindu (and Buddhist) idea of spiritual liberation, denoting a psychological freedom from illusion, fear, and ignorance. Swaraj in these two senses thus implied knowledge of self and consequent self-mastery. The idea of “freedom as self-rule,” conceived by the Indian nationalist movement, originally meant only political independence. Gandhi enlarged its meaning to emphasize personal as well as political liberation. Both together became necessary conditions of India’s freedom, with satyagraha as the only way to achieve it.
Taluka: District, e.g., Bardoli, designated for purposes of land revenue collection.
Tapasya: Self-sacrifice, as in Gandhi’s practice of fasting. As a form of personal renunciation, tapasya (or tapas), if practiced with purity of intent, evoked respect among Hindus. In the instance of Gandhi’s Calcutta fast, he gained trust and power from his self-sacrifice.
Upanishads: Ancient philosophical discourses of India, regarded as main sources of Hindu metaphysics.
Varna: Social order or group, of which there were four in traditional Hindu social theory. Each varna had a specific social function: the brahmin, spiritual authority and instruction; kshatriya, temporal power; vaishya, wealth and commercial activity; and sudra, manual labor and service of the others. The theory of the duties and relationships of these four varnas was variously called varnashrama, varnadharma, or varnashramadharma. Varna is sometimes translated as “caste,” but Gandhi tried to distinguish them, arguing ultimately that while caste should be abolished, the system of varna was in theory consistent with democratic values of freedom and equality and should be preserved as a model of social harmony and cooperation.
Yajna: Sacrifice. Gandhi used this in a political sense, as satyagraha should be offered as a yajna in a spirit of sacrifice.
Yatra: Spiritual or religious pilgrimage, used by Gandhi to describe the salt march.
Zamindar: Landholder, Hindu or Muslim, paying revenue to British.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Bibliography is arranged under the following main headings:
I. Primary Sources
A. Manuscript Collections
B. Official Records and Reports
C. Newspapers and Periodicals
D. Interviews
II. Collections of Source Material and Secondary Works: Published and Unpublished
I. Primary Sources
A. Manuscript Collections
All-India Congress Committee Files, 1927–1947. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi
Gandhi Papers, Gandhi Memorial Library and Museum, Rajghat, New Delhi
Gandhi Papers, Sabermati Ashram Preservation and Memorial Trust, Ahmedabad M. N. Roy Papers, Personal Correspondence and Documents, 1930–1953, Indian Renaissance Institute, Dehra Dun, U.P.
Pyarelal Nayar Papers, Correspondence and Documents, New Delhi
Papers of Sir George Cunningham, Mss. EUR.D.670, India Office Library, London
Papers of the Earl of Halifax, Lord Irwin, Mss. EUR. C. 152
Papers of Sir Frederick Sykes, Mss. EUR. F. 150, India Office Library, London
King Library and Archives, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Nonviolent Social Change, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia
Papers of Reginald Reynolds, Peace Collection, Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania
B. Official Records and Reports
Government of India, Home Department. Political Proceedings and Files, 1919–1946, National Archives of India, New Delhi
Government of India, Public and Judicial Department, India Office Library, London
C. Newspapers and Periodicals
Aryan Path (India)
Amrita Bazar Patrika (India)
Bombay Chronicle (India)
Cape Times (South Africa)
Chicago Daily Tribune (U.S.)
Christian Century (U.S.)
Harijan (India)
Hindu (India)
Hindustan Times (India)
Independent India (India)
Lahore Tribune (India)
Leader (India)
Literary Digest (United States)
Manchester Guardian (U.K.)
Mail (South Africa)
Modern Review (India)
Montgomery Advertiser (U.S.)
Natal Mercury (South Africa)
Natal Witness (South Africa)
New Republic (U.K.)
New York Times (U.S.)
Nation (U.S.)
Pioneer (India)
Radical Humanist (India)
Rand Daily Mail (South Africa)
Statesman (India)
Sunday Post (South Africa)
Times of India (India)
The Times (London, U.K.)
Time Magazine (U.S.)
Washington Post (U.S.)
Young India (India)
Interviews
1. Among the eighty Indians who marched with Gandhi to Dandi, personal interviews were conducted with the following seventeen marchers. Several of these participants subsequently provided additional written testimony. As indicated in the endnotes and bibliography, Pyarelal Nayar and Haridas Muzumdar gave a series of interviews, then read or discussed my account of the march, either supplying detailed criticisms and commentary on this account or complete references to their own extensive publications on the subject. More biographical information on these and the other marchers is contained in Young India, March 12, 1930, pp. 90–91
Abbasbhai (Vartegi), interviewed in Ahmedabad, Indian, July 1975.
Ashar, Prithvidas L., Bombay, August 1975.
Butch, Puratan J., Bombay, August 1975.
Dave, Bhanushanker, Ahmedabad, July 1975.
Desai, Rasik, Bombay, July 1975.
Desai, Valji Govindji, Vadodara, Gujarat, August 1975.
Harkare, Dwarkanath, Bombay, July 1975.
Joshi, Chhaganlal, Rajkot, Gujarat, March 1975.
Kalelkar, Satish D., Ahmedabad, March 1975.
Lalaji (Parmar), Ahmedabad, July 1975.
Mahimtura, Harilala, Bombay, July 1975.
Modi, Ramaniklal, Ahmedabad, March 1975.
Muzumdar, Haridas T., New York and New Jersey, 1976–1977.
Poduval, N. P. Raghava, Shoramur, Kerala, June 1975.
Pyarelal (Nayar), Delhi, 1966–1967, 1970, 1975.
Ratnaji (Boria), Ahmedabad, July 1975.
Zaveri (Jhaveri) Pannalal B., Ahmedabad, July 1975.
2. The following list regrettably includes only a fraction of those who gave generously of their time to answer questions in personal interviews relating to subjects raised in this book:
Alexander, Horace, Gandhi associate, London, April 1968 and Swarthmore, Pa., June 1978.
Behn, Mira (Madelei
ne Slade), Gandhi associate, Vienna, August 1975.
Bhave, Vinoba, Gandhi associate and philosopher, Wardha, India, February 1975.
Bose, Nirmal Kumar, Gandhi associate, successive interviews, Calcutta and Delhi, 1966–67.
Dalai, Chandulal Bhagubhai, Gandhi scholar, Ahmedabad, July 1975.
Dave, K. M., journalist, Bombay, April 1975.
Gandhi, Kantilal Harilal. M. K. Gandhi’s grandson. Bombay, July 1975.
Karnik, V. B., M. N. Roy associate, Bombay, November 1966.
Kripalani, Archarya, Gandhi associate, Ahmedabad, October 1966.
Lazarus, A. D., Gandhi associate, Durban, South Africa, August 1975.
Mehta, Usha, Gandhi scholar, Bombay, July 1975.
Nair, C. K., Gandhi associate, Delhi, July 1975.
Nayar, Sushila, Personal physician to M. K. and Kasturba Gandhi and biographer of both; successive interviews, Delhi and Sevagram January-July 1975; New York and New Jersey, July 1981, June 1984.
Parikh, G. D., M. N. Roy associate, Bombay, October 1966.
Park, Richard., M. N. Roy associate and political scientist, February 1965.
Patel, C. N., Gandhi scholar and editor of MGCW, Ahmedabad, July 1975.
Rajagopalachari, C., Gandhi associate and political leader, Madras, May 1967.
Ray, Sibnarayan, M. N. Roy associate and scholar, New York and New Jersey, October 1974.
Sinha, K. K., M. N. Roy associate, Calcutta, November 1966.
Spratt, Philip, M. N. Roy associate and Gandhi biographer, Madras, May 1967.
Swaminathan, K. K. Gandhi scholar and editor of CWMG, Delhi, November 1966.
Sykes, Marjorie, Gandhi associate, Philadelphia, June 1976.
Tarkunde, Justice V. M., M. N. Roy associate, Bombay, November 1966.
II. Collections of Source Material and Secondary Works: Published and Unpublished
Abernathy, Ralph D. And the Walls Came Tumbling Down. New York: Harper, 1989.
Acton, John F. E. D. Essays on Freedom and Power. Boston: Beacon Press, 1948.
Adler, Mortimer. The Idea of Freedom. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1961.
Agerwal, S. N. Gandhian Constitution for Free India. Allahbad: Kitabistan, 1946.
Ambedkar, B. R. What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables. Bombay: Thacker, 1946.
Ambedkar, B. R. Gandhi and Gandhism. Jullundar, Punjab: Bheem Patrika Publications, 1970.
Amin, Shahid. “Gandhi as Mahatma: Gorakhpur District, Eastern UP, 1921–22,” Subaltern Studies II, Ranajit Guha, ed. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Anand, Mulk Raj. Untouchable. New Delhi: Orient, 1970.
Andrews, C. F. Mahatma Gandhi’s Ideas, London: Allen and Unwin, 1931.
Andrews. Charles Freer. Mahatma Gandhi—His Own Story. New York: Macmillan, 1930.
Argov, Daniel. Moderates and Extremeists in the Indian Nationalist Movement, 1883–1920. London: Asia Publishers.
Ashe, Geoffrey. Gandhi. London: Heinemann, 1968.
Bakshi, S. R. Gandhi and Salt Satyagraha. Kerala: Vishwavidya Publishers, 1981.
Bandyopadhyaya, J. Social and Political Thought of Gandhi. Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1969.
Basham, A. L. “Some Fundamental Ideas of Ancient India.” In C. H. Philips, ed. Politics and Society in India. London: Allen and Unwin, 1963.
Bay, Christian. The Structure of Freedom. New York: Atheneum, 1965.
Behn, Mira. The Spirit s Pilgrimage. London: Longmans, 1960.
Berlin, Isaiah, “Two Concepts of Liberty.” In Four Essays on Liberty. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Bernays, Robert. “Naked Fakir,” London: Victor Gollancz, 1931.
The Bhagavad-Gita, New York, translated by Barbara Miller. New York: Bantam, 1986.
Birkenhead [2nd Earl of]. Halifax: The Life of Lord Halifax. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1965.
Bok, Sissela. A Strategy for Peace. New York: Pantheon Books, 1989.
Bok, Sissela. Lying. Moral Choice in Public and Private Life. New York: Vintage Books, 1979.
Bolton, Glorney. The Tragedy of Gandhi. London: Allen and Unwin, 1934.
Bondurant, Joan. “Satyagraha vs. Duragraha.” In G. Ramachandra, ed. Gandhi: His Relevance for our Times. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1964.
Bondurant, Joan. Conquest of Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
Borman, William. Gandhi and Non-Violence. Albany, New York: SUNY Press, 1986.
Bose, Subhas Chandra. The Indian Struggle: 1920–1934. London: Wishard, 1935.
Bose, N. K. My Days with Gandhi. Calcutta: Nishana, 1953.
Bose N. K. ed. Selections from Gandhi. Ahmedabad: Navajivan. 1948.
Brailsford: H. N. “Rebel India.” In New Republic: New York, 1931.
Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.
Brietman, George, The Last Year of Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970.
Brown, Judith. Gandhis Rise to Power. London: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
Brown, Judith. Gandhi and Civil Disobedience. London: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Brown, Judith. Modern India, The Origins of An Asian Democracy. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Brown, Judith. Gandhi: A Prisoner of Hope. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
Brown, W. N. The United States and India and Pakistan, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1955.
Buber, Martin and J. L. Magnes. Two Letters to Gandhi. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass, April, 1939.
Burns, James MacGregor. Leadership. New York: Harper, 1978.
Caiman, Leslie J. Protest in Democratic India: Authority’s Response to Challenge, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1985.
Caiman, Leslie J. Toward Empowerment. Women and Movement Politics in India, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1992.
Carson, Clayborne. In Struggle, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.
Case, C. M. Non-Violent Coercion. London: Allen and Unwin, 1923.
Casey, R. G. An Australian in India. Melbourne: F. W. Cheshire, 1947.
Cashman, Richard I. The Myth of the Lokamanya. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
Chakravarty, Amiya. A Saint at Work. William Penn Lecture, 1950. Philadelphia: The Young Friends Movement of the Philadelphia Yearly Meetings, 1950.
Chandra, Bipan. India s Struggle for Independence, 18 57–1947. Delhi: Viking, 1988.
Chatterjee, Margaret. Gandhi s Religious Thought. London: Macmillan, 1983.
Chaudhuri, Nirad. The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian. New York: Macmillan, 1951.
Chaudhuri, Nirad. Thy Hand, Great Anarch! India 1921–1952. New York: Addison-Wesley. 1987.
Churchill, Winston S. India: Speeches. London: Thornton Butterworth, 1931.
Cleaver, Eldridge. Post Prison Writings. New York: Vintage Books, 1969.
Coatman, John. Years of Destiny: India, 1926–1932. London: Jonathan Cape, 1932.
Coles, Robert. Erik H Erikson. Boston: Little Brown, 1970.
Collins, Larry and Pierre Lapierre. Freedom at Midnight. New York: Avon, 1983.
Cone, James H. Martin and Malcolm and America. New York: Orbis Books, 1991.
Congress Presidential Addresses, 1911–1934, 2nd series. Madras: G. A. Natesan, 1937.
Coogan, Tim Pat. Michael Collins: A Biography. New York: Arrow Books, 1991.
Cruise, Harold. The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual. New York: Morrow, 1971.
Dalai, Chandulal Bhagubhai. Gandhis Struggle in South Africa (in Gujarati: Gandhiji Dakshin Africani Ladai). Ahmedabad: P. Majumdar, Sabarmati Ashram, 1958.
Dalton, Dennis. Indian Idea of Freedom. Gurgaon, India: The Academic Press, 1982.
Dalton, Dennis. “Gandhi’s Styles of Leadership.” In B. N. Pandey, ed. Leadership in South Asia. New Delhi: Vikas Publishers, 1977.
Dalton, Dennis. “The Idea of Freedom in the Political Thought of Vivekananda and Aurobindo.” South Asian Affairs. The Movement for National Freedom in India. St. Anthony’s Papers
No. 18, S. N. Mukherjee, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Dalton, Dennis. “The Gandhian View of Caste and Caste After Gandhi.” In Philip Mason, ed. India and Ceylon; Unity and Diversity. London: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Dalton, Dennis. “Gandhi and Roy: The Interaction of Ideologies in India.” In Sibnarayan Ray, ed. Gandhi, India and the World. Melbourne: The Hawthorne Press> 1970.
Dalton, Dennis. “Gandhi During Partition.” In C. H. Philips, ed. The Partition of India. London: Allen and Unwin, 1970.
Dalton, Dennis. “The Dandi Drama.” In Peter Robb and David Taylor, eds. Rule, Protest and Identity. London: Humanities Press, 1978.
Das, C. R. Outline Scheme of Swaraj, National Convention Memoranda, No. 2. Madras: Besant Press, 1923.
Das, C. R. Freedom Through Disobedience, Presidential Address at 37th Indian National Congress, Madras, Arka, 1922.
Das, Bhagavan. Ancient versus Modern Scientific Socialism. Madras: Theosophical House, 1934.
Das, Suranjan. “Towards an Understanding of Communal Violence in Twentieth Century Bengal.” Economic and Political Weekly, 23 (35), August 27, 1988.
Das, Suranjan. Communal Riots in Bengal 1905–194?. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Das, C. R. India for Indians. Madras: Ganesh, 1918.
Deming, Barbara. We Are All Part of One Another: AB arbara Deming Reader, Jane Meyerding, ed.. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1984.
Desai, Ishwarlal I. ed. Bardoli Satyagraha (in Gujarati). Surat: Swatantrya Itihas Samiti, 1970.
Desai, Mahadev. The Story of Bardoli: Being a History of the Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928 and its Sequel Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1929.
Desai, Mahadev. The Gospel of Selfless Action or the Gita According to Gandhi. Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1946.
Devanesen, Chandran D. S. The Making of the Mahatma. Madras: Orient Langmans, 1969.
Dhawan, G. N. The Political Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi. Bombay: Popular Book Depot, 1946.
Diwakar, R. R. Satyagraha: Its Technique and History. Bombay: Hind Kitans, 1946.
Doke, Rev. Joseph J. M. K. Gandhi: an Indian Patriot in South Africa. London: The London Chronicle, 1909.
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