13. His frequent use of “grey Puritan” appears, for example, in D. H. Lawrence, “Pornography and Obscenity,” in Sex, Literature and Censorship, 69–88. “D. H. Lawrence Dies; Noted Novelist,” New York Times, March 4, 1930, 23.
14. Sir Chartres Biron quoted in Diana Souhami, The Trials of Radclyffe Hall (New York: Doubleday, 1999), 221. A lively take on modern literary censorship trials and the books that provoked them is Elisabeth Ladenson, Dirt for Art’s Sake: Books on Trial from “Madame Bovary” to “Lolita” (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007).
15. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, quoted in Boyer, Purity in Print, 167.
16. Anthony Comstock, Frauds Exposed; Or, How the People Are Deceived and Robbed, and Youth Corrupted (New York: J. Howard Brown, 1880), 416, 417.
17. On the Jurgen case, see Boyer, Purity in Print, 75–78. Theodore Dreiser quoted in Helen Richardson to William Shaw, January 23, 1940, folder “William Shaw to Theodore Dreiser,” Box 5, MSS 6220, University of Virginia Special Collections.
18. For an excellent, thoroughgoing analysis of the link between ideas of sexual purity and fear of national ruin since the nineteenth century, see Sara Moslener, Virgin Nation: Sexual Purity and American Adolescence (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).
19. Morris Ernst, “Foreword,” Ulysses (New York: The Modern Library, 1934, 1961), v.
20. Alison M. Parker, “Mothering the Movies: Women Reformers and Popular Culture,” in Movie Censorship and American Culture, ed. Francis G. Couvares (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996), 73–96; quotes on 74, 86.
21. James M. Skinner, The Cross and the Cinema: The Legion of Decency and the National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures, 1933-1970 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993), 15.
22. Quoted in Ruth A. Inglis, Freedom of the Movies: A Report on Self-Regulation from The Commission on Freedom of the Press (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 133–134.
23. Quoted in Skinner, Cross and the Cinema, 19.
24. “The Traffic in Smut,” Christian Century 48 (December 9, 1931): 1552–1553.
25. Una M. Cadegan, All Good Books Are Catholic Books (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013), 129–134.
26. See Aljean Harmetz, The Making of Casablanca: Bogart, Berman, and World War II (New York: Hyperion, 2002); and Skinner, Cross and the Cinema.
27. Pius XI, “Vigilanti Cura: Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius XI on the Motion Picture,” Libreria Editrice Vaticana, June 29, 1936, http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_29061936_vigilanti-cura.html.
28. The story of NODL is recounted in Thomas F. O’Connor, “The National Organization for Decent Literature: A Phase in American Catholic Censorship,” Library Quarterly 65, no. 4 (1995): 386–414; and Una M. Cadegan, “Guardians of Democracy or Cultural Storm Troopers? American Catholics and the Control of Popular Media, 1934-1966,” Catholic Historical Review 87, no. 2 (April 2001): 252–282.
29. “Vatican Over Hollywood,” Nation 143 (July 11, 1936), 33.
30. Drew Pearson, “Effective Censorship,” Washington Post, March 25, 1943, 12; “Vigilante Censorship Is Spreading,” Christian Century 70 (April 8, 1943), 404; Charles Clayton Morrison, Can Protestantism Win America? (New York: Harper, 1948), 64. All are cited in Cadegan, “Guardians of Democracy or Cultural Storm Troopers?,” the first two references on 252, the latter on 267n46. Edmund Wilson to Allen Tate, January 4, 1951, in Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics, 1912-1972, ed. Elena Wilson (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977), 495.
31. Cadegan, “Guardians of Democracy or Cultural Storm Troopers?,” 266.
32. R. L. Duffus, “Things That Make Boston What She Is,” New York Times, February 16, 1930, 85. See also Boyer, Purity in Print, 167–206.
33. “D. H. Lawrence to Edward Garnett (22 April 1914),” in The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Vol. 2, June 1913-October 1916, ed. George J. Zytaruk and James T. Boulton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 165.
34. D. H. Lawrence, “Apocalypse, Fragment 2” and “Apocalypse, Fragment 1,” in Apocalypse and the Writings on Revelation, ed. Mara Kalnins (1931; reprint, London: Penguin, 1995), 190, 155.
35. George A. Panichas, Adventure in Consciousness: The Meaning of D. H. Lawrence’s Religious Quest (The Hague: Mouton, 1964), 17.
36. D. H. Lawrence, “Hymns in a Man’s Life,” in Pheonix II: More Uncollected Writings by D. H. Lawrence, ed. Warren Roberts and Harry T. Moore (New York: Viking, 1968), 597, 598, 599. This essay was first published in German as “Kirchenlieder im Leben Eines Mannes,” in Buch des Dankes für Hans Carossa (Berlin: Insel Verlag, 1928) and shortly thereafter, in the English version in Evening News (London), October 13, 1928.
37. Anne E. Fernald, “‘Out of It’: Alienation and Coercion in D. H. Lawrence,” Modern Fiction Studies 49, no. 2 (Summer 2003): 192.
38. D. H. Lawrence, “A Propos of Lady Chatterley’s Lover,” in Sex, Literature, and Censorship, 102–103.
39. D. H. Lawrence, “Making Love to Music,” in Sex, Literature, and Censorship, 41.
40. D. H. Lawrence, “The State of Funk,” in Sex, Literature, and Censorship, 67, 68.
41. D. H. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires (1928; reprint, New York: Penguin, 1994), 6, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54, 55. I am following the novel’s usage of first names for the Chatterleys and surname for the gamekeeper.
42. Ibid., 66, 117, 134, 136, 137.
43. Ibid., 246, 247.
44. Lawrence, “A Propos of Lady Chatterley’s Lover,” 115, 116; Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, 206, 277, 302.
45. D. H. Lawrence, “The State of Pornography and Obscenity,” in Sex, Literature, and Censorship, 74, 75.
46. Lawrence, “A Propos of Lady Chatterley’s Lover,” 92.
47. Ibid., 116, 118.
48. John Middleton Murry, Son of Woman: The Story of D. H. Lawrence (London: Jonathan Cape, 1931), 21, 54.
49. Thomas Stearns Eliot, “Preface,” in Eliot, For Lancelot Andrewes: Essays on Style and Order (London: Faber & Gwyer, 1928), ix.
50. Egoist 4, no. 10 (November 1917): 151, cited in C. E. Baron, “Lawrence’s Influence on Eliot,” Cambridge Quarterly 5, no. 3 (Spring 1971): 238.
51. T. S. Eliot, “Les Lettres Anglaises,” La Nouvelle Revue Française 28 (1927): 671, 672; Eliot’s original English text appears in “T. S. Eliot, from ‘The Contemporary Novel,’ in D. H. Lawrence: The Critical Heritage, ed. R. P. Draper (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1970), 275–277.
52. See Baron, “Lawrence’s Influence on Eliot,” 236.
53. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, 16.
54. T. S. Eliot, review of Son of Woman: The Story of D. H. Lawrence, by John Middleton Murry, Criterion: A Quarterly Review (July 1931): 769, 772, 771, 773. See also F. R. Leavis, “D. H. Lawrence and Professor Irving Babbitt,” Scrutiny 1, no. 3 (Dec. 1932): 277, 278.
55. T. S. Eliot, After Strange Gods: A Primer of Modern Heresy (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934), 63, 64, 65, 66, 39.
56. Ruth Frisbie Moore, “Spades and D. H. Lawrence,” The Bookman: A Review of Books and Life 72, no. 2 (October 1930): 118, 119, 122; Harold C. Gardiner, Norms for the Novel, rev. ed. (New York: Hanover House, 1960), 58, 60.
57. George Every, S.S.M., review of After Strange Gods by T. S. Eliot, in Theology 29 (July 1934): 57; Every, “D.H. Lawrence,” in The New Spirit, ed., E. W. Martin (Dennis Dobson LTD, 1946), 63.
58. Thomas Merton, “D.H. Lawrence Who Saw Himself as a Messiah,” New York Times Book Review, January 14, 1940, BR3. See William York Tindall, D.H. Lawrence and Susan His Cow (New York: Columbia University Press, 1939).
59. George Every, “D. H. Lawrence,” in The New Spirit, ed. E. W. Martin (London: Dobson, 1946), 65.
60. William Tiverton [Martin Jarrett-Kerr], D. H. Lawrence and Human Existence (London: Rockliff, 1951), xi.
61. Nathan A. Scott Jr., Rehearsals of Discomposure: Alienation and Reconciliation in Modern Literature: Fra
nz Kafka, Ignazio Silone, D. H. Lawrence, T. S. Eliot (New York: King’s Crown, 1952), 132.
62. H. W. Reimann, review of Love Ethic of D. H. Lawrence by Mark Spilka, Concordia Theological Monthly 28, no. 10 (October 1957): 782; Mark Spilka, The Love Ethic of D. H. Lawrence (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1955), 217; see also A. Whigham Price, “D. H. Lawrence and Congregationalism,” Congregational Quarterly 34 (July 1956): 242–252.
63. Horton Davies, “The God of Light and the Dark Deities: A Revaluation of D. H. Lawrence,” Religion in Life 38, no. 2 (Summer 1969): 231. Reprinted as “D. H. Lawrence: A Revaluation” in Horton Davies, Catching the Conscience: Essays in Religion and Literature (Cambridge, MA: Cowley, 1984), 25–39.
64. For a firsthand account of the Lady Chatterley’s Lover trial and other obscenity cases, see Charles Rembar, The End of Obscenity (New York: Random House, 1968). For a range of contemporary media coverage covering the Catholic Brennan and his majority opinions, see Catholic Standard and Times, July 3, 1964; Operation Yorkville, September–October 1964; Tablet, September 3, 1964; New York Times, June 23, 1964.
CHAPTER 3
1. Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 1.
2. Peggy Pascoe, What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 1.
3. John D’Emilio and Estelle E. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, 3rd ed. (1988; reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 35.
4. Catherine Clinton, “Breaking the Silence: Sexual Hypocrisies from Thomas Jefferson to Strom Thurmond,” in Beyond Slavery: Overcoming Its Religious and Sexual Legacies, ed. Bernadette J. Brooten (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 215.
5. “Elijah Fletcher’s Account of a Visit to Monticello, [8 May 1811],” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 3, 12 August 1810 to 17 June 1811, ed. J. Jefferson Looney (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 610–611, available online: http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-03-02-0483.
6. See Paul Harvey, Freedom’s Coming: Religious Culture and the Shaping of the South from the Civil War Through the Civil Rights Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 229.
7. Samuel A. Cartwright, “Unity of the Human Race Disproved by the Hebrew Bible,” De Bow’s Review 29 (August 1860), cited in George M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914 (1971; reprint, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1987), 87.
8. Ariel [Buckner H. Payne], The Negro: What Is His Ethnological Status? (1867), cited in Jane Dailey, “Sex, Segregation, and the Sacred After Brown,” Journal of American History (June 2004): 123.
9. Cartwright, cited in Fredrickson, Black Image in the White Mind, 88. For more on white Christian readings of racial amalgamation as the “root of all evil,” see Charles Marsh, God’s Long Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 93 and surrounding.
10. Southern Baptist Convention Proceedings, 1863, 54; North Carolina Baptist State Convention Minutes, 1861, 22; and Baptist General Association of Virginia Minutes, 1861, 15–16, all quoted in Paul Harvey, Redeeming the South: Religious Cultures and Racial Identities Among Southern Baptists, 1865-1925 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 18.
11. Paul Harvey, “God and Negroes and Jesus and Sin and Salvation: Racism, Racial Interchange, and Interracialism in Southern Religious History,” in Religion in the American South: Protestants and Others in History and Culture, ed. Beth Barton Schweiger and Donald G. Mathews (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 284, 286.
12. Fay Botham, Almighty God Created the Races: Christianity, Interracial Marriage, and American Law (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 145, 156; see also Michael Kent Curtis, “A Unique Religious Exemption from Antidiscrimination Laws in the Case of Gays? Putting the Call for Exemptions for Those Who Discriminate Against Married or Marrying Gays in Context,” in The Rule of Law and the Rule of God, ed. Simeon O. Ilesanmi, Win-Chiat Lee, and J. Wilson Parker (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 91–96.
13. “Caucasian” [William Campbell], Anthropology for the People: A Refutation of the Theory of the Adamic Origin of All Races (Richmond, VA: Everett Wadly, 1891), 29–30, cited in Harvey, Freedom’s Coming, 43.
14. H. Paul Douglass, Christian Reconstruction in the South (Boston, 1909), 114, cited in Dailey, “Sex, Segregation, and the Sacred,” 124.
15. Charles Carroll, The Negro A Beast… Or… In the Image of God (St. Louis: American Book and Bible House, 1900), 164.
16. Crystal N. Feimster, Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 51.
17. Henry McNeal Turner, “On the Anniversary of the Emancipation,” Colored American, January 13, 1866, in Moral Evil and Redemptive Suffering: A History of Theodicy in African-American Religious Thought, ed. Anthony B. Pinn (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002), 102–110.
18. Dr. J. A. Rice, quoted in Ray Stannard Baker, Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy (New York: Doubleday, 1908), 165.
19. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Intermarriage,” Crisis 5, no. 4 (February 1913): 181.
20. Equal Justice Initiative (EJI), Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror (Montgomery, AL: Equal Justice Initiative, 2015), 31, 33. EJI documented 3,959 racial terror lynchings across twelve Southern states; other sources claim well over 4,000 such lynchings in that era.
21. J. T. Winston, “Lynching Defended,” Nation (June 22, 1916), 671.
22. EJI, Lynching in America, 31.
23. Leon F. Litwack, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow (New York: Knopf, 1998), 297.
24. Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940 (New York: Vintage, 1998), 212, 213. This is part of Hale’s longer, astute analysis of “spectacle lynching.”
25. 62 Cong. Rec. 548 (December 19, 1921) (statement of Representative Garrett); 62 Cong. Rec. 1426 (January 19, 1922) (statement of Representative Rankin).
26. Bethune’s pledge for the National Council of Negro Women: http://66.132.241.16/about/bethune.htm. “Marian Anderson 1939 Lincoln Memorial Speech and Song,” YouTube video, 5:31, posted by “Thomas David Franklin,” December 7, 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkPI0VKM4Fk.
27. Kristina DuRocher, Raising Racists: The Socialization of White Children in the Jim Crow South (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011), 157.
28. 83 Cong. Rec. 873 (January 21, 1938) (statement of Senator Bilbo). Biographical studies of Bilbo include A. Wigfall Green, The Man Bilbo (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963), and Chester M. Morgan, Redneck Liberal: Theodore G. Bilbo and the New Deal (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985).
29. “Race Relations and Home Missions,” Home Missions 14 (April 1943): 3; Annual, Florida, 1943, 74, quoted in Mark Newman, Getting Right with God: Southern Baptists and Desegregation, 1945-1995 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001), 18.
30. Olive Schreiner, Woman and Labour, 8th ed., 258, 19, quoted in Margaret M. Caffrey, Ruth Benedict: Stranger in This Land (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989), 71.
31. Benedict’s paper receives discussion in Lois W. Banner, Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Their Circle (New York: Knopf, 2003), 148. [Undated], in Margaret Mead, An Anthropologist at Work: Writings of Ruth Benedict (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), 147.
32. Caffrey, Ruth Benedict, 135.
33. Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture, 7th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1934), 36–37.
34. Ruth Benedict to Margaret Mead, February 14, 1936, Library of Congress, Margaret Mead Papers, S-5, quoted in Banner, Intertwined Lives, 211.
&n
bsp; 35. Benedict, Patterns of Culture, 126.
36. Caffrey, Ruth Benedict, 214. Caffrey analyzes Patterns of Culture and its popular impact, 206–214.
37. Can You Name Them? (New York: American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, 1939), 8, quoted in Zoë Burkholder, Color in the Classroom: How American Schools Taught Race, 1900-1954 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 58.
38. Can You Name Them? quoted in Burkholder, Color in the Classroom, 59. The story of Boas and Benedict’s involvement in anti-racism work for the public education system receives much attention in this book. I’ve relied on Burkholder’s research and analysis for important contextual information in this section of the chapter.
39. Burkholder, Color in the Classroom, 46.
40. Ruth Benedict and Mildred Ellis, Race and Cultural Relations: America’s Answer to the Myth of a Master Race, Problems in American Life: Unit No. 5 (Washington, DC: National Education Association, 1942), 7.
41. Ruth Benedict and Gene Weltfish, The Races of Mankind, Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 85 (New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1943), 3, 5. The pamphlet was reprinted in Ruth Benedict, Race: Science and Politics, rev. ed. (New York: Viking, 1959), quotes on 171, 172.
42. Benedict and Weltfish, Races of Mankind, 14.
43. Maxwell S. Stewart, 20th Century Pamphleteering: The History of the Public Affairs Committee (New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1976), 12.
44. Burkholder, Color in the Classroom, 79.
45. Quoted in Stewart, 20th Century Pamphleteering, 12–13.
46. James Edmund Boyack, “USO Bans Pamphlets Dealing with Races,” Pittsburgh Courier, January 22, 1944, 4; “Army Orders Booklets to Curb Race Ignorance,” Atlanta Daily World, February 4, 1944, 6. Likewise, an editorial in the New York Amsterdam News opined, “If the USO is willing to bar any scientific truth because it is concerned about the way it will be accepted by Southerners or Northerners, then the USO is certainly not serving its purpose. On the other hand, it is serving to perpetuate ignorance and prejudice” (January 29, 1944, 6A). The CIO decision was widely reported; see “CIO to Send Soldiers Banned Race Pamphlet,” Chicago Defender, February 19, 1944, 19.
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