Stoicism, 166, 168
and Xenophon, 127, 130, 150,
in Arrian, 259, 263, 284
166, 170
in Diodorus Siculus, 242, 245, 284
Solon of Athens, politician
and Polybius, 213, 289
and poet, 12
in Posidonius, 240–241, 289
in Arrian, 263
in Roman–era historians, 238, 278
in Herodotus, 36–7, 40, 56, 65,
Strabo, geographer, 191, 194, 199,
79, 279
238, 253
330 Index
Tacitus, Latin historian, 238, 248–9,
“archaeology” section (on early
250, 257, 265, 282–3
Greece), 90–92, 93, 108, 253,
Thales of Miletus, philosopher, 10
286
Thasos, 32, 51, 71, 119
archē (rule, power, empire,
Themistocles, Athenian general, 58,
leadership) theme in, 89, 90,
60–62, 77, 84, 90, 94–5, 99,
94, 100, 109, 111, 112, 116
113, 278, 286
Archidamus II (Spartan king) 93,
Theognis of Megara, poet, 12
96, 101
Theopompus, 160, 164, 168–9, 175,
aretē (valor, virtue, generosity,
177, 179–85, 186, 276, 295
excellence), 89, 90, 111, 117
Aegospotami, naval battle at, 183
Arrian, 260
and Alexander the Great, 179
bias, 5, 9, 16, 71–2
and Demosthenes, orator, 183
Brasidas (Spartan general), 71, 84,
and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 180
102–5, 111
leaders, criticism of, 185, 287
causation, 92–3, 286
legacy of, 192, 195, 228, 230,
character of individuals and states,
241, 248
89, 97, 109, 114, 115
and the Oxyrhynchus historian,
civil strife, 88–9, 90–91,
170–171
101–2, 258
pessimism, 184
Cleon (Athenian general), 72, 75,
and Philip II, king of Macedonia,
85–6, 100, 101, 102–5, 109, 112
180, 181–3, 184, 281
composition, style and structure of
and Polybius, 181–2, 228, 230
work, 72–8
and power, 185
Decelea and the Decelean War, 78,
pro–Spartan views, 179
113, 114, 118
psychological method of, 184–5
the degeneration of words, 88, 138
rhetorical skills, 179–80
democracy, 71–2, 74, 97, 100, 109,
sensational content, 180, 182–3
111, 112, 115, 119–20
and Thucydides, 180, 183,
Demosthenes (Athenian general),
184, 185
102, 114–6
Thrace
digressions, 75, 77, 78, 91–2, 94,
in Herodotus, 27, 47, 58
95, 108, 110–112, 120
in Josephus, 251
Dio Cassius, 266–7, 282, 283
in Thucydides, 70–71, 96, 102,
Diodorus Siculus, 242–3, 244, 280
108, 286
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 163,
Thucydides, 10–11, 18, 20, 69–121,
165, 166, 246–8, 289
276–8
dramatic elements in, 70, 73–4, 77
Alcibiades, (Athenian general), 70,
empire, the “law” of, 79–82, 93,
99, 108–113, 114, 118–19
234, 252
Antiochus of Syracuse
Ephorus, 177, 179, 288
(historian), 196
epic elements in, 73–4, 118
Antiphon (Athenian orator), 119
erōs motif, 98, 110–111
Antiphon (Athenian sophist), 74–5,
financial resources, 78–79, 82,
82–3
92–5, 114–5, 117
Appian, 257, 258
fourth–century historians, 161–8
Index
331
Gylippus (Athenian general), 114,
the Persian Wars, 69, 75, 78, 80,
115, 117
92, 94, 95
Harmodius and Aristogeiton,
Persians, 118
digression on, 110–112
Philistus of Syracus, historian, 196–7
Herennius Dexippus, P.
the plague at Athens, 98–9, 117
(historian), 270
Plataea, 96, 101, 133, 145
Herodian (historian), 269
Plato, 81
Hermocrates (Syracusan general),
poetry, 1–2, 73–4
81–2, 103, 109, 112–13, 116
Polybius, 202, 207–8, 210,
the herms, desecration of, 109–111,
214–15, 220–221, 226, 280
119
Posidonius (philosopher and
Herodotus, 32, 34, 35, 38, 52, 54,
historian), 241
56, 57, 63, 66, 70, 72–8, 91,
power, 78–82, 91–2, 96, 97–8,
92, 95, 113, 116, 120
99–100, 112–13, 281
Hippocrates, 82
predecessors, 21
historical method, 32, 35
Presocratics, 74–5
Homer, 70, 73, 76, 77, 79, 90, 91,
Pylos, 102–4, 105, 116
98, 102, 117, 120
readership, 70, 112
“human nature”, 78, 80, 82–90,
reason and emotion, 83–90, 96–7,
96–7, 282–3
99, 226, 232–3, 234
interstate upheaval, 70, 220–221,
religion, 99, 115, 117, 284–5
251, 269
ring composition, 91, 94, 95
Josephus, 250, 251–3, 283
Sallust, 240
justice, 93
selection of topic, 69
life and times, 70–72
self–sufficiency, 79
logographers, 1–2, 70, 92
the Sicilian expedition, 107–17
medical authors, 70, 73
siege narrative, 93, 96
the Melian dialogue, 80–81, 84,
sophists, 74–6
85, 86, 104, 106–7, 117
speeches, 76, 93–4, 94–5, 96–7,
modern contexts, 4
99–100, 108–9, 109, 112–13,
Mycalessus (Boeotia), slaughter at,
279
106, 114
Syracuse, 108–10, 112–17
Mytilenean debate, 85–6, 101, 107,
Timaeus (historian) 199
108–9, 111
Theopompus, 180, 181, 183–6
myth, 11, 73–4, 117
Tissaphernes, 118–19
Nicias (Athenian general), 72, 74,
truth and accuracy, concern for, 1,
78, 85, 89, 90, 102, 104–5,
2, 92, 289
108–10, 112, 114–17
the tyrant theme, 99–100, 103,
oligarchy, 87, 92, 96, 110, 119–120
107, 110–113
oracles, 77, 99
tyranny, 41, 47, 49, 99–100, 103,
the Oxyrhynchus historian,
107, 110–113, 177, 197, 224,
170–171, 174
227, 269
Pericles, 70, 72, 75, 79, 82, 84, 85,
Xenophon, 126–9, 130, 134, 135,
88, 89, 90, 95, 96–101, 112,
138, 142–6, 148–9, 151–3,
114, 116, 118, 120, 288
155, 157, 280
332 Index
Timaeus of Tauromenium, historian,
Conon of Athens, general, 147,
164, 190, 191, 195, 196,
149, 153
197–200, 238, 276, 278,
Coronea, battle of, 130, 151–2
288, 296
Critias of Athens, member of the
and Diodorus Siculus, 242
Thirty, 146–7, 150
and Fabius Pictor, 239
Cunaxa, battle of, 130, 132–3, 137
and Polybius, 198–9, 229–30, 280
Cyrus, brother of Persian King
and Sicilian tyrants, 197, 198, 199
Artaxerxes II, 127–8, 129, 130,
speeches, 199, 280
131, 132, 135–7, 139, 146–7,
Tyrtaeus of Sparta, 12
151, 278, 281, 287, 288
dramatic elements in, 128, 148–9, 157
universal history, 169, 176–89, 191,
empire theme, 133, 141, 145–6,
197–200, 202–35, 238–9,
149–50, 151, 155, 156–7 see
241–5, 246–8, 257, 276, 278,
also power theme
288–9 see also Diodorus
Epaminondas, Theban general,
Siculus, Dionysius of
143, 147, 155–6, 157
Halicarnassus, Ephorus,
epic elements in, 132, 142, 149
Nicolaus of Damascus,
exile from Athens, 130
Polybius, Theopompus, and
Hellenica, 118, 129, 131, 142–57,
Timaeus
192, 279–80, 282, 287, 288
composition of, 143–4
Wolf, F. A., 268
themes in, 144–6
and Herodotus, 126, 129, 132,
Xenophon of Athens, 126–59
133, 134–5, 141, 142, 145,
Aegospotami, naval battle at, 146, 149
149, 154, 157, 158
Agesilaus II, king of Sparta, 128,
heroic journey, resonances with, 132
130, 132–3, 143, 151–2, 154,
imperialism, 133, 141, 145–6, 149,
155, 157, 173, 208, 249, 287
150, 151, 155, 156
Alcibiades of Athens, 146, 148–9
Iphicrates of Athens, 145, 154, 287
Anabasis, 126, 129, 130, 131–42,
Jason of Pherae (Thessaly), 145,
143–4, 157, 279, 281–2, 287,
154–5, 157
288, 289
leadership theme, 126, 128–9,
Antalcidas see Peace of Antalcidas
132–5, 136, 138, 139, 140,
Arginusae, naval battle of, 143,
144, 146, 147, 154–5, 156–7,
148–9, 157
283, 284, 286–7
Artaxerxes II, king of Persia, 129,
Leuctra, battle of, 130, 147, 154–5,
131, 137, 147
280, 284
Callistratus of Athens, 145, 279
life and times, 129–30
Chirisophus of Sparta, commander,
Lysander of Sparta, commander f
138–9, 141
the fleet, 145, 146–9
Clearchus of Sparta; based in the
Mantinea, battle of, 129, 130, 143,
Chersonese, 136–8, 287
147, 156, 168, 221
Cleombrotas of Sparta, general,
Mnasippus of Sparta, 145, 154, 287
147, 155
moral views, virtue, 128–9, 137, 149
Index
333
Odyssey motif, 132, 133–4, 139, 140
style, 129, 148
Olynthus, siege of, 147, 153–4
Teleutias of Sparta, admiral, 128,
oracles, 127–8, 151, 152, 155, 284
153–4
Peace of Antalcidas (King’s Peace),
Themistogenes, possible
143–4, 147, 153, 176, 216
pseudonym of Xenophon, 131
Pelopidas of Thebes, 155–6
Theramenes of Athens, 145,
Persia, 127–9, 131–42, 145–57
146, 150
philosophical elements of, 128,
the Thirty (Tyrants), Athenian
133–4, 146, 153
oligarchs, 129, 130, 145,
Phlius, Peloponnesian town, 143,
146, 150
145, 153–4, 156
and Thucydides, 118, 120, 126–9,
political views of, 144–5
130, 134, 135, 138, 142–6,
Polydamas of Pharasalus,
148–9, 151–3, 155, 157, 280
Thessaly, 154
Thrasybulus of Athens, 147, 150, 153
power theme, 126, 132, 138,
Tissaphernes of Persia, general,
141–2, 145–8, 152–5, 156–7
136–8, 141, 151
see also empire theme
women, in, 133, 139, 141
Procles of Athens, 145, 155–6
writings, diversity of, 128, 144–5
prologues, lack of, 126, 135–6, 144
Xenophanes of Colophon,
Proxenus of Boeotia, 127, 134,
philosopher, 10, 19, 22, 42
136, 138, 287
Xerxes
religious piety, 127–8, 135, 137,
in Arrian, 264
140, 141, 151–2, 157
in Herodotus, 30, 31, 40, 47–9,
Scillus (near Olympia), Xenophon’s
51, 53–63, 64–5, 66, 77, 116,
estate at, 130, 140, 143–4
132, 163, 222, 264, 284,
self–introduction, 126–8, 139
285–6
Socrates, association with, 127,
in Polybius, 222
128, 130, 134, 142,
in Thucydides, 79–80, 95, 163
144–5, 150
in Xenophon, 132
speeches, 129, 134, 136, 138, 140,
141–2, 145, 148, 151, 153,
Zama, battle of, 230, 280
155, 158
Zosimus of Constantinople,
Sphodrias of Sparta, 154
historian, 270
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Document Outline
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Origins and Early Forms of Greek Historiography Prologue
Choosing and Using History
Oral Culture and Archaic Poetry
Out of Homer or Not?
The Ionian Connection
History Prefigured or Forestalled in Archaic Poetry?
Why No Historical Tragedies?
Falsehood and Fashioning, or Veracity, Verisimilitude, and “Versionification”
Rhetoric and History
The Logographers: From the Silly to the Serious
Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Herodotus and the Limits of Happiness: Beyond Epic, Lyric, and Logography Life and Times
Composition and Structure
Theme 1: Human Nature and Happiness
Theme 2: Power
Themes, “Top Stories,” and the Logic of logoi Book 1
Book 2
Book 3
Book 4
Book 5
Book 6
Book 7
Book 8
Book 9
Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Thucydides on the Ends of Power Life and Times
Composition, Style, and Structure of the Work
The Nature and Culture of Power
Human Nature, Norms and Exceptions
Themes and Significant Passages
Book 1: The “Archaeology”
Book 2
Book 3
Book 4
Book 5
The Melian Dialogue, 5.84–116
Book 6
Book 7
Book 8
Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 4 Xenophon on Leadership and Moral Authorit
y Life and Times
The Anabasis Themes of the Anabasis
Narrative of the Anabasis
Hellenica Themes of the Hellenica
Narrative of the Hellenica
Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 5 History and Rhetoric in Fourth-Century Historians History and Representation
Philosophy and History
The Historians The Atthidographers
The Oxyrhynchus Historian
Ephorus and Theopompus
Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Diversity and Innovation in the Hellenistic Era The Early Historians of Alexander
The Historians of Western Greece
Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Polybius on the Supremacy of a Balanced State Life and Times
Readership, Structure, and Character of the Work
Themes and Significant Passages
Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 8 Greek Historians in the Roman Era Greek Literature in a Roman Context
Fabius Pictor
Posidonius
Diodorus Siculus
Greek Historians of the Imperial Period
Dionysius of Halicarnassus
The Empire and the Biographic Turn
Josephus
Appian
Arrian
Dio Cassius
Herodian
Late Ancient Legacy
Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 9 Concluding Observations on Greek Historical Writing The Evolution of a Genre
Formal Aspects of Ancient Historiography
Power, Metaforces, Historical Philosophies, and Continuities
Human Nature
Supernatural Forces
Causation
Leadership
Civilization and the “Barbarians”
Legacy
Bibliography
Further Reading Electronic Editions
General Books on the Greek Historians
Chapter 1 Origins and Early Forms
Chapter 2 Herodotus Translations
General Discussion
Chapter 3 Thucydides Translations
General Discussion
Chapter 4 Xenophon Translations
General Discussions
Chapter 5 The Fourth Century General Discussion
The Oxyrhynchus Historian
Ephorus
Theopompus
The Atthidographers
Chapter 6 The Hellenistic Historians
Chapter 7 Polybius Translations
General Discussion
Chapter 8 Greek Historians in the Roman Era General
Fabius Pictor
Posidonius
Diodorus Siculus
Nicolaus of Damascus
Greek Historiography Page 52