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by James Macgregor Burns


  Thomson, Charles, 64

  Thoreau, Henry, 484-7, 491, 517, 522, 590; and civil disobedience, 486-7; “Excursions on Concord & Merrimack Rivers,” 487; and the railroad, 484-5; Walden, 476, 487, 491, 588

  Throop, Enos, 372

  Ticknor, George, 478, 481

  Ticknor, William D., 534

  Tiffany, Charles L., 534, 588

  Tippecanoe, attack at, 207, 211

  tobacco, 8, 256, 264, 274, 276, 282, 529-30, 589

  Tocqueville, Alexis de, 354-8, 384, 449-50, 493

  Tolstoi, Count Leo, 486; War and Peace, 194, 608

  Tories, 16, 23, 58, 218, 439

  Toronto (York), 213

  Toussaint L’Ouvenure, General, 173-4

  towns, 7, 218-23, 430, 541

  trade and commerce, 125, 195, 216-22, 225, 275-6, 361, 455, 457, 506; attacks on U.S. ships, 102, 121, 123, 124, 205-6, 208, 291, 445; effect of Embargo Act on, 200-1; expansion of, 80, 141, 179, 251, 275, 534, 535, 587; foreign. 216, 276, 535-6, 542, 587-8; internal, 141, 277, 286, 299-302, 309-10, 432, 450, 536; during Napoleonic wars, 198-9, 205-7, 295; triangular, 113-14, 309-10; and War of 1812, 205-7, 208, 218, 230; see also Mississippi River: trading on; tariff

  Transcendentalists, 468, 481, 482-3

  transportation, 89, 296-305, 308, 533, 564; for food market, 276-7, 285, 286, 287, 299, 301, 528; for migrants, 315-17, 449-50

  Travis, Col. Buck, 454-5

  Travis, Joseph, 391-2

  treason, 202, 336

  Treaty of Ghent (1814), 231-5

  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), 464

  Trenton, N.J., 65, 406

  Trescot, William Henry, 574

  Tripoli, 195-6, 236

  Trist, Nicholas P., 463-4

  Trollope, Frances, 317, 353

  Troup, George, 330

  Troy Female Seminary, 400

  True American (newspaper), 573

  Truth, Sojourner, 410-13

  Tucker, Ellen, 481

  Tucker, George, 241

  Tucker, Nathaniel Beverly, 572

  Tudor, Frederic, 394, 429

  Tunis, 195, 236

  Turgol, Anne Robert Jacques, 17

  Turner, Benjamin, 391

  Turner, Frederick Jackson, 197

  Turner, Nat, 391-2

  Twelfth Amendment, 229

  Tyler, John, 53, 419, 422; bank proposal of, 424-5; presidency of, 422-6; states’ rights endorsed by, 423, 424-6; and Texas annexation, 459-60

  Ulm, Battle of, 194-5

  Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 522

  Underground Railroad, 393

  unemployment, 344, 406, 446, 589

  Union, the: dissolved, 597, 607; efforts to preserve, 327-30, 472-5, 525-6, 596-7, 600, 615; Lincoln on, 562, 582, 587, 604-5, 625

  Union Army, 607, 614-17, 619-25, 628; in battle, 605-7, 609-12, 621-2, 624, 626; of the Potomac, 617, 621-2; strategy of, 608, 615-16

  Unitarians, 373, 468, 477, 479, 481, 482-3, 498, 506

  United States Bank, 86-8, 261, 344; First, 137, 168, 335; Second, 236-7, 240, 241-2, 259, 335, 361, 374, 445, 466; see also Jackson, Andrew: and United States Bank

  United States Military Academy, West Point, 213, 215, 464, 623

  United States Patent Office, 530, 533, 563

  University of Virginia, 255, 273

  upper class, 223-4, 255-7, 362, 400, 434, 450, 497; in cities, 78-9, 81, 110-16 passim, 222, 355-7, 406, 409; and education, 503-5; influence of, 348, 383; and politics, 370-4, 377, 378, 497-8, 435-7

  Upshur, Abel P., 424, 459

  urbanization, 355, 438, 511, 517-18, 599; see also cities

  Ursuline Convent,

  Charlestown, 497

  Utah, 464, 500 Utica, NY., 303, 470

  Van Buren, John, 470

  Van Buren, Martin, 212, 238, 268-70, 331,, 335, 338-9, 341, 358, 375, 446; and Democratic party, formation of, 322; in election of 1836, 341-2; in election of 1840, 421-2; Independent Treasury Act, 344-6, 424, 426; and Jackson, 266, 321, 322, 324, 346, 459; and politics, 347, 349, 350, 371-2, 379-80; presidency of, 343-6, 381; as Secretary of State, 325-32 passim; and slavery issue, 469-70; as vice-president, 333, 334, 337, 338, 380

  Vancouver, George, 458

  Van Deusen, Glyndon, 426, 435

  Van Hagen, Peter, 79

  Van Rensselaer, Rensselaer, 446

  Van Rensselaer, Stephen, 267

  Venice, 416, 467

  Veracruz, Mexico, 461-3

  Vermont, 92, 223, 231, 280, 392; and Canadian rebellion, 446

  Vesey, Denmark, 329, 568, 570

  Vice-President (vice-presidency), 68, 107, 229-30, 334

  Vicksburg, Miss., 302, 601, 621

  Victoria, Queen of England, 619

  Vienna, 194, 416, 467

  Virginia, 24, 94, 98, 151, 159, 163, 173, 176, 274, 364, 390, 391-2, 409, 530, 602, 604, 606, 608, 621; and Constitution, 28-9, 31, 34-5, 36-7, 53-5, 57; “dynasty,” 162, 210, 217, 238-9, 240, 255-64; politics in, 68, 227, 257-60, 266, 321, 348; society and culture of, 255-7, 263-4, 482

  Virginia Plan, 34-5, 36-7

  Virginia resolution, 132-3, 134, 139, 145, 162, 261

  Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, 100

  voting, 120, 362, 365, 377, 382, 421-2; in a republic, 20-1, 33, 60, 362

  Wabash College, 508

  Wade, Benjamin F., 545, 620

  Wade, Richard, 356 Wadsworth, Colonel, 73

  Waggoner, Madeline Sadler, 316

  wagon trains, 456

  Walden Pond, 480, 481, 484, 485-7, 491

  Walker, Robert J., 579

  Walker, William, 540

  Walsh, Mike, 408, 412

  Walter, Lynde and Cornelia, 512

  Waltham mills, 240, 292-3, 295, 437

  Walton, Isaak, 487

  Ward, Artemus, 626

  War Department, 460-1, 617, 620

  Ware, Dr. Henry, 222

  Warner, Sam Bass, Jr., 115

  Warner, Susan, 517

  War of 1812, 234-5, 237-8, 291, 328, 377, 452, 461, 488, 493; battles of, 210-15, 216-17, 233; events leading up to, 204-9, Napoleon’s defeat, effect of, on, 213, 214, 216: negotiations to end, 215, 217, 231-5; see also Federalist party: antiwar position in

  Warren, James, 49, 51, 58, 71

  Warren, Mercy, 56-61, passim, 71, 118, 271

  Washington, DC, 86, 110, 431, 514; British raid on, 214, 233; during Civil War, 608, 609, 614; Dickens on, 352; as federal capital, 159, 168, 180, 270, 272-3, 321, 563-6

  Washington, Bushrod, 71, 185

  Washington, George, 15, 26, 65-7, 92-3, 112, 124, 125, 127, 133, 142-3, 147, 227, 255, 306, 334, 419, 607; and Constitution, 28-9, 31, 42, 44, 52-7 passim, 368; criticism of, 108-9, 122; and economic policy, 85, 86-8; elected to presidency, 64-7; Farewell Address of, 107, 108, 134, 143, 249, 501; and foreign affairs, 100-4, 120, 249, 254; as model for revolutionaries, 151, 249; at Mount Vernon, 64, 133-4, 423; in New York, 76-9, 81, 83; political parties, opposed to, 91, 99, 108, 134, 368; presidency of, 38, 67-76, 77-8, 83-109 passim, 135, 137, 154, 162-8 passim, 215, 260, 261, 369, 377, 428; reaction of, to Shays’s Rebellion, 15-16, 97-8; tours of, 71-6, 92, 93; and Whiskey Rebellion, 97-9

  Washington, Martha, 69, 76, 92-3, 122, 133, 168

  Washington Globe, 326, 332, 515

  Washington National Intelligencer, 159, 176, 208, 515, 535

  water power, 288, 292, 293-4, 295

  Watson, Elkanah, 302-3, 308

  Watt, James, 297, 300

  Wayne, Gen. Anthony, 97-8

  wealth, 25, 588; unequal distribution of, 115, 355-7, 360, 361

  Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 86, 89

  Webster, Daniel, 235, 267-8, 270, 324, 332, 335, 339, 345, 358, 373-4, 427, 430, 437, 466, 525-6, 587; and Compromise of 1850, 472-5; debate with Calhoun, 337; debate with Hayne, 327-30, 337; presidential ambitions of, 331, 334, 339, 341; as Secretary of State, 423, 425, 426, 447-8, 458, 459, 474, 525, 531

  Webster, Noah, 527

  Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842), 448

  Wee
d, Thurlow, 334, 437, 560, 565, 595

  Weld, Theodore Dwight, 366, 412-13, 500

  Welland Canal, 450, 532

  Welles, Gideon, 604, 617-18, 626

  Wellington, Duke of, 233-4

  Welter, Rush, 502

  Wentworth, John, 514

  Wesley, John, 495

  West, the, 3-5, 53, 141, 173-4, 207, 232, 240, 246, 445, 450, 457, 492, 494-7, 507-8, 514-15, 589, 599; agriculture in, 141, 277, 286, 309, 451; Burr’s conspiracy in, 196-7; Civil War in, 616, 617, 621, 622; class distinctions in, 356, 451; economic problems in, 241-2, 451; land speculation in, 93-5; Lewis and Clark expedition, 178-83; nationalists in 347, 348-9; politics in, 173, 266, 381, 451, 566; and War of 1812, 206-9; see also frontier, the; Northwest Territory; Southwest, the

  Westchester County, NY., 370, 528

  West Indies, French, 102, 103-4, 121, 125, 173-4, 198, 200, 446

  West Virginia, 616

  whaling industry, 540-2

  Whig party, 336, 344-5, 373, 380, 435-7, 457, 459, 462, 466-7, 505, 509-10, 515, 538; and classlessness, doctrine of, 434-5; in Congress, 423-6, 427, 461, 526; decline of, 426-8, 433, 525, 599; economic nationalism of, 423, 427, 433-7; in election of 1836, 341-2; in election of 1840, 419-22; in election of 1848, 468-70; in election of 1856, 559-62; factions in, 341, 423-8, 437, 468-71, 545, 548-9, 553-4; formed against Jackson, 341, 427, 437; lack of political philosophy in, 349, 381; leadership in, 341, 422, 427-8, 433, 437, 554; liberty, view of, 347, 350, 525; and patronage, 422, 427, 437; populist strategy of, 420, 422; slavery issue in, 465, 467, 468-71, 473, 556-8, 580, 585-6; and states’ rights, 423, 424-6, 427

  Whiskey Rebellion, 97-9, 137, 162

  White, Horace, 546

  White, Hugh Lawson, 341-2

  Whitehill, Robert, 48-9

  Whitman, Walt, 360, 517, 588, 614; Leaves of Grass, 588

  Whitney, Eli, 306; armaments

  manufacture, 216, 287-8, 289, 290-1; cotton gin, 274-5, 387, 308, 311, 429, 567.

  Whittier, John Greenleaf, 223, 501, 522

  Wiley, Calvin, 505, 507

  Wilkes, Capt. Charles, 618

  Wilkinson, James, 95, 196-7

  Willard, Emma, 400

  Willard, Solomon, 430

  William and Mary College, 32, 257, 422

  Williams, Rose, 388-90

  Williams, William Appleman, 236

  Wilmot, David, 464-5

  Wilmot Proviso, 464, 469, 557

  Wilson, James, 35, 37-9, 42, 48-9

  Wiltse, Charles, 571

  Winthrop, Robert C, 471, 545-6

  Wirt, William, 260, 334

  Wisconsin, 315, 452, 526, 528, 531, 576

  Wise, Henry A„ 424, 590

  Wisner, George, 512

  Wolcott, Oliver, 121, 146, 287

  Woman in the Nineteenth Century, 483

  women, 142, 146, 149, 150, 483, 507-8, 517, 534; education of, 76, 111, 115, 400, 401, 476, 569; on farms, 394-5; inequality of, 58-9, 81, 110, 143, 257, 263, 264, 356, 360, 362, 365, 383, 394-403, 410-11, 434, 467, 519, 535, 572, 597; in labor force, 75, 89, 114, 281, 288, 293, 294-5, 351, 358, 395-400, 401, 406, 414, 434, 489, 535; leaders, 398-403, 412-13, 415; marriage and families of, 394-5, 400-3, 411-13, 568-9; political action by, 399-400; radical movements for, 360, 361; rising consciousness of, 396-403; and suffrage, 148, 400, 401-2

  Wood, Gordon, 26, 225

  Wood, Jethro, 286

  Woodbury, Levi, 327, 332

  Woolman, John, 527

  Worcester, Mass., 73, 401, 432, 549, 550

  Wordsworth, William, 478, 481

  working class, 82, 114-15, 356, 360, 361-2, 363, 381, 403, 434-5; 436, 503, 510; see also labor

  Working Men’s Party, 358, 503

  Wright, Benjamin, 303

  Wright, Frances, 360, 366-7, 404, 412, 444-5, 517

  Wright, Silas, 344, 371

  Wyeth, Nathan Jarvis, 429

  Wyler, Pvt. Edwin, 609

  Wythe, George, 255

  XYZ Correspondence, 123

  Yale College, 32, 72, 74, 161, 167, 257, 431, 492, 497, 506, 567

  Yancey, William Lowndes, 572, 601-2

  Yarbrough, Jean, 63

  Yates, Robert, 44

  Yazoo land fraud, 259-60

  Young, Brigham, 499-500,

  Young, Thomas, 117

  Young America, 536-9

  Yusuf, Pasha, 196

  Zenger, Peter, 24

  Zinn, Howard, 5

  PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  THE FOLLOWING ILLUSTRATIONS HAVE been reproduced with the kind permission of the institutions indicated:

  [FRONT ENDPAPER] Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society: “Spooler and Stand,” advertisement for E. C. Cleaveland & Co. Courtesy of the New-York Historical Society: The New-York Packet, April 7, 1789; The New-York Packet, Federalist #51, February 8, 1788; View of boats navigating the Mohawk; View from Rushonga Tavern, 5 miles from Yorktown on the Baltimore Road. Courtesy of the New York Public Library: American Log-House, 1826 (Rare Books & Manuscripts Division); Federal Hall, 1790 (Phelps-Stokes Collection of American Historical Prints); “Join, or Die,” Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754 (Rare Books & Manuscripts Division); “Mad Tom in a Rage” (Prints Division); Map of the United States in 1783 (Map Division); Map of Kentucky in 1784 (Map Division); Second Street North from Market Street, Philadelphia (Phelps-Stokes Collection); Se-Quo-Yah (Rare Books and Manuscripts Division).

  [BACK ENDPAPER] Courtesy of John Deere & Co.: Advertisement for Centre-Draft Plow. Courtesy of the New-York Historical Society: Advertisement for Uncle Tom’s Cabin; Charleston Mercury Extra: “Union Dissolved”; Clipper Ship Flying Cloud; Group of Workmen on the Union Pacific Railroad; “Ho! for the Gold Mines!”; Principal Street of San Francisco. Courtesy of the New York Public Library: “Am I not a man and a brother?” (Prints Division); Clinton Line Barge (Prints Division); Kansas City, 1853 (Phelps-Stokes Collection); The Modern Balaam and His Ass, 1837 (Prints Division). Courtesy of the Worcester Art Museum: “Conquering Prejudice, Fulfilling a Constitutional Duty with Alacrity.”

  The endpapers were designed and executed by Deborah Burns and Sara Reynolds.

  [PART TITLE ILLUSTRATIONS] Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society: “Spooler and Stand,” advertisement for E. C. Cleaveland & Co. Courtesy of the Bettmann Archive, Inc.: “Am I not a woman and a sister?,” Garrison’s Liberator, 1849; The Modern Balaam and His Ass, 1837, Courtesy of John Deere & Co.: Advertisement for Centre-Draft Plow. Courtesy of the New York Public Library: Federal Hall, 1790 (Phelps-Stokes Collection).

  The map of the United States in 1783 that follows page 10 is reproduced with the kind permission of the New York Public Library. The map of the United States in 1857 by J. H. Young, Philadelphia, that follows page 416 is reproduced with the kind permission of the Newberry Library, Chicago.

  The Workshop of Democracy

  The American Experiment, Volume II

  By James MacGregor Burns

  For Kurt Tauber and my other Williams College colleagues who teach in the tradition of Mark Hopkins and Robert L. Gaudino

  Contents

  PART I • The Crisis of Democracy

  CHAPTER 1 The War of Liberation

  MANNING THE FRONT

  FORGING THE SWORD

  THE SOCIETY OF THE BATTLEFIELD

  “LET US DIE TO MAKE MEN FREE”

  CHAPTER 2 The Reconstruction of Slavery

  BOUND FOR FREEDOM

  A REVOLUTIONARY EXPERIMENT

  “I’SE FREE. AIN’T WUF NUFFIN”

  PART II • The Business of Democracy

  CHAPTER 3 The Forces of Production

  INNOVATORS: THE INGENIOUS YANKEES

  INVESTORS: EASTERN DOLLARS AND WESTERN RISKS

  ENTREPRENEURS: THE CALIFORNIANS

  INDUSTRIALISTS: CARNEGIE, ROCKEFELLER, AND THE TWO CAPITALISMS

  PHILADELPHIA 1876: THE PROUD EXHIBITORS

  CHAPTER 4 The Structure of Classes

  UPPER CLASSES: THE NEW RICH AND THE OL
D

  THE MIDDLE CLASSES: A WOMAN’S WORK

  THE FARMER’S LOT

  WORKING CLASSES: THE CONDITIONS OF EXISTENCE

  SOCIAL CLASS AND SOCIAL OUTCAST

  CHAPTER 5 The Power of Ideas

  DINNER AT DELMONICO’S

  THE BITCH-GODDESS SUCCESS

  “TOILING MILLIONS NOW ARE WAKING”

  THE ALLIANCE: A DEMOCRACY OF LEADERS

  CHAPTER 6 The Brokers of Politics

  THE OHIOANS: LEADERS AS BROKERS

  POLITICS: THE DANCE OF THE ROPEWALKERS

  THE POVERTY OF POLICY

  SHOWDOWN 1896

  TRIUMPHANT REPUBLICANISM

  PART III • Progressive Democracy?

  CHAPTER 7 The Urban Progressives

  THE SHAPE OF THE CITY

  THE LIFE OF THE CITY

  THE LEADERS OF THE CITY

  THE REFORMATION OF THE CITIES

  WOMEN: THE PROGRESSIVE CADRE

  CHAPTER 8 The Modernizing Mind

  THE PULSE OF THE MACHINE

  THE CRITICS: IDEAS VS. INTERESTS?

  ART: “ALL THAT IS HOLY IS PROFANED”

  WRITING: “VENERABLE IDEAS ARE SWEPT AWAY”

  “ALL THAT IS SOLID MELTS INTO AIR”

  CHAPTER 9 The Reformation of Economic Power

  THE PERSONAL USES OF POWER

  FOREIGN POLICY WITH THE TR BRAND

  REFORM: LEADERSHIP AND POWER

  CHAPTER 10 The Cauldron of Leadership

  TAFT, TR, AND THE TWO REPUBLICAN PARTIES

  WILSON AND THE THREE DEMOCRATIC PARTIES

  ARMAGEDDON

  PART IV • Democracy on Trial

  CHAPTER 11 The New Freedom

  THE ENGINE OF DEMOCRACY

  THE ANATOMY OF PROTEST

  MARKETS, MORALITY, AND THE “STAR OF EMPIRE”

  CHAPTER 12 Over There

  WILSON AND THE ROAD TO WAR

  MOBILIZING THE WORKSHOP

  “NOUS VOILÀ, LAFAYETTE!”

  OVER HERE: LIBERTY AND DEMOCRACY

  CHAPTER 13 The Fight for the League

  THE MIRRORED HALLS OF VERSAILLES

  THE BATTLE FOR THE TREATY

  1920: THE GREAT AND SOLEMN REJECTION

  PART V • The Culture of Democracy

  CHAPTER 14 The Age of Mellon

  “THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA …”

  BANKERS AND BATTLESHIPS

 

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