American Experiment
Page 108
Thomson, Charles, 64
Thoreau, Henry, 484-7, 491, 517, 522, 590; and civil disobedience, 486-7; “Excursions on Concord & Merrimack Rivers,” 487; and the railroad, 484-5; Walden, 476, 487, 491, 588
Throop, Enos, 372
Ticknor, George, 478, 481
Ticknor, William D., 534
Tiffany, Charles L., 534, 588
Tippecanoe, attack at, 207, 211
tobacco, 8, 256, 264, 274, 276, 282, 529-30, 589
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 354-8, 384, 449-50, 493
Tolstoi, Count Leo, 486; War and Peace, 194, 608
Tories, 16, 23, 58, 218, 439
Toronto (York), 213
Toussaint L’Ouvenure, General, 173-4
towns, 7, 218-23, 430, 541
trade and commerce, 125, 195, 216-22, 225, 275-6, 361, 455, 457, 506; attacks on U.S. ships, 102, 121, 123, 124, 205-6, 208, 291, 445; effect of Embargo Act on, 200-1; expansion of, 80, 141, 179, 251, 275, 534, 535, 587; foreign. 216, 276, 535-6, 542, 587-8; internal, 141, 277, 286, 299-302, 309-10, 432, 450, 536; during Napoleonic wars, 198-9, 205-7, 295; triangular, 113-14, 309-10; and War of 1812, 205-7, 208, 218, 230; see also Mississippi River: trading on; tariff
Transcendentalists, 468, 481, 482-3
transportation, 89, 296-305, 308, 533, 564; for food market, 276-7, 285, 286, 287, 299, 301, 528; for migrants, 315-17, 449-50
Travis, Col. Buck, 454-5
Travis, Joseph, 391-2
treason, 202, 336
Treaty of Ghent (1814), 231-5
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), 464
Trenton, N.J., 65, 406
Trescot, William Henry, 574
Tripoli, 195-6, 236
Trist, Nicholas P., 463-4
Trollope, Frances, 317, 353
Troup, George, 330
Troy Female Seminary, 400
True American (newspaper), 573
Truth, Sojourner, 410-13
Tucker, Ellen, 481
Tucker, George, 241
Tucker, Nathaniel Beverly, 572
Tudor, Frederic, 394, 429
Tunis, 195, 236
Turgol, Anne Robert Jacques, 17
Turner, Benjamin, 391
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 197
Turner, Nat, 391-2
Twelfth Amendment, 229
Tyler, John, 53, 419, 422; bank proposal of, 424-5; presidency of, 422-6; states’ rights endorsed by, 423, 424-6; and Texas annexation, 459-60
Ulm, Battle of, 194-5
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 522
Underground Railroad, 393
unemployment, 344, 406, 446, 589
Union, the: dissolved, 597, 607; efforts to preserve, 327-30, 472-5, 525-6, 596-7, 600, 615; Lincoln on, 562, 582, 587, 604-5, 625
Union Army, 607, 614-17, 619-25, 628; in battle, 605-7, 609-12, 621-2, 624, 626; of the Potomac, 617, 621-2; strategy of, 608, 615-16
Unitarians, 373, 468, 477, 479, 481, 482-3, 498, 506
United States Bank, 86-8, 261, 344; First, 137, 168, 335; Second, 236-7, 240, 241-2, 259, 335, 361, 374, 445, 466; see also Jackson, Andrew: and United States Bank
United States Military Academy, West Point, 213, 215, 464, 623
United States Patent Office, 530, 533, 563
University of Virginia, 255, 273
upper class, 223-4, 255-7, 362, 400, 434, 450, 497; in cities, 78-9, 81, 110-16 passim, 222, 355-7, 406, 409; and education, 503-5; influence of, 348, 383; and politics, 370-4, 377, 378, 497-8, 435-7
Upshur, Abel P., 424, 459
urbanization, 355, 438, 511, 517-18, 599; see also cities
Ursuline Convent,
Charlestown, 497
Utah, 464, 500 Utica, NY., 303, 470
Van Buren, John, 470
Van Buren, Martin, 212, 238, 268-70, 331,, 335, 338-9, 341, 358, 375, 446; and Democratic party, formation of, 322; in election of 1836, 341-2; in election of 1840, 421-2; Independent Treasury Act, 344-6, 424, 426; and Jackson, 266, 321, 322, 324, 346, 459; and politics, 347, 349, 350, 371-2, 379-80; presidency of, 343-6, 381; as Secretary of State, 325-32 passim; and slavery issue, 469-70; as vice-president, 333, 334, 337, 338, 380
Vancouver, George, 458
Van Deusen, Glyndon, 426, 435
Van Hagen, Peter, 79
Van Rensselaer, Rensselaer, 446
Van Rensselaer, Stephen, 267
Venice, 416, 467
Veracruz, Mexico, 461-3
Vermont, 92, 223, 231, 280, 392; and Canadian rebellion, 446
Vesey, Denmark, 329, 568, 570
Vice-President (vice-presidency), 68, 107, 229-30, 334
Vicksburg, Miss., 302, 601, 621
Victoria, Queen of England, 619
Vienna, 194, 416, 467
Virginia, 24, 94, 98, 151, 159, 163, 173, 176, 274, 364, 390, 391-2, 409, 530, 602, 604, 606, 608, 621; and Constitution, 28-9, 31, 34-5, 36-7, 53-5, 57; “dynasty,” 162, 210, 217, 238-9, 240, 255-64; politics in, 68, 227, 257-60, 266, 321, 348; society and culture of, 255-7, 263-4, 482
Virginia Plan, 34-5, 36-7
Virginia resolution, 132-3, 134, 139, 145, 162, 261
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, 100
voting, 120, 362, 365, 377, 382, 421-2; in a republic, 20-1, 33, 60, 362
Wabash College, 508
Wade, Benjamin F., 545, 620
Wade, Richard, 356 Wadsworth, Colonel, 73
Waggoner, Madeline Sadler, 316
wagon trains, 456
Walden Pond, 480, 481, 484, 485-7, 491
Walker, Robert J., 579
Walker, William, 540
Walsh, Mike, 408, 412
Walter, Lynde and Cornelia, 512
Waltham mills, 240, 292-3, 295, 437
Walton, Isaak, 487
Ward, Artemus, 626
War Department, 460-1, 617, 620
Ware, Dr. Henry, 222
Warner, Sam Bass, Jr., 115
Warner, Susan, 517
War of 1812, 234-5, 237-8, 291, 328, 377, 452, 461, 488, 493; battles of, 210-15, 216-17, 233; events leading up to, 204-9, Napoleon’s defeat, effect of, on, 213, 214, 216: negotiations to end, 215, 217, 231-5; see also Federalist party: antiwar position in
Warren, James, 49, 51, 58, 71
Warren, Mercy, 56-61, passim, 71, 118, 271
Washington, DC, 86, 110, 431, 514; British raid on, 214, 233; during Civil War, 608, 609, 614; Dickens on, 352; as federal capital, 159, 168, 180, 270, 272-3, 321, 563-6
Washington, Bushrod, 71, 185
Washington, George, 15, 26, 65-7, 92-3, 112, 124, 125, 127, 133, 142-3, 147, 227, 255, 306, 334, 419, 607; and Constitution, 28-9, 31, 42, 44, 52-7 passim, 368; criticism of, 108-9, 122; and economic policy, 85, 86-8; elected to presidency, 64-7; Farewell Address of, 107, 108, 134, 143, 249, 501; and foreign affairs, 100-4, 120, 249, 254; as model for revolutionaries, 151, 249; at Mount Vernon, 64, 133-4, 423; in New York, 76-9, 81, 83; political parties, opposed to, 91, 99, 108, 134, 368; presidency of, 38, 67-76, 77-8, 83-109 passim, 135, 137, 154, 162-8 passim, 215, 260, 261, 369, 377, 428; reaction of, to Shays’s Rebellion, 15-16, 97-8; tours of, 71-6, 92, 93; and Whiskey Rebellion, 97-9
Washington, Martha, 69, 76, 92-3, 122, 133, 168
Washington Globe, 326, 332, 515
Washington National Intelligencer, 159, 176, 208, 515, 535
water power, 288, 292, 293-4, 295
Watson, Elkanah, 302-3, 308
Watt, James, 297, 300
Wayne, Gen. Anthony, 97-8
wealth, 25, 588; unequal distribution of, 115, 355-7, 360, 361
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 86, 89
Webster, Daniel, 235, 267-8, 270, 324, 332, 335, 339, 345, 358, 373-4, 427, 430, 437, 466, 525-6, 587; and Compromise of 1850, 472-5; debate with Calhoun, 337; debate with Hayne, 327-30, 337; presidential ambitions of, 331, 334, 339, 341; as Secretary of State, 423, 425, 426, 447-8, 458, 459, 474, 525, 531
Webster, Noah, 527
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842), 448
Wee
d, Thurlow, 334, 437, 560, 565, 595
Weld, Theodore Dwight, 366, 412-13, 500
Welland Canal, 450, 532
Welles, Gideon, 604, 617-18, 626
Wellington, Duke of, 233-4
Welter, Rush, 502
Wentworth, John, 514
Wesley, John, 495
West, the, 3-5, 53, 141, 173-4, 207, 232, 240, 246, 445, 450, 457, 492, 494-7, 507-8, 514-15, 589, 599; agriculture in, 141, 277, 286, 309, 451; Burr’s conspiracy in, 196-7; Civil War in, 616, 617, 621, 622; class distinctions in, 356, 451; economic problems in, 241-2, 451; land speculation in, 93-5; Lewis and Clark expedition, 178-83; nationalists in 347, 348-9; politics in, 173, 266, 381, 451, 566; and War of 1812, 206-9; see also frontier, the; Northwest Territory; Southwest, the
Westchester County, NY., 370, 528
West Indies, French, 102, 103-4, 121, 125, 173-4, 198, 200, 446
West Virginia, 616
whaling industry, 540-2
Whig party, 336, 344-5, 373, 380, 435-7, 457, 459, 462, 466-7, 505, 509-10, 515, 538; and classlessness, doctrine of, 434-5; in Congress, 423-6, 427, 461, 526; decline of, 426-8, 433, 525, 599; economic nationalism of, 423, 427, 433-7; in election of 1836, 341-2; in election of 1840, 419-22; in election of 1848, 468-70; in election of 1856, 559-62; factions in, 341, 423-8, 437, 468-71, 545, 548-9, 553-4; formed against Jackson, 341, 427, 437; lack of political philosophy in, 349, 381; leadership in, 341, 422, 427-8, 433, 437, 554; liberty, view of, 347, 350, 525; and patronage, 422, 427, 437; populist strategy of, 420, 422; slavery issue in, 465, 467, 468-71, 473, 556-8, 580, 585-6; and states’ rights, 423, 424-6, 427
Whiskey Rebellion, 97-9, 137, 162
White, Horace, 546
White, Hugh Lawson, 341-2
Whitehill, Robert, 48-9
Whitman, Walt, 360, 517, 588, 614; Leaves of Grass, 588
Whitney, Eli, 306; armaments
manufacture, 216, 287-8, 289, 290-1; cotton gin, 274-5, 387, 308, 311, 429, 567.
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 223, 501, 522
Wiley, Calvin, 505, 507
Wilkes, Capt. Charles, 618
Wilkinson, James, 95, 196-7
Willard, Emma, 400
Willard, Solomon, 430
William and Mary College, 32, 257, 422
Williams, Rose, 388-90
Williams, William Appleman, 236
Wilmot, David, 464-5
Wilmot Proviso, 464, 469, 557
Wilson, James, 35, 37-9, 42, 48-9
Wiltse, Charles, 571
Winthrop, Robert C, 471, 545-6
Wirt, William, 260, 334
Wisconsin, 315, 452, 526, 528, 531, 576
Wise, Henry A„ 424, 590
Wisner, George, 512
Wolcott, Oliver, 121, 146, 287
Woman in the Nineteenth Century, 483
women, 142, 146, 149, 150, 483, 507-8, 517, 534; education of, 76, 111, 115, 400, 401, 476, 569; on farms, 394-5; inequality of, 58-9, 81, 110, 143, 257, 263, 264, 356, 360, 362, 365, 383, 394-403, 410-11, 434, 467, 519, 535, 572, 597; in labor force, 75, 89, 114, 281, 288, 293, 294-5, 351, 358, 395-400, 401, 406, 414, 434, 489, 535; leaders, 398-403, 412-13, 415; marriage and families of, 394-5, 400-3, 411-13, 568-9; political action by, 399-400; radical movements for, 360, 361; rising consciousness of, 396-403; and suffrage, 148, 400, 401-2
Wood, Gordon, 26, 225
Wood, Jethro, 286
Woodbury, Levi, 327, 332
Woolman, John, 527
Worcester, Mass., 73, 401, 432, 549, 550
Wordsworth, William, 478, 481
working class, 82, 114-15, 356, 360, 361-2, 363, 381, 403, 434-5; 436, 503, 510; see also labor
Working Men’s Party, 358, 503
Wright, Benjamin, 303
Wright, Frances, 360, 366-7, 404, 412, 444-5, 517
Wright, Silas, 344, 371
Wyeth, Nathan Jarvis, 429
Wyler, Pvt. Edwin, 609
Wythe, George, 255
XYZ Correspondence, 123
Yale College, 32, 72, 74, 161, 167, 257, 431, 492, 497, 506, 567
Yancey, William Lowndes, 572, 601-2
Yarbrough, Jean, 63
Yates, Robert, 44
Yazoo land fraud, 259-60
Young, Brigham, 499-500,
Young, Thomas, 117
Young America, 536-9
Yusuf, Pasha, 196
Zenger, Peter, 24
Zinn, Howard, 5
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THE FOLLOWING ILLUSTRATIONS HAVE been reproduced with the kind permission of the institutions indicated:
[FRONT ENDPAPER] Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society: “Spooler and Stand,” advertisement for E. C. Cleaveland & Co. Courtesy of the New-York Historical Society: The New-York Packet, April 7, 1789; The New-York Packet, Federalist #51, February 8, 1788; View of boats navigating the Mohawk; View from Rushonga Tavern, 5 miles from Yorktown on the Baltimore Road. Courtesy of the New York Public Library: American Log-House, 1826 (Rare Books & Manuscripts Division); Federal Hall, 1790 (Phelps-Stokes Collection of American Historical Prints); “Join, or Die,” Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754 (Rare Books & Manuscripts Division); “Mad Tom in a Rage” (Prints Division); Map of the United States in 1783 (Map Division); Map of Kentucky in 1784 (Map Division); Second Street North from Market Street, Philadelphia (Phelps-Stokes Collection); Se-Quo-Yah (Rare Books and Manuscripts Division).
[BACK ENDPAPER] Courtesy of John Deere & Co.: Advertisement for Centre-Draft Plow. Courtesy of the New-York Historical Society: Advertisement for Uncle Tom’s Cabin; Charleston Mercury Extra: “Union Dissolved”; Clipper Ship Flying Cloud; Group of Workmen on the Union Pacific Railroad; “Ho! for the Gold Mines!”; Principal Street of San Francisco. Courtesy of the New York Public Library: “Am I not a man and a brother?” (Prints Division); Clinton Line Barge (Prints Division); Kansas City, 1853 (Phelps-Stokes Collection); The Modern Balaam and His Ass, 1837 (Prints Division). Courtesy of the Worcester Art Museum: “Conquering Prejudice, Fulfilling a Constitutional Duty with Alacrity.”
The endpapers were designed and executed by Deborah Burns and Sara Reynolds.
[PART TITLE ILLUSTRATIONS] Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society: “Spooler and Stand,” advertisement for E. C. Cleaveland & Co. Courtesy of the Bettmann Archive, Inc.: “Am I not a woman and a sister?,” Garrison’s Liberator, 1849; The Modern Balaam and His Ass, 1837, Courtesy of John Deere & Co.: Advertisement for Centre-Draft Plow. Courtesy of the New York Public Library: Federal Hall, 1790 (Phelps-Stokes Collection).
The map of the United States in 1783 that follows page 10 is reproduced with the kind permission of the New York Public Library. The map of the United States in 1857 by J. H. Young, Philadelphia, that follows page 416 is reproduced with the kind permission of the Newberry Library, Chicago.
The Workshop of Democracy
The American Experiment, Volume II
By James MacGregor Burns
For Kurt Tauber and my other Williams College colleagues who teach in the tradition of Mark Hopkins and Robert L. Gaudino
Contents
PART I • The Crisis of Democracy
CHAPTER 1 The War of Liberation
MANNING THE FRONT
FORGING THE SWORD
THE SOCIETY OF THE BATTLEFIELD
“LET US DIE TO MAKE MEN FREE”
CHAPTER 2 The Reconstruction of Slavery
BOUND FOR FREEDOM
A REVOLUTIONARY EXPERIMENT
“I’SE FREE. AIN’T WUF NUFFIN”
PART II • The Business of Democracy
CHAPTER 3 The Forces of Production
INNOVATORS: THE INGENIOUS YANKEES
INVESTORS: EASTERN DOLLARS AND WESTERN RISKS
ENTREPRENEURS: THE CALIFORNIANS
INDUSTRIALISTS: CARNEGIE, ROCKEFELLER, AND THE TWO CAPITALISMS
PHILADELPHIA 1876: THE PROUD EXHIBITORS
CHAPTER 4 The Structure of Classes
UPPER CLASSES: THE NEW RICH AND THE OL
D
THE MIDDLE CLASSES: A WOMAN’S WORK
THE FARMER’S LOT
WORKING CLASSES: THE CONDITIONS OF EXISTENCE
SOCIAL CLASS AND SOCIAL OUTCAST
CHAPTER 5 The Power of Ideas
DINNER AT DELMONICO’S
THE BITCH-GODDESS SUCCESS
“TOILING MILLIONS NOW ARE WAKING”
THE ALLIANCE: A DEMOCRACY OF LEADERS
CHAPTER 6 The Brokers of Politics
THE OHIOANS: LEADERS AS BROKERS
POLITICS: THE DANCE OF THE ROPEWALKERS
THE POVERTY OF POLICY
SHOWDOWN 1896
TRIUMPHANT REPUBLICANISM
PART III • Progressive Democracy?
CHAPTER 7 The Urban Progressives
THE SHAPE OF THE CITY
THE LIFE OF THE CITY
THE LEADERS OF THE CITY
THE REFORMATION OF THE CITIES
WOMEN: THE PROGRESSIVE CADRE
CHAPTER 8 The Modernizing Mind
THE PULSE OF THE MACHINE
THE CRITICS: IDEAS VS. INTERESTS?
ART: “ALL THAT IS HOLY IS PROFANED”
WRITING: “VENERABLE IDEAS ARE SWEPT AWAY”
“ALL THAT IS SOLID MELTS INTO AIR”
CHAPTER 9 The Reformation of Economic Power
THE PERSONAL USES OF POWER
FOREIGN POLICY WITH THE TR BRAND
REFORM: LEADERSHIP AND POWER
CHAPTER 10 The Cauldron of Leadership
TAFT, TR, AND THE TWO REPUBLICAN PARTIES
WILSON AND THE THREE DEMOCRATIC PARTIES
ARMAGEDDON
PART IV • Democracy on Trial
CHAPTER 11 The New Freedom
THE ENGINE OF DEMOCRACY
THE ANATOMY OF PROTEST
MARKETS, MORALITY, AND THE “STAR OF EMPIRE”
CHAPTER 12 Over There
WILSON AND THE ROAD TO WAR
MOBILIZING THE WORKSHOP
“NOUS VOILÀ, LAFAYETTE!”
OVER HERE: LIBERTY AND DEMOCRACY
CHAPTER 13 The Fight for the League
THE MIRRORED HALLS OF VERSAILLES
THE BATTLE FOR THE TREATY
1920: THE GREAT AND SOLEMN REJECTION
PART V • The Culture of Democracy
CHAPTER 14 The Age of Mellon
“THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA …”
BANKERS AND BATTLESHIPS