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American Experiment Page 203

by James Macgregor Burns


  [Decline in rail employees]: Thor Hultgren, American Transportation in Prosperity and Depression (National Bureau of Economic Research, 1948), p. 179 (Table 54).

  [Decline in freight tonnage]: ibid., p. 355 (Table 141).

  [Decline in dividends]: ibid., p. 336 (Chart 124).

  [Decline in GNP]: Historical Statistics of the United States, op. cit., part 2, p. 224 (Series F 1–5).

  [Decline in auto production]: Hultgren, p. 350 (Table 136).

  [Decline in oil production]: ibid, p. 353 (Table 140).

  [Decline in residential building contracts]: Warren, op. cit., p. 236.

  555 [Decline in farm income]: McElvainc, Down and Out, op. cit., p. 27.

  [Decline in steel production]: Manchester, p. 34.

  [Decline in retail sales]: see Lynd and Lynd, op. cit., p. 529 (Table 1).

  556 [Families evicted, 1932]: Manchester, p. 33.

  [Businesses at home]: Lynd and Lynd, p. 20.

  [Middle-class economies]: Bird, op. cit., pp. 273–81.

  [Union and nonunion wage decline]: Bernstein, op. cit., p. 320.

  [Diet of Kentucky miner]: quoted in “In the Driftway,” The Nation, vol. 134, no. 3492 (June 8, 1932), p. 651.

  [Rouge demonstration]: Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933–1962 (Scribner’s, 1962), pp. 32–34; Keith Sward, The Legend of Henry Ford (Rinehart, 1948), ch. 18.

  [Bird on transients]: Bird, p. 67.

  [“They have to take you in”]: Frost, “The Death of the Hired Man,” in Frost, Selected Poems (Henry Holt, 1923), pp. 13–20, quoted at p. 18.

  [“Professional bums” among transients]: statement of Elliot Chapman, Hearings of a Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Manufactures, Relief for Unemployed Transients, 72nd Congress, 2nd Session, January 13–25, 1933 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933), p. 112.

  [Mayors on treatment of transients]: “Digest” of mayors’ responses, in ibid., quoted at pp. 192, 201, 190, 188, 189, 191, 194, 198, respectively.

  557 [“Transients, do not apply”]: testimony of Professor A. W. McMillen, in ibid., p. 45.

  [Open letter, September 1932]: Aaron, op. cit., pp. 196–98, quoted at p. 197.

  [Wilson’s firsthand observations]: see Wilson, The American Jitters: A Year of the Slump (Scribner’s, 1932); Wilson, The American Earthquake: A Documentary of the Twenties and Thirties (Doubleday, 1938); Wilson, The Thirties, Leon Edel, ed. (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1980), pp. 208–14, quoted at pp. 208, 212.

  [“Insist on working even without pay”]: quoted in Bird, p. 76.

  [“We cannot squander ourselves into prosperity”]: quoted in Hoover, Memoirs: The Great Depression, op. cit., p. 134.

  [Ford on vagabonds]: quoted in Manchester, p. 22.

  558 [MacArthur deputy’s proposal]: Brig. Gen. George Van Horn Moseley, quoted in Burner, Hoover, op. cit., p. 307.

  [Bonus Army]: ibid., pp.309–12; Roger Daniels, The Bonus March (Greenwood Publishing, 1971); Bernstein, ch. 13; Hoover, Memoirs: The Great Depression, pp. 225–32.

  [“A polyglot mob”]: F. Trubee Davison, quoted in Warren, p. 235.

  [Stokes on Bonus March]: quoted in Bernstein, p. 454.

  [“Use all humanity”]: quoted in Daniels, p. 165.

  [“The President was pleased”]: quoted in Bernstein, p. 454.

  559 [“Brother, Can You Spare a Dimef”]: lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, music by Jay Gorney, in 100 Best Songs of the 20’s and 30’s (Harmony Books, 1973), pp. 271–74. The song was sung and popularized by Rudy Vallee.

  Index

  A | B | C | D | E

  F | G | H | I | J

  K | L | M | N | O

  P | Q | R | S | T

  U | V | W | Y | Z

  abolitionists, and 15th Amendment, 61–2

  Abrams, Jacob, 504–5

  Acheson, Edward, 290

  Adams, Charles Francis, 32, 73, 207

  Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., 73, 75, 85–6, 115

  and railroads, 73, 93, 176

  Adams, Henry, vii, 92, 168, 169, 304–6, 326

  Democracy, 169, 192, 194

  Adams, John, 73, 153

  Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 348

  Adamson Act (1916), 421

  Addams, Jane, 123, 371–2

  as pacifist, 412, 483

  and Progressive party, 419

  and settlement-house movement, 270–1, 275–7, 278

  advertising; 518–19

  AFL, see American Federation of Labor

  Agassiz, Louis, 81, 86–7

  Age of Innocence, The (Wharton), 321, 322 agrarian revolt, 180–91

  agriculture:

  in California, 99

  and Civil War, 20–1

  in Depression, 543

  machinery and tools for, 81, 129

  see also farmers

  Ahlstrom, Sydney, 516

  airplanes, 288, 290

  in World War I, 436

  Alaska, 220, 340

  Alcott, Louisa May, 30, 261

  Aldrich, Nelson, 330, 335, 336, 357

  Algeciras Conference (1905), 342

  Alger, Horatio, Jr., 159–60

  Algerism (rags-to-riches myth), 143, 144–5, 159–60

  Carnegie and, 102, 161; and McKinley, 234

  Dempsey and, 532

  and economic concentration, 390

  Frick and, 224

  Irish immigrants and, 259–60

  La Follette and, 360

  and political machines (urban), 265

  aliens, deportation and repression of, 439–40

  Allen, Frederick Lewis, 510, 544–5

  Altgeld, John P., 227, 276

  Amador, Manuel, 339

  Amalgamated Iron, Steel and Tin Workers, 224–6

  Amendments to U.S. Constitution:

  1st, 504, 505

  13th, 37, 48, 60

  14th, 49, 50, 53, 60, 203–4, 505

  15th, 60–2, 204

  18th (Prohibition), 441

  19th (“Susan B. Anthony”), 444–7

  Bill of Rights, 504, 523

  American Federation of Labor (AFL), 178–80, 282

  and Depression, 551–2

  membership of (1920s), 534

  and Pullman boycott (1894), 227

  and SLP, 396

  and women, 280

  American Railway Union (ARU), 227

  American Woman Suffrage Association, 209

  Amiens (France), battles for, 432, 433, 436

  ammunition production (World War I), 430

  Amory, Cleveland, 115

  Ampère, André Marie, 83

  Andrews, Stephen P., 125

  Anthony, Susan B., 125, 204, 209

  antitrust movement, 182, 216

  Brandeis and, 391–2

  of Roosevelt (T.), 332–3, 349–52

  of Wilson, 389–91

  Appleton, Thomas Gold, 87

  Appomattox, Va., 35

  Arabic pledge (World War I), 415, 417, 422

  arbitration of labor disputes, 233–4; see also strikes

  Aristotle, 142

  armed forces, American:

  in World War I, 417, 431–2, 433–4, 435–7;

  mobilization of, 427–30;

  return of, to society, 469

  see also Confederate Army; Navy; Union Army; veterans

  Armory Show (1913), 311–12

  Armour, Philip D., 113–14

  income of, 140

  arms talks (20th century), 493–5

  Arthur, Chester Alan, 223

  arts, visual, 308–13

  “Ash Can School” of painting, 310

  Asquith, Herbert, 409

  Asselineau, Roger, 193

  assembly line, 479–80, 482

  Astor, Caroline Schermerhorn, 117–18

  Atkinson, Edward, 156

  Atlanta, Ga., 29

  automation, 479–80, 482; see also industry: machinery for

  automobiles, 288, 290

  manufacture of, 479–80

 
; Babbitt (Lewis), 514, 535

  Baer, George F., 333

  Baker, Newton D., 554

  Baker, Ray Stannard, 455, 474

  Baltzell, E. Digby, 116

  Bancroft, George, 101

  banks and banking:

  and Alliance Exchanges, 189

  and China, 402

  in Civil War period, 18

  crises/failures of: 1873, 75; 1893, 226

  and farmers, 129

  federal control of (20th century), 387

  private, 88–90

  and World War I fiscal aftermath, 496, 497

  see also “money trust”

  Banning, Phineas, 99

  Barker, Jacob, 88

  Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste, 152, 153–4

  Barton, Bruce, 516

  Barton, Clara, 50

  Baruch, Bernard, 428–9

  baseball, 529–30, 531

  battles, of Civil War:

  Bull Run, 6, 7

  Chancellorsville, 10

  Chattanooga, 12

  Chickamauga, 12

  Fredericksburg, 8

  Gettysburg, 5, 11–12

  Missionary Ridge, 12

  pattern of, for soldiers, 24–5

  Vicksburg, 9–10, 12

  of the Wilderness, 14

  battles, of Spanish-American War:

  Manila Bay, 238

  San Juan Hill, 239

  battles, of World War I:

  Amiens, 432, 433, 436

  Argonne Forest, 437

  Belleau Wood, 433, 434

  Château-Thierry, 433, 434

  Marne, 413, 436

  St. Mihiel, 436–7

  battleships, 223

  number limited (1921), 493–5

  Beard, Charles Austin, 19, 422, 507

  Economic Interpretation of the Constitution, An, 299–301

  Beard, Mary, 507

  Becker, Stephen, 519

  Beecher, Catharine, 121, 122, 124

  Beecher, Harriet, see Stowe, Harriet Beecher

  Beecher, Henry Ward, 124–7, 161, 162

  “beef trust,” 332

  Bell, Alexander Graham, 83–4, 110, 287

  Bell, Sidney, 400

  Bellamy, Edward, 164–5

  Equality, 164–6

  and George (H.) and Lloyd, compared, 167–8

  Looking Backward, 164, 166–7, 189

  Belleau Wood (France), battle of, 433, 434

  Bellows, Henry W., 26

  Belmont, August, Jr., 228

  Belmont, Perry, 162

  Benedict, Michael Les, 61

  Bennett, Arnold, 256

  Bent, Silas, 518, 519

  Berger, Victor, 283, 397, 522

  Berkman, Alexander, 225, 275, 283

  Bernstein, Irving, 551

  Bernstorff, Johann von, 415, 424

  Bessemer converter, 79–80

  Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, 407

  bicycling, 287–8

  Biddle, Nicholas, 88

  Big Four (capitalists), 95, 99–100

  and railroad regulation, 215–16

  Big Four (democratic leaders), 451

  Billings, Josh, 185

  Bill of Rights, 504, 523

  Bird, Caroline, 556

  Birmingham, Stephen, 145, 146

  birth control, 123, 279

  Birth of a Nation (Griffith), 524

  black Americans:

  abuse of, 50; lynching, 149, 234, 285

  attitudes of, toward freedom from slavery, 38–41

  in cities, 147–8, 247

  civil and political rights of: “Black Codes,” 47; Democratic party and, 367; Grant and, 66; Johnson and, 46; national commitment to, 60; Republicans and, 48–9, 52, 206

  in Civil War, 22

  as cowhands, 149

  in Depression, 546

  education of, 63–4, 68, 133–4

  as farmers (in South), 131–4; and

  populists, 188

  labor unions and, 176, 179

  and land distribution, 64–5, 70

  leadership of, 284–5

  and Liberia, 288

  migration of: to northern cities, 136–7, 149, 197, 247, 431; westward, 149

  music of, 288, 509

  as officeholders, in South, 62

  in Ohio, 197

  and political parties (participation): populists, 188, 189, 224; Progressives, 375; Republicans, 206, 490–1; Socialists, 398

  Roosevelt (T.) and, 375

  in South: and election (presidential) of 1876, 202; as farmers, 131–4; and land distribution, 64–5, 70; life of, during Reconstruction, 67–71; as officeholders, 62; and People’s Party, 188, 189

  in sports, 528, 529, 530

  suffrage of: black leaders and, 65; in District of Columbia, 53; election of 1868 and, 59; 15th Amendment and, 60–2; Johnson and, 46, 55; Northerners and, 59, 60; Reconstruction Act and, 53; Republicans and, 48, 55, 59; thwarting of, 65–6

  Wilson and, 418

  see also freed people; slavery; slaves

  “Black Codes,” 47

  “Black Thursday” (Oct. 1929), 542

  Blaine, James G., 52, 210–11, 221

  Blair, Frank P., Jr., 59

  Blake, Lyman Reed, 15

  Bland, Richard (“Silver Dick”), 228, 231

  Bland-Allison Act (1878), 213

  Bliss, George, 89–90

  Bliss, Gen. Tasker, 448

  Bloor, Ella Reeve, 398

  Blum, John, 334

  Boas, Franz, 290

  Bohr, Niels, 290

  Bonadio, Felice, 198

  bonus marchers (1932), 558

  boom-and-bust economy:

  post-Civil War, 74–5

  1880s, 192

  Booth, Edwin, 101

  Booth, John Wilkes, 36

  Borah, E. William, 459, 493, 501

  bosses, party, 263–7, 268

  Boston:

  cultural investments in, 87, 115–16

  intellectual tradition of, 167–70

  investors from, 85–8

  old wealth in, 114–16

  subway in, 251

  Boston & Albany Railroad, 86

  Bourne, Randolph, 314, 323, 513

  Bowen, Francis, 155

  Bowman, Isaiah, 434

  Boyer, Paul, 266

  Bradley, Joseph, 201, 204

  Bradwell. Myra, 261–2

  Bragg, Gen. Braxton, 12

  Brandegee, Frank, 454

  Brandeis, Louis:

  and Holmes, 296, 504, 505, 506

  as Supreme Court justice, 419, 504, 505, 506

  and Wilson, 375, 385–6, 391–2; Supreme Court nomination, 418–19

  bridges, 18, 80–1, 110

  Brisbane, Arthur, 521, 541

  Britain, see Great Britain

  Brock, William R., 54

  Broesamle, John, 386

  Brooks, Van Wyck, 168, 314

  Broun, Heywood, 521

  Brown, A. Theodore, 265

  Brown, J. R., 79

  Browning, Orville H., 42

  “Brownsville affair,” 353

  Bryan, Charles W., 500

  Bryan, William Jennings:

  and Democratic party, 366, 369

  and disarmament, 494

  and League of Nations, 469

  in presidential elections: 1896, 229–33, 235; 1900, 241; 1908, 367

  and Scopes trial, 517

  as Secretary of State, 385, 400, 401, 415; and World War I, 411, 413–15, 417, 422

  in Spanish-American War, 238

  and Wilson, 370, 372, 414–15, 417, 420

  Bryant, William Cullen, 207

  Bryce, Lord James, 63, 216, 252, 298

  buildings, 114, 251–2

  homes of the wealthy, 114, 118–19, 141

  railroad terminals, 249

  see also housing

  Bullitt, William, 365, 453, 456, 464

  Bull Moosers, see Progressive Party

  Bull Run (Va.), battles of, 6, 7

  Bunau-Varilla, Phi
lippe, 338, 339

  Burbank, Luther, 81

  Burgess, John W., 156

  Burleson, Albert S., 388

  Burner, David, 500, 544

  Burroughs, John, 192

  Burroughs, William S., 108

  Burton, Harriet, 123

  business:

  Brandeis and, 375

  combinations, 106–7, 390, 481; see also antitrust movement; monopoly

  and education, 513

  failures of (in stock-market crash), 543

  government and: laissez-faire policy, 91, 154–6, 159; 1920s, 484–92, 503, 532–3; in World War I, 428–9

  1920s, 484–92

  optimism of (mid-19th century), 73–4

  and peace movement (1920s), 493

  Republican party and, 484, 486–7, 491, 499, 503, 558

  Roosevelt (T.) and, 329–30, 331–4, 349–52

  Wilson and, 375, 389–91

  see also banks and banking; industry Butler, Gen. Ben, 32, 57

  Butler, Nicholas Murray, 300

  Byrnes, James F., 505

  cable cars, 250

  California:

  Chinese immigrants in, 100–1

  Japanese immigrants in, 343–4

  19th century, 97–9, 101–2

  railroad regulation by, 215–16

  see also San Francisco

  Calumet and Hecla (C & H), 86–7

  campaigns, political, see elections and campaigns, congressional; elections and campaigns, presidential; elections and campaigns, state

  canal, across Central America, 222, 337–40, 343

  Cannon, Joseph, 331, 349, 357

  Cantor, Milton, 396

  Capital (Marx), 75, 112

  capitalism:

  creativity of, 90

  Russian school textbook on, 539–40, 547

  Capone, Al, 531

  Capper-Volstead Act (1922), 490

  Carlyle, Thomas, 193

  Carnegie, Andrew, 102–5

  early life of, 102–3

  fortune of, 104

  Homestead (Pa.) steel works of, 224–6

  on imperialism (American), 240

  income of, 140

  literary friendships of, 105

  and McKinley, 234–5, 241

  newspapers (British) of, 105

  philanthropy of, 107

  and rags-to-riches myth, 102, 161

  and Spencer, 161, 162

  Triumphant Democracy, 223–4, 235

  and unionism, 225

  “carpetbaggers,” 62, 63

  cars, 288, 290, 479–80

  caste system, American, 145–51, 192; see also classes (social) and class system

  Catt, Carrie Chapman, 445, 446, 493

  Cecil, Lord Robert, 452

  Central America, 222, 337–40, 343; see also Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama Central Pacific Railway, 93–6

  Chancellorsville (Va.), battle of, 10

  Chandler, Zachariah, 42

  Chapin, Chester W., 87

 

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