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American Experiment Page 340

by James Macgregor Burns


  veto, 646, 647

  “presidential” parties, Democratic and

  Republican, 119, 126

  and civil rights legislation, 321

  press, 281, 283, 611

  prior restraint, 426

  see also media; newspapers

  prices:

  controls, 560; Nixon freeze, 556;

  postwar, 230; World War II, 556

  inflation: 1970s, 531, 554-5, 1980s, 638; postwar, 230; World War II, 187

  New Deal manipulation of, 35, 36

  Priestley, J. B., 603

  primary system, 117, 647, 662

  Princeton University, 290, 545

  printing innovations, 281-2

  prior restraint, 426

  prisons, 519-20

  Pritchett, Laurie, 364

  “pro-choice” groups, 448

  production, 271

  agricultural, 268

  industrial, 266; during Depression, 30-1; postwar, 264; wartime, 182-4, 186, 199

  Profiles in Courage (Kennedy), 343, 677

  Progressive Labor party, 421

  Progressive party (T. Roosevelt’s), 46, 118-19, 236, 416, 656

  Wisconsin, 1934, 68, 108, 117

  Progressive party (Wallace’s), 235-7, 238

  progressivism, 7, 13, 14, 16, 41, 68, 122, 236, 646-7

  Prohibition, 5, 10, 16, 25

  property rights, 43, 88, 90, 97, 667

  Protestantism, 57, 279, 594-5

  in Boston, anti-Irish, 307, 308

  China missionaries, 470

  peace movement, 536

  Protestant magazine, 282

  Proxmire, William, 577

  public facilities and transport,

  desegregation of, 315, 321, 348-52, 356-8, 361, 364, 370, 378

  Public Interest, The (journal), 627, 628

  Public Opinion (Lippmann), 289

  public-opinion polling, 153, 291, 511

  Public Philosophy, The (Lippmann), 289-90, 294

  Public Utility Holding Company Act, 76, 214

  public works, 130, 566

  art programs, New Deal, 134, 135

  Depression era, 34, 37, 81, 214

  Public Works Administration (PWA), 34, 81

  Pyle, Ernie, 194-5

  Quakers, 391, 396, 536

  Quebec meeting of FDR and Churchill (1943), 198, 206

  Quemoy and Matsu islands, 255, 468

  quota systems, 653

  Rabi, Isador Isaac, 269

  race riots, 189, 397-8, 400, 554, 574

  racial discrimination:

  against blacks, 313-16, 321-3, 348-58, 378-84, 439, 610; in education, 236, 314, 321-3, 365, 370, 278, 653; in employment, 188-9, 315; outlawed, 378; pay, 189; public facilities, 315, 321, 348-52, 356-8, 361, 364, 370; voting, 321-3, 355, 357, 366, 371, 378-84; wartime, 188-9, 371; women, 189, 452

  against Japanese, wartime, 189-90

  racism, 94, 111, 113, 319, 353-5, 358-9, 367, 444, 631

  Radical Women (Feminists), 443-4, 449

  radio, 59, 63, 285, 303, 612, 614

  FDR’s use of, 31, 63, 82, 86

  Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, 523

  Rafferty, Max, 627

  Railroad Pension Act, 72, 73

  railroads, 16, 26-7, 555

  Rainbow Coalition (FDR term), 199, 211, 217, 220

  Rand, Ayn, 600

  Randolph, A. Philip, 371

  Random House, 139

  rape, 449, 534

  Raskob, John J., 10, 14, 42-3, 81

  Rather, Dan, 614

  Rauh, Joseph, 381

  Rauschenberg, Robert, 621

  Rauschenbusch, Walter, 292, 350, 352, 461

  Rayburn, Sam, 26, 76, 203, 325, 376

  Reader’s Digest, 202, 284, 311, 627, 628

  Reagan, Nancy Davis, 607

  Reagan, Ronald, 430, 474, 558, 624, 636, 638, 656

  anticommunism of, 607, 642-4

  background and career, 606-7, 636, 643

  as ideologue, 636, 643-4

  as President, 513, 540, 618, 636, 638-45, 655, 672; budget deficits, 633, 640; defense buildup, 639, 640; domestic policy, 639-42; economic policy, 639-41; foreign policy, 537, 538, 642-5; and Iran-Contra affair, 644-5; personal popularity, 641; speeches, 600, 636, 642, 644; Star Wars, 585-6; Supreme Court appointments, 654, 667; tax policy, 639, 640, 641-2

  as President-elect, 624-5

  presidential candidacies: 1976, 524, 625, 637-8; 1980, 529, 530, 638; 1984, 641, 644

  as unifier of conservatives, 628-9, 636-8

  Reagan Administration, 535, 537, 585

  loss of internal control, 633, 644-5, 651

  Reagan Revolution, 630, 639, 645

  Reagon, Bernice, 364

  Realpolitik, 159, 216, 217, 223, 465, 488

  recessions, economic:

  1937-39, Roosevelt, 101-4, 114, 128, 130, 214

  1950s, Eisenhower, 555

  1980s, Reagan, 562, 640-1

  Reconstruction, 88, 313, 355, 646

  Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), 28, 48, 318

  Red Menace (Red Scare), 47, 50

  see also anticommunism; communism, fears of

  Redstockings, 444

  Reed, James A., 122

  Reedy, George F., 246, 510

  Refregier, Anton, 135

  Regents of University of California v. Bakke, 653

  Rehnquist, William H., 652, 654

  Reich, Robert B., 630

  Reinhardt, Ad, 621

  religion, 594-6, 601

  degendering of, 457-8

  freedom of, 178, 281, 666

  see also churches

  reorganization bill of 1937, 105-7, 115, 131

  Republican party, 358, 462, 629-30, 636-8, 646, 655-6, 663

  anti-New Deal, 43, 83, 132

  “compact majorities” of, 87, 120

  congressional gains: 1938, 111; 1942, 191

  congressional majorities of: 1947-48, 230; 1953-4, 253, 285; 1981-82

  in Senate, 629, 639

  “congressional” vs. “presidential,” 119, 126, 236, 238, 247, 320, 558, 678; and civil rights legislation, 321, 376-8

  conventions of: 1936, 83; 1940, 163-4; 1944, 203; 1948, 236; 1952, 247-8; 1960, 326; 1964, 381; 1968, 415

  cracking of Solid South, 250-1, 382, 460

  economic laissez-faire policies, 42, 560

  influence in newspaper industry, 282, 284

  liberalization of processes, 649

  moderates, liberals, progressives in, 14, 70, 87, 109, 119, 320, 466, 636, 637, 641; overlap with Democratic party, 119, 126, 320, 466

  Old Guard-moderate split in, 109, 119, 126, 236, 245, 246-8, 250, 253, 286

  Reagan and, 636-8

  reconstitution of, 657

  right-wing conservatives of, 119, 120, 258, 320, 466, 558, 560, 636-8, 641, 657

  Southern Democrats’ coalition with, 132, 191, 466, 638, 640

  see also elections and campaigns Republic Steel Corporation, 100

  research and development (R&D), 267-8, 269-70, 542-3

  Reston, James, 262

  Reuther, Victor, 573

  Reuther, Walter, 187, 273, 287, 301, 381, 573, 661

  Revenue Acts:

  of 1935 (wealth tax), 76, 77, 78, 128

  of 1942, 191-2

  Review of Radical Political Economy, 564

  revolution, 337-8, 348

  civil rights struggle as, 361-6, 386-8

  Kennedy’s inaugural words on, 326-7, 328, 335

  Third World movements, 305, 335-6, 337-44, 419, 527

  Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM), 421-2

  Revolution in the Revolution? (Debray), 336

  Reynaud, Paul, 162

  Reynolds, Quentin, 202

  Reza Pahlevi, Shah of Iran, 255, 530

  Rhee, Syngman, 240-1, 254

  Rhodes, Cecil, 277

  Rhodes, John J., 508

  rhythm and blues (R&B), 427

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 159, 176

  Ribicoff, Ab
raham, 415

  Rice, Elmer, 136, 137

  Rich, Adrienne, 451

  Richardson, Elliot L., 505, 512

  Riesman, David, 279-81, 599

  “right-to-lifers,” 448

  right wing, 123, 132, 466, 625-9, 656

  Christian, 628

  credo and values of, 42

  economic laissez-faire, 42, 560, 627-9

  FDR denounced by, 41-5, 71-3

  intellectualism, 625-8

  Reagan and, 636-8, 642-4

  resurgence, 462, 558, 624-6

  and women’s issues: abortion, 448; ERA, 458

  see also conservatism; New Right

  Ritchie, Albert, 11

  Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek), 560

  Roberts, Owen J., 95

  Robeson, Paul, 231, 594

  Robinson, Joe, 20, 24, 94-5

  Robinson, Ruby Doris Smith, 386

  Roche, John P., 408, 409

  Rockefeller, John D., 140

  Rockefeller, Nelson A., 326, 415, 468, 520, 558, 625, 637, 657

  rock ’n’ roll, 427-8, 429-32

  Rodino, Peter, 506-7

  Roe v. Wade, 448, 653, 654

  Rogers, Will, 31, 78

  Rogers, William P., 467, 471, 473, 476-7

  Rohatyn, Felix, 633

  Rolling Stones (rock group), 430

  Roman Catholicism, 57, 123, 205, 536-8, 594

  and abortion, 448

  bishops’ “Pastoral Letter,” 537-8, 668-9

  Boston Irish, 306-9

  as 1960 election issue, 324, 325

  peace stance of, 484, 536-7

  Rommel, Gen. Erwin, 180, 181, 200

  Roosevelt, Anna, 4, 205, 212

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, 3-4, 7-10, 11-12, 13, 23, 83, 113, 210, 214, 219, 234-5, 333, 433-4, 593, 676, 677, 678

  and FDR’s death, 212, 222

  influence in FDR’s presidency, 29, 34, 36, 338, 546; as spokesperson, 64, 164

  postwar role of, 235, 236, 238, 277, 286; as leader and conscience of Democrats, 287-8, 325-6; at UN, 235, 339; in women’s issues, 433-4, 438

  social conscience of, 8, 10, 28, 113

  support for the arts, 133, 135, 136, 13, 139

  trip to Asia, 339

  Roosevelt, Elliott, 3-4

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 21, 593, 606, 656

  background and education.6-8, 44, 152

  brain trust of, 13-14, 28

  charges of communism and fascism against, 43, 44-5, 81-2, 85, 112, 204-5

  charges of dictatorship against, 43, 105-6

  and Churchill, 38, 161, 171, 177-8, 195, 217, 338-9, 341-2

  death of, 212

  early political career of, 8-10, 152, 271

  Governor of New York, 10, 19-20, 662

  Huey Long and, 15-16, 60, 61-2, 78, 80

  humanitarianism of, 29, 215

  ill health of, 204-5, 208-9, 210

  inaugurations of: 1933, 22-3; 1937, 92

  an internationalist, 152, 155

  leadership of, 12, 27-8, 55, 70-1, 73-5, 115-16, 120, 216, 222, 648, 661; intellectual failings in, 28, 29-30, 35, 63-4, 129-30, 216; lacking in foreign policy of 1930s, 154-7

  as party leader, 116-19, 656; fails in pro-New Deal realignment in 1938 elections, 108-11, 117; goal of truly progressive party, 118-19

  personality of, 3, 215-16, 217-18

  political touch and timing of, 28, 30-2, 63, 86, 126, 165, 215-16, 217

  as President, 293, 314, 318-19, 329, 347, 466, 641, 651; administrative style, 114-16, 120; and atom bomb, 223, 224, 545-6; and blacks, 113, 117, 321, 359, 371; cabinet of, 23-4, 112, 163, 223, 234, 318; and Congress (after 1936), 93-6, 104-7, 108-11, 112-13, 116, 126, 132, 135, 155-6, 158-9, 162, 191-2, 210; decision-making style, 27-30, 34-5, 75; domestic policy, see New Deal; economic and fiscal planning, 130-1, 214-15, 561; “economic bill of rights,” 16, 202-3, 276-7, 344, 666; evaluation and criticism, 126-31, 212-19; federal spending vs. budget balancing dilemma, 35, 64, 79, 102-3, 112, 130, 215, 374; fireside chats, 31, 104, 109, 176, 216; “First Hundred Days,” 23-7, 30, 32, 62; first term, 23-45, 47, 48, 63-79, 86, 214; foreign policy, 35-7, 149-57, 158-74, 205-12, 234, 290, 328, 338-9, 341-2, 490, 524; Four Freedoms, 203, 266, 276, 281, 666; fourth term, 205-9, 210-12; and independence for India and Indochina, 178, 208, 338-9, 341-2; moral failure in Nisei relocation and Holocaust, 218-19; 1938 spending bill, 104, 128, 214; and the press, 31-2, 82, 283; press conferences, 31-2, 43, 73, 93; quoted on “dole,” 568; Realpolitik, 159, 216, 217, 223; reorganization bill, 105-6, 115, 131; right-wing business community critics of, 41-5, 71-3, 101-3; and “Roosevelt recession” of 1937-39, 101-4, 114, 128, 130, 214; “Second Hundred Days,” 70, 75-8; second term, 87-96, 99-120, 130-1, 132, 149-65, 214, 632; support for the arts, 132-3, 135, 139; and Supreme Court, 71-4, 87-96, 321; Supreme Court packing plan, 93-6, 105, 118; third term, 165-78, 180-2, 185-6, 190-3, 195-200, 202-5, 215; “turn to the left,” 70, 77, 118, 218; and union strikes, 47, 48-9, 99-100, 107; views of Asian leaders on, 337-8; wages-and-hours bill, 106, 107; war leader, 216-17, 495 (see also subentry below: and World War II)

  as President-elect, 19-21, 26

  presidential candidacies, 661; 1932, 3-6, 10-18, 662, 676; 1936, 79-86, 87, 91, 117-18; 1940, 161, 163, 164-5; 1944, 203-5

  public opinion of, 37, 58-9, 63, 81, 108

  and Stalin, 198, 207-8, 210-11, 217

  and Truman, 204, 223

  and World War II, 174-8, 180-2, 185-6, 190, 195-200, 216-17, 222, 402-3; aid to Britain, 161, 162, 164, 166-70; at Casablanca, 195, 196; pledge to stay out, 160, 161, 162, 166-7, 170 prewar policy in Pacific, 170-1, 172-4; at Teheran, 195, 198-9; at Yalta, 205-9, 252-3

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., Jr., 4, 24

  Roosevelt, James, 4, 22, 165

  Roosevelt, John, 3-4, 24

  Roosevelt, Sara Delano, 6, 7, 9, 18, 166

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 7-8, 9, 40, 72, 87, 88, 127, 217, 218, 219, 330, 600

  and foreign affairs, 330, 490, 642-3

  progressivism of, 14, 41, 646; and

  desertion of his party (1912), 73, 118-19, 236, 247

  Square Deal, 7, 152, 359

  Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 20

  Roper, Daniel C, 82, 101, 112

  Rosenberg, Nathan, 267

  Rosenblatt, Roger, 636

  Rosenman, Samuel, 3-4, 11, 157, 192

  Rosie the Riveter myth, 188

  Rossiter, Clinton, 123, 626

  Rostow, Walt W., 343, 403, 426

  Rothko, Mark, 621

  Rovere, Richard, 244

  Rowan, Carl, 314-15

  rubber industry, 1930s, 49, 97, 98, 188

  Ruckelshaus, William D., 505

  Rudolph, Frederick, 397

  Rural Electrification Administration, 191

  Rusk, Dean, 343, 403

  Russell, Bertrand, 546

  Russell, John, 621

  Russell, Richard, 250, 319-20, 325, 376-7

  Russian Revolution, 221

  Rustin, Bayard, 352, 381

  Rutherford, Lucy Mercer, 9, 212

  Ryan, Paddy, 307

  Sabin, Albert, 543

  Sacco-Vanzetti case, 140

  Sadat, Anwar el-, 525-6

  Safire, William, 470

  Sakharov, Andrei D., 523

  Sale, Kirkpatrick, 421

  Salinger, J. D., 297, 300

  Salk, Jonas F., 543

  SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), 477-9

  SALT II, 523, 528-9, 645

  Saltonstall, Leverett, 111

  Samuelson, Paul, 561

  Sandino, Augusto, 328

  SANE (National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy), 392

  San Francisco, 430

  Coit Tower mural, 134

  general strike of 1934, 46-7

  UN organizing conference, 209, 211, 223

  Santana (rock group), 427

  Sargent, James, 35

  Saroyan, William, 605

  Sartre, Jean-Paul, 298, 394

  Saturday Evening Post, The, 284, 614


  “Saturday Night Massacre,” 505, 507

  Saturday Review of Literature, 21

  Saudi Arabia, 574

  Savio, Mario, 395-6, 397

  Schaar, John, 396

  Scherman, Harry, 594

  Schine, David, 251

  Schlafly, Phyllis, 458, 627

  Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 278, 287, 328, 340, 366, 369-70, 495, 658

  cited: on FDR, 11, 114; on John Kennedy, 360, 370; on Norman Thomas, 53 Schlesinger, James R., 489

  Schneider, William, 658

  Schoenberg, Arnold, 605

  school busing, 653

  school prayer, 628

  schools, 596-7, 663-5

  curriculum, 597, 628, 663

  desegregation of, 236, 321-3, 370, 378; Brown v. Board of Ed., 321-2, 347, 596, 651; Little Rock, 322, 352; 1970s Supreme Court decisions, 653; Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal), 314, 322

  Schulberg, Budd, 605

  Schuman, Frederick L., 513

  Schumpeter, Joseph, 267, 347-8

  Schurz, Carl, 625

  Schuster, Jack H., 664

  science, 267-8, 541-7, 551, 572

  education and literacy, 553

  political fragmentation of, 546, 547-50

  pure vs. applied, 269-70, 542

  Science: Servant or Master? (Morgenthau), 547-8

  scientific management, 271, 280, 550

  Scientific Man vs. Power Politics (Morgenthau), 291

  Scott, Hugh, 508-9

  Screen Actors Guild (SAG), 605, 607

  Seale, Bobby George, 399

  Securities and Exchange Commission, 77, 89

  securities regulation, 25-6, 40, 122

  Seeger, Pete, 428

  Seeman, Melvin, 275

  segregation and desegregation, 348, 370-1

  Kennedy measures, 370-1

  public facilities and transportation, 315, 321, 348-52, 356-8, 361, 364, 370

  rural South, 313-16

  Southern post-Brown racist laws, 354-5 see also schools

  Selective Service Act, 165

  Sellers, Cleveland, 384

  Selma, Ala., civil rights march, 382-4

  Selznick, Lewis J., 601

  semiconductor electronics, 542-3

  Senate, US, 647, 654, 655

  Army-McCarthy hearings, 251-2, 258

  and court-packing plan of FDR, 93-6

  Democratic majorities in: 1935-36, 37; 1937-38, 87; 1939-40, 111; 1949-50, 238; 1951-52, 245; 1955-56, 320; 1965-66, 389; Nixon/Ford years, 479, 555, 558

  direct election amendment, 646-7

  8-year term proposal, 650

  filibuster rule, 321, 322, 323, 360, 376-7, 647

  investigation of munitions industry, 155

  isolationism in, 154, 155-6, 158-9

  Republican gains in: 1938, 111; 1942, 191

  Republican majorities in: 1947-48, 230; 1953-54, 253, 285; 1981-82,629, 639, 641

 

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