New Deal programs, 26, 27, 31, 34, 568
1970s, 555, 557-8, 559
1980s, 640, 641
unemployment benefits, 75
unilateralism, 154, 234, 494, 496
Union party (1936), 84, 85
unions, labor, 27, 33, 45, 54-7, 96-101
and automation, 273
and civil rights movement, 371, 377
company, 45, 100
craft, 33, 54-6, 97
and ERA, 439, 457
federal, 55
fight for recognition, 46-50, 55, 97-100; recognition by GM, 99; recognition by U.S. Steel, 100
industrial, 33, 53, 54-6, 97-100
membership statistics, 186
open vs. closed shop, 186-7
racial and sex discrimination by, 188-9, 457
“red,” 53
wartime problems, 186-7
women’s, 457
see also AFL-CIO; American Federation of Labor; Congress of Industrial Organizations United Automobile Workers (UAW), 187, 273, 392, 573, 577-8
United Farm Workers, 452
United Mine Workers, 46, 54, 187-8
United Nations, 208, 209, 210, 211, 223, 227, 229, 235, 256, 386, 523, 584, 586
Communist China admitted, 469
Declaration of Human Rights, 523, 536-40
Declaration of 1942, 178
Human Rights Commission, 339
and Israel, 525
Khrushchev at, 260
Soviet use of, 228
United Textile Workers of America, 46
Universal Negro Improvement Association, 385
universities, 270, 553, 597-8, 622, 663
University of Alabama, 370
University of California, 396, 542, 653
at Berkeley, 394-5
University of Chicago, 291, 409, 560, 562
University of Michigan, 407
University of Mississippi, 365
Updike, John, 619
upper classes, 50-1, 669
FDR and, 42-5
war against labor, 45-51
women, 436, 453, 459
urbanization, 453
of Southern blacks, 315, 385
Urban League, 371, 387, 571
Uruguay, 330
USA Today, 612
US Chamber of Commerce, 71
United States Information Agency (USIA), 296
U.S. Steel Corporation, 56, 99-100
Utley, Freda, 123
U-2 plane, 261-3, 334, 476
Valenti, Jack, 608
values (core, modal, instrumental), 598, 682
Van Buren, Martin, 117, 648
Vance, Cyrus, 412, 522-3, 524-5, 528, 539
Vandenberg, Arthur H., 155, 163, 235, 285
Van Devanter, Willis, 91, 93, 96
Van Dyke, Vernon, 539
Variety magazine, 194
Venezuela, 330
Versailles Treaty, 150, 151, 157, 253, 632
veto power, 646, 647
House, Senate over each other, 647, 655
Vienna, 332-3, 335, 529
Viereck, Peter, 626
Vietcong, 342, 484
Vietminh, 255
Vietnam, 401-6, 474
French colonialism, 341-2
Geneva Accords of 1954, 342, 405
see also North Vietnam; South Vietnam
Vietnam War, 342-4, 390-1, 397, 401-7, 410, 417-20, 422-6, 475-6, 478-84, 493-4, 497, 538, 675
bombing, 403, 405-6, 410, 412-13, 418, 422, 475-6, 479-80, 483-4, 527
casualties, 391
election issue: in 1968, 412-16; in 1972, 460-1, 479, 481-2
genesis of, 342-4
Paris peace talks and cease-fire, 481-4
Tet offensive, 411, 412
troop statistics, 343, 390, 410, 418
Vietnamization, 417, 419-20, 422-4
withdrawal, 480-4
see also anti-Vietnam War movement
Viguerie, Richard, 637, 638, 641
Village Voice, 429, 614
Vishinsky, Andrei, 206
Vladivostok summit (1974), 488, 523
Voice of America, 523
Volcker, Paul, 562
Volstead Act, 25
Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), 566
von Braun, Wernher, 579
Voorhis, Jerry, 468
voter registration drives, 661-2, 670
South, 356, 378-81, 382-4
voter turnout, decline in, 646, 661, 670
voting rights:
for blacks, 357, 366, 371, 378-84; discrimination, 355, 379-80; legislation, 321-3, 378, 383, 384, 389
for women, 433, 440, 646-7
Voting Rights Act (1965), 383, 384, 389, 397, 651
wages, 669
autoworkers, 573
Carter restrictions, 559
Depression, 19, 32, 40, 47, 48, 49-50
discrimination: racial, 189; sex, 81, 82, 188
New Deal measures, 32, 90, 106, 107
Nixon freeze, 556
union gains, 100, 187-8
wartime increase, 184, 187, 648
Waggoner, Hyatt, 299
Wagner, Robert, 70, 75, 96, 112
Wagner (National Labor Relations) Act (1935), 75, 90, 95-6, 107, 603
Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill, 191
Wald, Lillian, 122
Wallace, George C., 367, 369, 370, 383-4, 415-16, 460, 637-8, 644, 656
Wallace, Henry, 23, 65, 73, 102, 114, 118, 208, 234, 277, 337-8
presidential candidacy, 234-7, 238, 286
as Vice President, 164, 203, 234
Wall Street Journal, The, 41, 612, 627
Walsh, David I., 162, 312
Walzer, Michael, 540, 598
Ward, Benjamin, 565
Warhol, Andy, 621, 623
war-making powers, 495
“War on Poverty,” 516, 566-7, 568, 570-1
War Production Board (WPB), 185, 186
War Refugee Board, 219
Warren, Karl, 322, 506, 652, 654, 667
as Governor, 191, 604
Washington, Booker T., 352, 675
Washington, George, 153, 218, 337, 507, 593
Washington, D.C.:
Civil Rights Rally of 1963, 371-2
summit meetings: 1959, Khrushchev, 260-1; 1973, Brezhnev, 485-6, 488
Washington Naval Conference and Treaty (1921-22), 152, 170
Washington Post, 12, 465, 500-1, 612, 614
Pentagon Papers, 425-6
Watergate Affair, 498, 499, 510-14, 651
cover-up of, 500-6, 508, 510, 512
hush money, 501, 502
sentences, 512-13
smoking gun, 508, 509, 511-12
tapes, 505-6, 507-8, 509, 511, 557
water quality control, 389, 466
Watson, James, 544
Watson, Thomas J., 71
Walls race riots, 397-8, 554
Waxman, Chaim, 568
wealth, distribution of, 17, 60, 128, 215, 566, 668-9
Coughlin and, 58-9
Huey Long on, 60, 62
“wealth tax” of 1935, 76, 77, 78, 128
Weatherman, 422
Weaver, Richard, 627
Weinberg, Jack, 394-5
Weinreb, Lloyd, 519
Weisberger, Bernard, 478
Welch, Joseph, 251, 258
welfare programs, federal, 466, 554, 556, 558, 560-1, 567, 630-1, 641
Fair Deal, 236
New Deal, 25, 34, 37, 40, 76, 81, 134, 213-14, 568, 570; 1937-39 recession, 104
War on Poverty, 566-7, 568
Welles, Orson, 136, 139
Welles, Sumner, 154
Wells, H. G., 13, 131
Welty, Eudora, 615
West, Nathanael, 605, 608
West Bank, 486, 525-6
Western Europe, 254, 294-6, 565
Marshall Plan aid, 233, 265, 295
US defense partnership, 265, 488
West Germany, 233, 238, 476
economic competition by, 556
/>
Westmoreland, General William, 406, 411
Westwood, Jean, 458
Wheeler, Burton, 61-2, 73, 76, 77, 94, 95
isolationism of, 154, 169
Wheeler-Rayburn (Public Utility Holding Company) Act (1935), 76, 214
White, Andrew D., 611
White, Byron, 362
White, Ralph K., 234
White, T. H., 603
White, Theodore, 284, 636
White, Walter, 113
White, William Allen, 20, 122, 614
White Citizens’ Councils, 351, 354-5, 365, 367, 379
white-collar crime, 514-16, 517
Whitman, Walt, 6, 142
Whyte, William H., Jr., 280-1, 599
Wicker, Tom, 520
Wiener, Norbert, 274-5
Wiesel, Elie, 635
Wiggins, Charles, 508
Wiley, George A., 570
Wilford, John Noble, 584, 585
Wilkins, Roy, 371, 372, 381, 387
Will, George, 644
Williams, G. Mennen, 28, 325
Williams, Hosea, 356
Williams, Tennessee, 277, 297, 300
Williamson, Kris, 451
Willis, Ellen, 430, 444
Willkie, Wendell, 76, 163-4, 165, 202, 203, 208, 236, 593
Wills, Garry, 466, 604
Wilson, Charles E., 236, 575
Wilson, Edmund, 19
Wilson, James Q., 516, 518, 648
Wilson, Woodrow, 5, 23-4, 41, 71, 72, 75, 87, 117, 127, 218, 312, 600, 632, 646, 657
idealism of, 152, 217, 465, 522
internationalism of, 11, 12, 465
and 1918 congressional election, 190-1
and World War 1, 490
Wilson Administration, 92, 152
Winfield, Dave, 610
Winner, Langdon, 552
Winthrop, Diana, 613
wiretapping, in Nixon administration, 499
Wisconsin, progressivism in, 68, 108
Wolin, Sheldon, 396
women, 551, 667
and New Deal, 120, 122
in party politics, 458, 648
support for FDR, 83
as wartime labor, 188, 453
Women Against Daddy Warbucks, 421
Women: A Journal of Liberation, 447
Women’s Bureau, 438
Women’s Equity Action League (WEAL), 439
Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell (WITCH), 446
women’s issues and rights, 40, 81, 376, 433-4, 436-60, 466, 551, 646
abortion, 439, 440, 447-9, 452, 458, 628, 654
battery, 449, 534
Eleanor Roosevelt and, 10, 29, 113, 433-4
ERA, 434, 438-9, 452, 457, 458-9
legislation of 1960s and 1970s, 378, 439
pornography, 449, 534-5
rape, 449
suffrage, 433, 440, 646-7
Supreme Court decisions, 651, 653, 654
see also sex discrimination
women’s liberation movement, 436-60, 659
blacks in, 451-3
dualisms in, 441-9, 451, 454
genesis and growth of, 453-4
and lesbianism, 450-1
national coalition of groups, 440-1
question of electoral and lobbying politics, 456-8, 460-1
radical groups, 443-9, 454, 455-6
younger vs. older branch, 441-3, 454-5, 457-8, 460-1
Women’s Political Council, 349-50
Women’s Trade Union League, 10
Women Strike for Peace, 392
Wood, Grant, 138
Woodin, William, 23-4
Woodrow Wilson Foundation, 155
Woodstock festival, 426-7, 431, 432
Woodward, Bob, 501
Wooley, Mary, 122
worker participation in management, 565, 578
Workers’ Alliance of America, 132, 570
working class, 45, 52, 57, 564
see also labor
working conditions, 46, 48
hours, 32, 90, 100, 106
NRA reforms, 32, 33, 106
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 76, 104, 191, 213
Federal Art Project, 134-5
Federal Theatre Project, 135-8
Federal Writers’ Project, 139-41
World Court, 63, 70
World War I, 177, 193, 219
World War II, 337-8, 402-3, 453, 497
Allied conferences, 195-9, 205-9, 224-5, 226
battle of Atlantic, 169-70, 171-2, 173, 175, 180, 197, 217
danger in Europe, 149-51, 153, 155-9
danger in Pacific, 168, 170-1, 172-4
in Europe, 159-64, 166-70, 177, 180, 182, 196, 199-201, 206, 211, 223-4; cross-Channel attack, 177-8, 180-1, 196-201, 207
North African operations, 178, 181, 197
in Pacific, 174-80, 196, 198, 201-2, 206, 207, 211, 224, 225
Pearl Harbor, 174-6
question of second front, 180-1, 196-9, 202, 207, 221-2
unconditional surrender requirement, 211, 217, 224, 225
US and, 174-90, 192-5; aid to Britain, 161, 162, 164, 166-70; FDR pledge to stay out, 160, 161, 162, 166-7, 170; growing US intervention, 167-74; war production and labor, 182-4, 186-9, 199, 268, 272, 648
V-E day, 224
V-J day, 225, 226
Worsley, Peter, 304
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 593
Wright, Richard, 145, 615
writers, writing, 605, 665
Depression era, 141-6
New Deal programs, 139-40
1970s, 615-20
postwar, 296-301
and red-baiting, 132, 139, 140, 141-2
and the State (PEN Congress), 617-20
Wyman, Jane, 606-7
Yale University, 270, 542
Yalta Conference and agreement, 159, 205-9, 210-11, 226, 252-3
Yamamoto, Adm. Isoroku, 180
Yasgur, Max, 427
Yeager, Charles E., 268
Yeats, William Butler, 681, 682
Yom Kippur War (1973), 487, 574
Yorktown, U.S.S., 179, 180
Young, Andrew, 352, 592
Young, Neil, 587
Young, Owen D., 15
Young, Whitney, 371, 387
Young Americans for Freedom, 637
Young Communist League, 603
youth culture of 1960s, 394, 426-32
Youth International Party (Yippies), 414-15
youth programs:
New Deal, 76, 104, 113
War on Poverty, 566
see also Civilian Conservation Corps Yugoslavia, 149, 169, 260
“yuppies,” 599, 660
Zangara, Joseph, 21
Zappa, Frank, 427
Zhdanov, Andrei, 227, 229
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The Vineyard of Liberty copyright © 1982 by James MacGregor Burns
The Workshop of Democracy copyright © 1985 by James MacGregor Burns
The Crosswinds of Freedom copyright © 1989 by James MacGregor Burns
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American Experiment Page 342