5. The ACORN Living Wage Resource Center, http://www.livingwagecampaign.org/shortwins.php.
6. Robert Pear, “Aid to Poor Faces Tighter Scrutiny,” New York Times, Feb. 5, 2003, p. Ai.
7. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Jan. 25, 2008, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nro.htm.
8. The 1994 School-to-Work Opportunities Act, which created vocational and apprenticeship programs, was well funded to the states but was never turned into reality and was not renewed by the Clinton administration. Robert I. Lerman, “Promoting Quality Careers with Intensive School-to-Work Activities,” paper for the Association for Public Policy and Management, Dallas, Texas, Nov. 7–9, 2002. Also, interview with the author.
9. For the year 2004–2005. Citizens Budget Commission, “Local Taxes in New York: Easing the Burden,” Dec. 6, 2007, http://www.cbcnyorg/Bucket%203%2oPowerpoint.pdf
10. Gary Orfield, Erica Frankenberg, and Chungmei Lee, “A Multiracial Society with Segregated Schools: Are We Losing the Dream?” (Cambridge, Mass.: The Civil Rights Project of Harvard University, Jan. 16, 2003).
11. Jack P. Shonkoff and Deborah A. Phillips, eds., From Neurons to Neighbor hoods: The Science of Early Child Development (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000), p. 211.
12. Lisbeth B. Schorr, Within Our Reach (New York: Anchor/Doubleday, 1988), p. 293.
Copyright © 2004, 2005 by David K. Shipler
Vintage and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
A portion from chapter two previously appeared in The New York Times Magazine.
The Library of Congress has cataloged the Knopf edition as follows:
Shipler, David K. [date]
The working poor: Invisible in America / David K. Shipler.—ist ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Poor—United States. 2. Working class—United States—Economic conditions.
3. Working class—United States—Finance, Personal. 4. Cost and standard of living—
United States. 5. Wages—United States. 6. Income—United States.
7. Debt—United States. I. Title.
HC110.P6S48 2004
305.5′69 0973—dc2i
2003056191
www.vintagebooks.com
eISBN: 978-0-307-49340-8
v3.0_r2
The Working Poor Page 42