by Marty Klein
CHAPTER NINE
1. Universally accepted diagnostic criteria do not exist for pornography addiction or problematic pornography viewing. See M.P. Twohig and J.M. Crosby, “Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Treatment for Problematic Internet Pornography Viewing,” Behavior Therapy, 2010, 41 (3): 285–295. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.06.002.PMID 20569778.
2. In fact, in some programs “porn addicts” are even told that they have to abstain from partner sex for awhile.
3. Patrick Carnes, Out of the Shadows: Understanding Sexual Addiction. Minneapolis: CompCare Publishers, 1983.
4. Because there are no agreed-upon, peer-reviewed diagnostic criteria, the incidence of “sex addiction” is debatable. Some common estimates—whose criteria are not published—are:
Patrick Carnes: 5–8 percent of the adult public;
Rob Weiss: 3–5 percent of the adult public;
Mayo Clinic: 3–6 percent of the adult public.
5. For the APA’s own description on the extensive revision process, see DSM5.org, http://www.dsm5.org/about/pages/faq.aspx
6. “Viewing online pornography” is specifically mentioned. APA.org, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/04/pornography.aspx
Slate.com, http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2015/08/27/josh_duggar_is_going_to_rehab_for_porn_addiction_is_that_a_real_thing.html
NCBI.NLM.NIH,gov, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4600144
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography_addiction#cite_note-twohig2010-5
7. UPI.com, http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2014/02/12/Researchers-No-such-thing-as-porn-addiction/UPI-84311392244818/#ixzz2tDtPg8UD
8. “I was a porn addict and now I can help you.” See CompulsionSolutions.com, http://compulsionsolutions.com
9. A lot of what looks like porn addiction to some is certainly a matter of the social or psychological environment in which a person is located. See Michael W. Ross, Sven-Axel Månsson, Kristian Daneback, “Prevalence, Severity, and Correlates of Problematic Sexual Internet Use in Swedish Men and Women.” Archives of Sexual Behavior, April 2012, Vol. 41, Issue 2 pp. 459–466. First online: 12 May 2011. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9762-0
10. Cancer.org, http://www.cancer.org/healthy/stayawayfromtobacco/guidetoquittingsmoking/guide-to-quitting-smoking-success-rates
11. DailyMail.co.uk, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2292468/Average-smoker-makes-failed-attempts-habit-finally-so.html#ixzz3xGf92jO3
12. DrOz.com, http://www.doctoroz.com/videos/can-porn-cause-erectile-dysfunction-pt-1
13. Personal communication, Charles Moser, MD.
14. N. Prause and J. Pfaus, “Viewing Sexual Stimuli Associated with Greater Sexual Responsiveness, Not Erectile Dysfunction.” Sex Med 2015. doi:10.1002/sm2.58 [epub ahead of print]
15. I. Landripet and A. Stulhofer, “Is Pornography Use Associated with Sexual Difficulties and Dysfunctions among Younger Heterosexual Men?” Journal of Sex Medicine, 2015; 12:1136–1139.
16. WebMD.com, http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/news/20040804/young-men-lead-surge-in-viagra-use
17. One reason physicians mistakenly think they are seeing more ED in young men is because some patients want erection drugs for performance enhancement rather than real ED, and they know what to say to get them. See the study on faked ADHD and Adderall seeking: M. Sollman, “Detection of Feigned ADHD in College Students,” Psychological Assessment 2010 Vol. 22, No. 2, 325–335. “Results indicated malingerers readily produced ADHD-consistent profiles.”
18. In her APS-David Myers Distinguished Lecture on the Science and Craft of Teaching Psychology, 5/25/12. PsychologicalScience.org, http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/video/how-to-spot-pseudoneuroscience-and-biobunk.html 13:15-13:45 slide.
19. D.P. McCabe and A.D. Castel, Department of Psychology at Colorado State University, “Seeing is Believing: The Effect of Brain Images on Judgments of Scientific Reasoning,” Cognition 2008, Apr;107(1):343–52. Epub Sept. 4, 2007.
20. Salon.com, http://www.salon.com/2012/03/20/santorums_bad_porn_science
21. Salon.com, http://www.salon.com/2012/03/20/santorums_bad_porn_science
22. Salon.com, http://www.salon.com/2012/03/20/santorums_bad_porn_science
23. Independent.co.uk, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/pornography-addiction-leads-to-same-brain-activity-as-alcoholism-or-drug-abuse-study-shows-8832708.html
24. Personal communication, 9/23/13.
25. SmithsonianMag.com, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/the-smell-of-newborn-babies-triggers-the-same-reward-centers-as-drugs-58482/?no-ist
26. J.R. Georgiadis and M.L. Kringelbach. “The Human Sexual Response Cycle: Brain Imaging Evidence Linking Sex to Other Pleasures,” Prog Neurobiol. 2012; 98(1):49–81. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004.
27. J.R. Georgiadis, “Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes Associated with Clitorally Induced Orgasm in Healthy Women,” European Journal of Neuroscience, 2006, 24(11), 3305–3316.
28. YourBrainOnPorn.com, http://yourbrainonporn.com/ask-us-iam-attracted-to-gay-transsexual
29. Paula Hall, Understanding and Treating Sex Addiction: A Comprehensive Guide for People Who Struggle with Sex Addiction and Those Who Want to Help Them. New York: Routledge, 2012.
30. P.A. Trueman, “Porn Creates Demand for Sex Trafficking.” Miami Herald [online] July 2. 2014. http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/07/23/4251372/porn-creates-demand-for-sex-trafficking.html
Of course, there is only a tiny amount of sex trafficking in the United States at the very same time that there is a huge amount of porn consumption.
31. NoFap.com, http://www.nofap.com
32. Sydney.edu.au, http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=9176
EPILOGUE
1. See NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell’s statements in the New York Times Magazine, 2/7/16, and San Jose Mercury-News, 2/6/16.
INDEX
Abstinence model, 13, 95
Adam Walsh Child Safety Protection Act of 2006, 191n8
Adams, Abigail, 40
Adaptation, 156
Addiction treatment, 161, 171
ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), 155-156
Adult Video News, 139
African Americans and sexually-oriented moral panics, 19
“Aggravated” sexting, 91
Alcohol, 136, 165
Amateur pornography, 47-48
American Ecstasy (Nitke), 45-46
America’s War on Sex (Klein), 185
Anti-porn activists: communication with porn consumers, lack of, 142-143; Confluence model, 136; experience of watching porn, variety of, 144-145; ideology vs. empirical analysis, 133-135; junk neuroscience, 168-169; other agendas, 186-187; presentations of, 133; “rape culture,” 135-136; on violence in pornography, 136-140
Anti-porn industry, 31. See also Moral entrepreneurs
Anti-vaccination movement, 18
Ashley Madison hacking scandal, 191n13
Asperger’s Syndrome, 155-156
“Attachment style,” 137, 154
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 155-156
Attwood, Feona, 141
Augustine, St., 116
Baby Doll, 11
Bachmann, Michele, 18
Backward masking scare, 18
Barry, Marion, 161
BDSM, 82
BHF (British Heart Foundation), 163
Biblical arguments against pornography, 107-108
Billion Wicked Thoughts, A (Ogas and Gaddam), 38
Birth control pill, 13
Blackwell, Elizabeth, 6
“Body-punishing” sex, 138
Brain development, 28, 30, 78
Brash Films, 43-46
Braun-Harvey, Doug, 153
Breasts, 48
Bridges, Ana, 139
British Heart Foundation (BHF), 163
Broadband Internet. See Internet
Brownmiller, Susan, 134
Bundy, Ted, 26<
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Bush, George H. W., 14
Bush, George W., 12-13, 21
Cañon City, Colorado, 93
Carnes, Patrick, 30, 161
Carpenter, Bruce, 167
Cashmere, Damian, 45
Catholic Church: child sex abuse, 190n4; contraception, 14; HIV/AIDS epidemic, 13; public health critique of pornography, 26
Causation, 169-170
CCA (Comics Code Authority), 18
Celebrities: comparing ourselves to, 53, 54, 67, 80, 111; “sex addiction,” 161
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 136
Child abduction, 18
Child pornography: adult porn not a gateway to, 181; Deep Web, 23; discussion of, 1-2; misinformation and myths, 29; progression to, 194n3; sexting and, 89, 93-94
Child sexual exploitation, decreasing rates of, 33
Children, and pornography. See also Sexting: brain training, 78; communication and, 76; confusion, potential areas of, 81-82; early sexualization, 79; feelings of guilt or shame, 82-83; future sexual relationships, 78; inaccurate ideas about sex, 80; masturbation, 83-84; misinformation and myths, 77-80; molestation, 78-79; opinions of women, 78; “porn addiction,” 79; porn literacy checklist, 85-86; secrecy and, 75-76; sex information websites for kids, 181-182; sexual problems, 80
China, technological change in, 20
Citizens for Community Values, 21
Cleopatra, 40
Clergy. See Counselors
Clinton, Bill, 14-15
Coercion, depictions of, 139-140, 144-145
Collecting pornography, 127-131
Comic books, 18, 19
Comics Code Authority (CCA), 18
Communication: about sex, 105-106, 183, 187; through pornography, 123-126
Communications Decency Act, 45
Concerned Women for America, 25
Concussions, 187
Condoms, 6, 13
Confluence model, 136
Consent: ethics of, 96; sexting and, 90-92, 95-96
Contraception, 14, 19
Contrasting labels of issues, 26-27
Counselors: avoid references to what’s normal, 178-179; clients’ porn literacy, increasing, 180; counseling vs. politics, 180; dealing with addiction issues, 179; differential diagnosis, 178; encourage couples to talk about sex more than pornography, 183; guidance for talking about pornography, 177-178; healthy porn use, definition of, 182; increasing porn literacy and sexual intelligence, 175-183; meaning of pornography, 179; other issues involved, 182-183; PornPanic and, 181; sexual information and kids, 181-182; taking sides, 178; use of porn vs. desire for partner sex, 180-181; values around masturbation, infidelity, and lust, 178
Couples’ conflicts about pornography: biblical arguments, 107-108; collecting pornography, 127-131; communication through pornography, 123-126; competing with women in pornography, 111-112; curiosity and empathy, need for, 57-59; demands vs. collaboration, 102-105; example of, 115-121, 123-126, 127-131; innovative approaches to, 99-113; other issues involved, 143-144; pornography use as infidelity, 106-107, 115-121; power struggles, 108-110; therapists’ approaches to, 100-101; therapists taking sides, 112-113; understanding the problem before problem solving, 102-106; unspoken grievances, 102-103
Couple’s contract, 100-101, 106-107
Couples therapy, 99-113. See also Couples’ conflicts about pornography
Curiosity, in relationships, 57-59
Current Sexual Health Reports, 162
Deep Web, 23
Defense of Marriage Act, 14, 18
Delegitimization, 143
Desire, vs. fantasy, 38-39
The Devil in Miss Jones, 45
Diamond, Mickey, 52
Differential diagnosis, 178
Digital natives, 89
Dines, Gail, 135, 136, 138, 142, 144, 192n6
Disruptive technologies, 13-16
Divorce, decreasing rates of, 28, 33
Dobson, James, 26
Dopamine, 168
Douglas, Michael, 14, 161
DSM-5, 162, 179
Dungeons & Dragons scare, 18
Dworkin, Andrea, 21, 134
Edwards, Jonathan, 191n11
Elders, Joycelyn, 18
Emotional pain, 3
Emotions, regulation of, 152
Empathy, in relationships, 57-59
Erectile dysfunction, 163-166, 168, 198n17
Erection problems, 29, 80
Erotic power play, 65-66
“Experimental” sexting, 91
External pressure, 150
Extramarital affairs, 169
Family Research Council, 25
Fantasy. See Sexual fantasy
Fear of judgment, 153-154
Female sexual passion, 28-30, 66-68, 144
Feminism, 2, 26, 66, 144-145
Fetish, 48
Fifty Shades of Grey, 29, 38, 101
Filtering software, 21, 191n15
Finkelhor, David, 87-88, 94
First Amendment, 12
Fisher, William, 137
Focus on the Family, 26, 33
Funk, R.E., 140
Gay pornography, 61-62
Girls & Sex: Navigating the Complicated New Landscape (Orenstein), 92
GoAskAlice.columbia.edu, 85
Goodyear, Charles, 6
Government studies, 134
Graham, Sylvester, 83
Green, Laci, 182
Greer, Germaine, 17
Guilt, feelings of, 82-83
Gutenberg type, 189n1
Hartley, Nina, 45-46
Hasinoff, Amy Adele, 90
Herdt, Gil, 17
HIV/AIDS epidemic, 13, 18
Homosexual obsessive compulsive disorder (HOCD), 169
Homosexuality, fear of, 14, 18
Hostile masculinity, 136
Hughes, Donna Rice, 134
“Hypo-reactivity,” 169
ICD-10, 179
Immorality campaign, 11-12
Immorality critique of pornography, 19, 25-26
Impeachment, 15
Impersonal orientation to sexuality, 136
Infidelity, 14; masturbation as a form of, 107; pornography use as, 27, 106-107, 115-121, 141
Internal pressure, 150
Internet: attempts to censor, 14; changes in viewing pornography, 7; as a disruptive technology, 13-16; introduction of, 12-13; mental stimulation from, 165; overuse of vs. overuse of porn, 181; results of pornography being available via, 15-16; role of, 189n3; use, growth of, 19-20
“Internet addiction,” 150-151
“Internet Gaming Disorder,” 150
Internet predators, 21
Intimacy, 29
Intimate relationships, curiosity and empathy in, 57-59
Jensen, Robert, 134, 135, 140, 192n6
Jeremy, Ron, 46
Johnson, Eithne, 133
Johnson, Lyndon, 134
Journal of Sex Research, 135
Judgment, fear of, 153-154
Juvenile Law Center, 94
Kazan, Elia, 11
Kellogg, John Harvey, 83
Kennedy, Anthony, 190n6
Kerner, Ian, 164
Kinsey, Alfred, 19, 62
Kinsey Scale of sexual orientation, 62
Knapton, Mike, 163
Komisaruk, Barry, 167
Kramer, Andrew, 164
Lady Chatterley’s Lover, 189n2
Law, sexting and, 92-97
Lawrence v. Texas, 12, 190n6
Legion of Decency, 11
Lesbians, and sexual fantasy, 40
Levick, Marsha, 94
Low-brow novels, 6
Lowe, Rob, 161
MacKinnon, Catharine, 66, 134
Malamuth, Neil, 136, 137
Malden, Karl, 11
Manson, Charles, 18
Marie Antoinette, 40
Marijuana, 165, 193-194n18
Marijuana scare, 18
Masturbation, 18; advantages of, 84; as an emotionally safe alternative to
partner sex, 154; erectile dysfunction, 165-166; feelings of guilt or shame, 83-84; as a form of infidelity, 107; “porn addiction” and, 171-172; problems with, 151; uses of, 181
Masturbation panic, 19
McGraw, Phil, 109
McGuire, Rusty, 93-94
McKee, Alan, 25, 141
Media: coverage of pornography, 143; PornPanic and, 187; sexting and, 92-97
Media literacy, 69, 80-81
Meese Commission, 134
Megan’s Law, 18
Men, concern over personal involvement with pornography: definition of a porn problem, 156-157; emotions, regulation of, 152; erotic conflicts, 153; external pressure, 150; internal pressure, 150; introduction to, 147-150; performance anxiety, 154-155; porn problem vs. Internet problem, 150-151; porn problem vs. masturbation, 151; sex-related trauma, 154-155; sexual dynamics, 151; sexual inexperience, 155-156; shame and fear of judgment, 153-154; using porn to mediate other problems, 151-156
Mental health professionals, 22. See also Counselors
Misinformation and myths, children and pornography, 77-80
Mitchell, Sharon, 46
Mixed-gender fantasy, 62
Molestation, 78-79
Monogamy, 106-107, 116
Moore’s Law, 87, 193n2
Moral entrepreneurs, 17-18, 25. See also Anti-porn activists
Moral panics. See also PornPanic: about pornography, 20-21; effect of on couples’ assumptions about pornography, 101-102; examples of, 18-19; introduction to, 17-18
Morality in Media, 21, 25, 135-136
Morals, changing roles of, 11-12
Morgan, Robin, 134
Morin, Jack, 153
Narrative, controlling, 26-28
National Center on Sexual Exploitation, 136
Neuroscience, 27, 30, 166-170
Nicotine, 163
Nitke, Barbara, 45-46
Nitke, Herb, 45
Nixon, Richard, 134
No-Fap, 168, 172
Northwestern University Law School, 135
Nylon, 189n1
Objectification, 67
Older people in pornography, 40-41, 48
Oppression Paradigm, 133, 142
Orenstein, Peggy, 92
Orgasm: in American Ecstasy, 46; collecting pornography and, 156; communication about, 183; during film shoot, 45; as the goal of sex, 64; masturbation and, 54, 120, 151; neuroscience, 167; in partner sex, 81; in pornography, 29, 86, 180; and pornography, myths about, 169; pressure to produce, 156; women and, 70