18. Gay, ‘Trivia’, in Baron, London, I, p. 625, lines 25–8.
19. Cowper Coles, ‘Hartshorne Lane and Angel Court’, pp. 149–77. Seymour, Survey of the cities, II, p. 654. M.B. Honeybourne, ‘Charing Cross Riverside’, London Topographical Record, XXI (1958), 44–78. E. Beresford Chamberlain, The Annals of the Strand, topographical and historical (1912), pp. 87–8, 194, 248.
20. Westminster City Archives, F1100, Parish records of St Martin’s-in-the-Fields, Poor rate ledger, 1662, ff.7–8. F1093, Poor rate ledger 1660, ff.9–10. Cowper Coles, ‘Hartshorne Lane and Angel Court’, pp. 152, 156.
21. Cowper Coles, ‘Hartshorne Lane and Angel Court’, p. 149.
22. Galer and Wheeler, The Strand, pp. 24, 43. Wheatley and Lunnington, London Past and Present, II, p.151. ‘Family of Godfrey’, p. 490.
23. List of the merchants of London (1677). Woodhead, Rulers of London, p. 77.
24. Cowper Coles, ‘Hartshorne Lane and Angel Court’, p. 159.
25. Ibid., pp. 160, 166, 167.
26. P. Earle, The Making of the English Middle-class: Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660–1730 (1989), pp. 212–18.
27. R.B. Westerfield, Middlemen in English Business, particularly between 1660–1760 (Yale, 1915), pp. 218–413. R. Grassby, ‘The personal wealth of the business community in seventeenth century England’, Economic History Review, XXIII (1970), 220–34. J.U. Nef, The Rise of the British Coal Industry (2 vols, 1966 edn) I, pp. 394–400, 406–7, 408–10; II, pp. 84–9, 96–7, 100–1, 103, 105, 107, 300–15. J.U. Nef,’Dominance of trade in the English coal industry in the seventeenth century’, Journal of Economic and Business History, I (1929), 423–33. H.G. Roseveare, ‘The damned combination, the port of London and the wharfingers cartel of 1695’, The London Journal, XXI (1996), 97–111.
28. The grand concern of England explained (1673), pp. 59–60.
29. H.B. Dale, The Fellowship of the Woodmongers, Six Centuries of London Coal Trade (1923), pp. 48–55. E. Bennett, The Worshipful Company of Carmen of London (1952), pp. 56–7. H.B. Dale, ‘The worshipful company of Woodmongers and the coal trade in London’, Royal Society of Arts Journal (1922), 817–19.
30. H.B. Dale, The Fellowship of the Woodmongers, Six Centuries of the London Coal Trade (1923), pp. 48–55. Bodleian Library, Rawlinson MSS D, 725 B are the only remaining records of the company dating from before the Great Fire.
31. House of Commons Journal, VIII, pp. 676, 18 January 1667. E.A. McArthur, ‘Sir Edmund Bury Godfrey Woodmonger’, English Historical Review, XLIII (1928), 78.
32. ‘The case of the woodmongers within this City in relation to Carrs’ (1673) in Dale, Fellowship of the Woodmongers, p. 62.
33. For this incident see The Diary of Samuel Pepys, edited by R. Latham and W. Matthews (11 vols, 1970–83), IX, p. 561. W. Westergaard, The First Triple Alliance, the letters of Christopher Lindenov, Danish envoy to London, 1668–1672 (New Haven, 1947), pp. 121, 127. The Bulstrode Papers, 1667–1675 (1897), pp. 101–3.
34. BL, Add. MSS 28053, f.24. CSPD, 1667–68, p. 426.
35. NLI, MSS 4728, ff. 7, 24–5.
36. Ibid., ff.7, 24–5. Beaven, Aldermen of the City of London, pp. 52, 162.
37. NLI, MSS 4728, ff. 7, 24.
38. Ibid., ff. 2, 25–8, 28–9, 33.
39. Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills, PROB 11, 359, 46, ff. 357–9. Greater London Record Office, Accession 1376, nos. 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 212. BL, Add. Charters, 19471, ‘Will of Michael Godfrey, 1689’.D. Lysons, Historical account of those parishes in the counties of Middlesex which are not described in the environs of London (1800), pp. 249–67. J. Thorne, Handbook of the Environs of London (2 vols, 1876), II, p. 568. C.J. Feret, Fulham Old and New (3 vols, 1900), III, pp. 214–5. L’Estrange, Times, III, p.195. The case of Thomas Critchely esquire, Doctor William Denton, Edward Diggs, William Hammond, Robert Henley, Edmund Berry Godfrey . . . &c (1670). BL, Add. MSS, 33578, f.33.
40. L’Estrange, Times, III, p. 195.
41. NLI, MSS 4728, ff. 4–5, 8, 12, 21, 29–30, 31–3, B.D. Henning (ed.), The History of Parliament, the House of Commons, 1660–1690 (3 vols, 1983), III, p. 445.
42. Smuts, ‘Court and its neighbourhood’, pp. 117–49.
43. The Diary of John Evelyn, ed. E.S. de Beer (7 vols, 1955), IV, p. 599. T. Delaune, Angliae Metropolis or the Present state of London (1690 edn), p. 175. J. McMaster, A short history of the royal parish of St Martin’s-in-the-Fields (1916). S. and B. Webb, English Local Government, the Parish and the County (1906), p. 11. M.J. Power, ‘The social topography of Restoration London’ in Beier and Findlay (eds), Making of the Metropolis, pp. 202, 206. V. Pearl, ‘Change and stability in seventeenth-century London’, The London Journal, V (1979), 3–34. I. Archer, The Pursuit of Stability: Social Relations in Elizabethan London (Cambridge, 1991).
44. E.G. Rupp, Religion in England, 1688–1791 (Oxford, 1986), pp. 40–2.
45. See N.G. Brett-Jones, The Growth of Stuart London (1953), pp. 127–86.
46. L. Picard, Restoration London (1997), p. 6–7, 46–9.
47. P. Seaward, ‘Gilbert Sheldon, the London vestries and the defence of the Church’ in T. Harris, P. Seaward and M. Goldie (eds), The Politics of Religion in Restoration England (1990), p. 589. A. McCampbell, ‘The London parish and the London precinct, 1640–1660’, Guildhall Studies in London History, II (1976), 107–24. A. Whiteman, The Compton census of 1676: a critical edition (Oxford, 1986), p. 57. S. and B. Webb, English Local Government, the Parish and the County, pp. 173–236.
48. Seward, ‘Gilbert Sheldon’, p. 589.
49. George, London Life, p. 91.
50. Ibid., p. 92.
51. Greater London Record Office, Calendar of Session Books 302–361, May 1677–April 1679, September 1677, p. 154 (bk. no. 346).
52. Galer and Wheeler, The Strand, p. 113. CSPD 1665–6, p. 107.
53. E. Bohun, The Justice of the Peace his calling, a moral essay (1684), p. 14. M. Dalton, The Country Justice (1633), pp. 22–3. E. Wingate, Justice revived being the whole office of a country Justice of the Peace (1661 edn). W. Sheppard, A sure guide for his majesty’s Justices of Peace plainly showing their duty (1669 edn), p. 5. S. and B. Webb, English Local Government, the Parish and the County, pp. 337–8. D. J. Johnson, Southwark and the City (Oxford, 1969), p. 221.
54. Bohun, Justice, p.1. S. and B. Webb, English Local Government, the Parish and the County, pp. 326–8.
55. Tuke, Memoires, pp. 4–5.
56. S. and B. Webb, English Local Government, the Parish and the County, pp. 337–8. Sir John Reresby also held this post in 1681, see ibid. p.338. Also R. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and rural Middlesex, c. 1660–1725 (Cambridge, 1991), p. 230.
57. Greater London Record Office, Calendar of Session Books 302–61, May 1677–April 1679, pp. 15, 73 (bks 305, 323).
58. For the plague see W.G, Bell, The Great Plague in London in 1665 (1951 edn). Also Lloyd, Sermon, pp. 23–4.
59. Ibid., pp. 68, 41, 55, 214, 242.
60. CSPD, 1665–6, p. 107.
61. Tuke, Memoires, p. 49. Lloyd, Sermon, pp. 23–4. See also Historical Manuscripts Commission Report (HMC), 7, p. 485. London Gazette, 18 September 1666. Bell, Great Fire, pp. 176, 353. Bell, Great Plague, pp. 70. Porter, Great Fire of London, p. 80.
62. Tuke, Memoires, pp. 27, 49. North, Examen, pp. 199–200. L’Estrange, Times, III, pp. 168–9.
63. Marshall, ‘Westminster Magistrate’, pp. 499–509.
64. For Greatrakes see A brief account of Mr. Valentine Greatrak’s & divers of the strange cures by him lately performed written by himself (1666). E. Duffy, ‘Valentine Greatrakes, the Irish stroker: miracles, science and orthodoxy in Restoration England’ in K. Robbins (ed.), Religion and Humanism, Studies in church history, XVII (1981) pp. 251–73. J. Buckley, ‘Selections from a general account book of Valentine Greatrakes, A.D. 1663–1679’, Journal of the Waterford and South East of Ireland Archeological Soci
ety, XI (1908), 211–24. P.C. Power, History of Waterford, city and county (Dublin, 1990), pp. 307–9. Notes and Queries, third series, 11 June 1864, 489. Notes and Queries, fifth series, 18 October 1879, 311–2. Notes and Queries, sixth series, 7 June 1884, 458. BL, Add. MSS, 25692.
65. The Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg, edited by A.R. Hall and M.B. Hall (13 vols, Madison Wisconsin/London, 1965–86), II, p. 496. Also CSP Ireland, 1663–5, pp. 615–16. The Conway letters, the correspondence of Anne, Viscountess Conway, Henry More and their friends, 1642–1684, ed. M. Hope Nicolson (Oxford, 1992).
66. Greatrakes, Brief account, pp. 43–94. Notes and Queries, third series, 11 June 1864, 489; sixth series, 26 January 1884, 61–3; 7 June 1884, 458. The Correspondence of Henry Oldenberg, II, pp.496, 512–13, 556, 561; III, p. 59.
67. NLI, MSS 4728, f. 3
68. bid., ff. 4–5, 8. Henning (ed.), History of Parliament, III, pp. 445–6.
69. NLI, MSS 4728, f.13
70. Ibid., f.11.
71. Ibid., ff. 8–9, 13
72. See below chapter three and J.P. Kenyon, The Popish Plot, (Harmondsworth, 1974), pp. 48–9.
73. NLI, MSS 4728, f.33.
74. Ibid., f. 22.
75. Ibid., f. 23.
76. ‘A scheme of trade as it is at present carried on between England and France (1674)’ in The Somers Tracts, ed. W. Scott (second edn 13 vols, 1809–15), VIII, pp. 30–1. For Michael Godfrey see BL, Add. Charters 19471, ‘Will of Michael Godfrey’ (1689). Papillon, Memoirs of Thomas Papillon. List of merchants of London (1677). N. Thompson, True Domestick Intelligence, no. 68 (24 February 1680), p. 179. Woodhead, Rulers of London, p. 77.
77. Thompson, True Domestick Intelligence, p. 179.
78. NLI, MSS 4728, f. 22.
79. CSPD, 1676–7, pp. 11–12. CSPD, 1677–8, pp. 388, 617–18. CSPD Addenda, 1660–85, p. 466. For a similar use of the word see BL, Add. MSS 34362, ff.4–15, ‘The City Painter’.
80. HMC, Finch, II, pp. 44–46. J.R. Jones, ‘The Green Ribbon Club’, Durham University Journal NS, XVIII (1956–7), pp. 17–20. Magdalene College, Pepys Library, PL2875 ‘Journal of the Green Ribbon Club’. Umpherville was also a juror on the trial of Godfrey’s supposed murderers. See State Trials, VII, pp. 159–250. PRO 31/3/141, Barillon to Louis XIV, 31 October 1678. J.S. Clarke, The Life of James II (2 vols, 1816), I, p. 526. Henning (ed.), History of Parliament, II, pp. 232–4. DNB Missing Persons: Robert Peyton. For Mrs Cellier and her lot see p. 173.
81. The poems and letters of Andrew Marvell, ed. H.M. Margoliouth (third edn, 2 vols, Oxford, 1971), II, pp. 345–6. Selections from the correspondence of Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex 1675–77, ed. C.E. Pike (Camden Society, third series, XXIV, 1913), pp. 63–4. Correspondence of the family of Hatton, ed. E.M. Thompson (2 vols, 1878), I, pp. 132–3. CSPD, 1676–7, pp. 193–5. State Trials, VI, pp. 1190–208. J.R. Jones, Charles II, Royal politician (1987), pp. 120–1. M. Knights, Politics and opinion in crisis 1678–81 (Cambridge, 1994). G. De Krey, A Fractured Society, the Politics of London in the first Age of Party, 1689–1715 (1985). Scouludi, ‘Thomas Papillon’, pp. 49–72. M. Priestley, ‘London merchants and opposition politics in Charles II’s reign’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXIX (1956), 205–19.
82. BL, Add. MSS 63 057B, ‘Burnet’s MS History’, f. 41. Godfrey had attempted election to the common council for the City wards in 1664 for Farringdon Ward Without and later for Bread Street Ward. There is little doubt that given his association with the woodmongers he also kept up other City connections. See Beaven, Aldermen of the City of London, pp. 52, 162.
83. See below Chapter Four.
84. NLI, MSS 4728, f. 8.
85. S. and B. Webb, English Local Government, Standing Authority for Special Purposes (1921), p. 71. Of Edmund’s later relationship with Greatrakes nothing is known for certain. Valentine’s reaction to his friend’s death is also unknown. Greatrakes spent the rest of his life in Ireland as a country gentleman, who only occaionally practised his cures. Ruth, his wife, about whom Godfrey had been so concerned, died in 1675. Greatrakes married again. He died in November 1683.
3. TITUS OATES AND THE POPISH PLOT
1. C. Kirkby, A Compleat true narrative of the manner of the discovery of the Popish Plot to his majesty by Mr. Christopher Kirkby with a full answer to a late pamphlet entitled reflections upon the Earl of Danby relating to the murther of Sir Edmundbury Godfrey in a letter to a friend (1679). I. Tonge, ‘Journal of the Plot, 1678’ in D.G. Greene, Diaries of the Popish plot (Delmar, New York, 1977), pp. 7–12.
2. For attitudes to Roman Catholics in England at this time the standard work is J. Miller, Popery and Politics in England, 1660–1688 (Cambridge, 1973)
3. For Danby the standard biography remains A. Browning, Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby and Duke of Leeds, 1632–1712 (3 vols, Glasgow, 1951). See also J. Le Neve, Lives and Characters of the Most Illustrious persons British and Foreign who died in the year 1712 (1713), pp. 145–6. A. Marshall, The Age of Faction: Court Politics, 1660–1702 (Manchester, 1999), pp. 106–20.
4. Browning, Danby, I, p. 236.
5. Burnet, History, II, p. 15. For Danby and bribes see M.K. Geiter and W.A. Speck (eds), Memoirs of Sir John Reresby (second edn, 1991), p. 172.
6. O. Airey (ed.), Essex Papers, 1672–1679 (Camden Society, 1890), I, pp. 258–9.
7. Marshall, Age of Faction, pp. 106–20.
8. Browning, Danby, II, p. 70
9. Miller, Popery and Politics, pp. 67–90. Kenyon, Popish Plot, pp. 1–36. K.H.D. Haley, ‘No Popery in the reign of Charles II’ in J.S. Bromley and E.H. Kossmann (eds), Britain and the Netherlands, V, Some Political Mythologies (Hague, 1975), pp. 102–19. A. Dures, English Catholicism, 1558–1642 (1983). W.C. Abbott, ‘The origin of Titus Oates’ story’, English Historical Review XXV (1910), 126–8. E. Tonge, An exact account of Romish doctrines in the case of conspiracy and rebellion by pregnant observations collected out of the express dogmatical principles of the papists, priests and Jesuits (1679). M.D., A seasonable advice to all true Protestants in England in this present posture of affairs, discovering the present designs of the papists with other remarkable things to the peace of the church and the security of the Protestant religion (1679). J. Aveling, The Handle and the Axe (1976). B. Basset, The English Jesuits (1967). J. Bossy, The English Catholic Community 1570–1850 (1975). M.V. Hay, The Jesuits and the Popish Plot (1934).
10. Miller, Popery, pp. 9–12.
11. Ibid., pp. 16–17.
12. For an introduction to the court see Marshall, Age of Faction. Also Miller, Popery, pp. 25–7
13. Miller, Popery, p. 24.
14. A. Marvell, An account of the growth of popery and arbitrary government in England (1678), p. 3. See also Kenyon, Popish Plot, p. 24
15. H. Care, Weekly Paquet, 19 November 1680.
16. D. Cressy ‘The fifth of November remembered’ in R. Porter (ed.), Myths of the English (1994), pp. 68–85. R. Hutton, Stations of the Sun, a History of the Ritual Year in Britain (Oxford, 1997), pp. 393–7. On attitudes to France as a threat see J. Scott, Algernon Sidney and the Restoration Crisis, 1677–1683 (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 38–43. Also P. Sonnino, Loius XIV and the Origins of the Dutch War (Cambridge, 1988), J.B. Wolf, Louis XIV (New York, 1968). J.A. Lynn, The Wars of Louis XIV 1667–1714 (1999).
17. Marshall, Age of Faction, pp. 133–7. The standard biography of James remains J. Miller, James II, A Study in Kingship (1989).
18. Ibid., also F.C. Turner, James II (1948) and Burnet, History, III, pp. 2–8.
19. Burnet, History, III, p. 13.
20. Marshall, Age of Faction, pp. 133–7.
21. HMC, Downshire MSS, I (1892), pp. 45–6.
22. M. Halie, Queen Mary of Modena, her life and letters (1905), p. 44. HMC, Dartmouth MSS, p. 31.
23. A. Barclay, ‘The rise of Edward Colman’, Historical Journal, XLII (1999), 109–32 is now the standard text for the life of Coleman. See also J. Miller, ‘The correspondence of Edwa
rd Coleman, 1674–78’, Recusant History, XIV (1977–8), 261–75. Kenyon, Popish Plot, pp. 37–51. State Trials, VII, pp. 1–78.
24. Coleman quoted in Miller, ‘Correspondence of Edward Coleman’, p. 267.
25. Barclay, ‘Colman’, p. 128.
26. Marshall, Age of Faction, pp. 167–9.
27. There is a rather dated biography of Oates in J. Lane (E. Dakers), Titus Oates (1971 edn). See also Kenyon, Popish Plot, pp. 52–87 and the illuminating article by P. Hammond, ‘Titus Oates and sodomy’ in J. Black (ed.), Culture and Society in Britain, 1600–1800 (Manchester, 1997), pp. 85–101. See also I. McCormick (ed.), Secret sexualities: a source book of seventeenth and eighteenth century writing (1997), pp. 64–71, 121–5, 131–4, 147–50. For contemporary views of Oates, most of which are hostile, see The life of Titus Oats from his cradle to his first pillorying for infamous perjury with a true account of his birth and parentage; impartially set forth for the satisfaction of all persons (1685). A hue and cry after Dr T.O. (1681). The memoiries of Titus Oates (1685). Oates’s Manifesto: or the complaint of Titus Oates against the doctor of Salamanca and the same doctor against Titus Oates comprized in a dialogue between the said parties on occasion of some inconsistent evidence given about the horrid and damnable Popish Plot (1683). T. Brown, The Salamanca wedding or a true account of a swearing doctor’s marriage with a Muggletonian widow in Bread street (1693). W. Smith, Intrigues of the Popish Plot laid open with deputations sworn before the Secretary of State (1685), p.25. The Salamanca doctor’s farewel (1685).
28. Smith, Intrigues, p. 22. Life of Titus Oats, p. 1.
29. Smith, Intrigues, p. 22.
30. Ibid., p. 22.
31. Lane, Titus Oates, pp. 21, 141, 225.
32. Smith, Intrigues, p. 22.
33. Life of Titus Oats, pp. 1–2.
34. See W. Smith, Contrivances of the fanatical conspirators in carrying on their treasons under the umbrage of the Popish Plot, laid open (1685). C.J. Robinson, A register of the scholars admitted to Merchant Taylor’s School from 1562–1874 (2 vols, 1888), I, p. 272. HMC, Report 2, appendix, p. 117.
The Strange Death of Edmund Godfrey Page 24