p. 136 “. . . I feel exceedingly proud of being Japanese.” Ibid., 275.
p. 136 . . . “savage . . . barbaric tribe of Americans are devils in human skin” with as much worth “as a foreign ear of corn.” Dower, War Without Mercy, 247.
p. 136 “. . . These terms were widespread in Japan.” Cook and Cook, Japan at War, 452.
p. 136 “. . . If you fail to destroy him utterly you can never rest in peace.” Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1995), 165.
pp. 136-137 “. . . It caused them to feel that invasion of other countries and annihilation of other races was justified.” Gibney, Senso, 9.
p. 137 “. . . depicted bombs falling on a frantic pack of yellow rats.” Dower, Japan in War and Peace, 264.
p. 137 “. . . They were wiping out dirty animals.” Quoted in Andrew A. Rooney, The Fortunes of War: Four Great Battles of World War II (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962), 57.
p. 137 “. . . you know: the grin, the slanty eyes, the glasses, the Jap, or the Nip.” Lewis and Steele, Hell in the Pacific, 92.
p. 138 “A Jap’s a Jap . . . we will be worried about [them] until they are wiped off the face of the map.” Ibid., 94.
p. 138 “. . . When the word Japanese was inserted into the question, the percentage really wanting to kill the soldier jumped to 44 percent.” Ibid., 144.
p. 138 “. . . the word was that we were to take no prisoners.” Ibid., 169.
pp. 138-139 “. . . The scavenger grumbled and continued extracting his prizes undisturbed.” E. B. Sledge, With the Old Breed at Peleliu and Okinawa (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 120.
p. 139 “. . . he had refused to accept a letter opener made of the bone of a Japanese. Dower, War Without Mercy, 330.
p. 139 “I want no prisoners. Shoot them all.” Lewis and Steele, Hell in the Pacific, 169.
p. 139 “. . . They were pretty brutally treated.” Ibid.
p. 139 “. . . when they hit the water they were nothing but a piece of meat cut to ribbons.” Dower, War Without Mercy, 66.
p. 140 “. . . the commander’s ‘overwhelming biological hatred of the enemy.’” Ibid., 330.
p. 140 “. . . You can’t be sporting in war.” Ibid., 67.
p. 140 “. . . And more Japs meet their ancestors. The show’s over, boys.” Lewis and Steele, Hell in the Pacific, 100.
p. 141 “. . . Perhaps he is human. Nothing on Attu indicates it.” Robert Sherrod, “The Nature of the Enemy,” Time, August 7, 1944.
p. 142 “. . . One or two of you doesn’t mean anything.” Cook and Cook, Japan at War, 269.
p. 142 “. . . one of His Majesty’s children.” Ibid., 279.
p. 142 “. . . Hardened combat veterans used to say, ‘On the battlefield ruthlessness is sometimes a virtue.’” Ienaga, Japan’s Last War, 182.
p. 142 “. . . I know tears don’t erase my sin.” Cook and Cook, Japan at War, 279.
p. 143 . . . “And if they didn’t use it, we’d cut their jugular vein.” Holland M. Smith and Percy Finch, Coral and Brass (Nashville, TN: The Battery Press, 1989), 193.
p. 143 “. . . by practicing on the Japanese stragglers living in central and eastern parts of the island.” Lewis and Steele, Hell in the Pacific, 183.
p. 143 “. . . and blow themselves and the other fellow to pieces with a hand grenade.” Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire (New York: Penguin Books, 2001), 28.
p. 143 “. . . they were wearing gas masks as protection against their own dead.” Karl Doenitz and R. H. Stevens, with David Woodward, Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days (Cleveland: World, 1959), 341.
p. 144 “. . . the Japanese garrison lost 4,938, with only 79 taken prisoner, a fatality rate of 98.4 percent.” Frank, Downfall, 28.
p. 144 “The real war is starting now.” Cook and Cook, Japan at War, 263.
p. 144 “. . . no post-mortem analysis on the influence its Midway losses might have on future operations.” Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 450.
p. 144 “And when are you ever going to fight a decisive battle?” Ibid., 466.
p. 145 “. . . The only thing left is to wait for the enemy to abandon their will to fight because of the ‘Gyokusai of the One Hundred Million.’” Haruko T. Cook, “The Myth of the Saipan Suicides,” Military History Quarterly, 7.3 (Spring 1995): 12-19.
p. 145 “. . . I strongly hope [you] will increase aircraft production.” Ibid.
p. 146 “. . . It didn’t make any difference if you shot one, five more would take his place.” Ibid.
pp. 147-148 “. . . Do the suicides of Saipan mean that the whole Japanese race will choose death before surrender?” Sherrod, “The Nature of the Enemy.” (All preceding Sherrod quotes are from this article.)
p. 149 “. . . TOGETHER WITH THE BRAVE MEN.” Haruko T. Cook, “The Myth of the Saipan Suicides.” (Preceding Japanese newspaper quotes and headlines are also from this article.)
p. 149 “. . . in the time of the airplane, a great admiration for hara-kiri!” Ibid.
p. 149 “. . . it will be necessary to invade the industrial heart of Japan.” Ibid.
p. 150 “. . . achieve a splendid victory like at the time of the Japan Sea Naval battle [in the Russo-Japanese War].” Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 476.
p. 150 “. . . make it terrible, and the war will stop.” Justice M. Chambers, Oral History Collection, Marine Corps Historical Center.
Chapter 11: To the Pacific
p. 153 “. . . holding my sword, I made them kneel down.” Cook and Cook, Japan at War, 111.
p. 153 In 1944, Japan evacuated about seven thousand. Paul Sampson, “An Era Ends for the ‘Yankee’ Isles: The Bonins and Iwo Jima Go Back to Japan, Civilians,” National Geographic, vol. 123, no. 1, July 1968, 127.
p. 153 “Japanese anti-aircraft gunners were transferred from the Akasaka Palace of Emperor Hirohito.” Stinnett, George Bush, 104.
p. 154 “. . . It wasn’t long before we became very good instrument flyers.” Lewis and Steele, Hell in the Pacific, 139.
p. 164 . . . their ability to dig in and their ability to endure the most god-awful shelling from the sea and bombing from the air. Joseph H. Alexander, Storm Landings: Epic Amphibious Battles in the Central Pacific (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997), 110.
p. 167 “a suitable place to slaughter the American devils.” Dower, Japan in War and Peace, 276.
p. 167 “are sent to hell, the cleaner the world will be.” Ibid., 277.
Chapter 12: Carrier War
p. 169 “the equivalent of sending an Anzio beachhead fighter all the way back to Kansas City for his two weeks.” James Tobin, Ernie Pyle’s War: America’s Eyewitness to World War II (New York: The Free Press, 1998), 228.
p. 170 “. . . The walls were covered with bulletin boards, charts, maps, posters, and briefing guides.” Hyams, Flight of the Avenger, 126.
p. 172 . . . “If he hadn’t been there, I wouldn’t be telling this.” Lt. Cdr. Roy W. Bruce, USNR (Ret.), and Lt. Cdr. Charles R. Leonard, USN (Ret.), Crommelin’s Thunderbirds: Air Group 12 Strikes the Heart of Japan (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 56.
p. 172 “. . . The machine gun sprayed the flight deck and ship’s superstructure with .50-caliber bullets.” Ibid., 78.
p. 173 “. . . and everybody snapped back.” Hyams, Flight of the Avenger, 121.
p. 174 “. . . It was the way I went out.” Bruce and Leonard, Crommelin’s Thunderbirds, 62.
p. 174 “. . . Sure, why not?” Ibid., 110.
p. 179 “. . . I think it may well be some of the fliers.” John C., McManus, Deadly Sky: The American Combat Airman in World War II (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 2000), 243-44.
Chapter 13: No Mans Land
p. 189 “always thought of General Tachibana as one who came up from the gutter.” Maj. Yoshitaka Horie, Ogasawara Sendan No Saigo (The Tragic End of the So
ldiers Sent to Ogasawara) (Ogasawara Sen you kai, 1969), 222.
p. 189 “. . . I am revenging the enemy!” Ibid., 221.
p. 190 “. . . All orderlies and clerks who are not required to perform other duties will attend.” All quotes from members of the Japanese military on Chichi Jima are from the Guam War Crimes trial transcripts, located in the National Archives, unless otherwise noted.
p. 192 . . . “The radio station on Chichi Jima.” Hyams, Flight of the Avenger, 142.
p. 193 “The radio station is your primary target.” Ibid., 7.
p. 193 . . . “It could be a rough trip.” Ibid., 142.
p. 194 . . . a breakfast of powdered eggs, bacon, sausage, dehydrated fried potatoes, and toast. Ibid., 8.
p. 195 “You could have seen that smoke for a hundred miles.” Ibid., 144.
p. 195 “. . . smoke and flames enveloping his engine and spreading aft as he did so, and his plane losing altitude.” Stinnett, George Bush, 147.
p. 196 . . . “a huge ball of fire.” Ibid., 160.
p. 196 “. . . 1,460 rounds of machine gun bullets were fired at the would-be Bush captors.” Ibid., 147.
p. 197 “. . . then the hull of a submarine emerged from the depths.” Ibid., 156.
p. 197 “. . . It just seemed too lucky and too farfetched that it would be an American submarine.” Hyams, Flight of the Avenger, 160.
p. 198 “. . . there’s got to be some kind of destiny and I was being spared for something on earth.” Ibid., 178-79.
p. 200 “. . . He spoke admiringly of the 3,000 Chinese heads put on display there.” Horie, Ogasawara Sendan No Saigo, 224.
p. 201 “was a practice I had grown fond of in China.” Hyams, Flight of the Avenger, 217.
Chapter 14: No Surrender
p. 202 “My God, why am I clapping?” Bruce and Leonard, Crommelin’s Thunderbirds, 30.
p. 203 “Oh my God!” thought J. D. “It’s a lynching!” Ibid., 41.
p. 213 “The Marines were the best fighting men of World War II.” Stephen Ambrose, To America: Personal Reflections of an Historian (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), 107.
p. 214 “sufficient to pulverize everything on the island.” Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, 243.
Chapter 15: Kichiku
p. 224 “. . . it probably appeared during the savage period of our prehistory when sudden life-threatening events occurred with frequency.” Sherwin B. Nuland, How We Die: Reflections on Life’s Final Chapter (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 133.
p. 224 “. . . exactly the right spoonful of medicine to give a measure of tranquillity to a dying child.” Ibid., 132.
p. 230 “. . . It was not guerrillas but our own soldiers who we were frightened of. It was such a terrible condition.” Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, 114.
pp. 230-31 . . . Japanese soldiers referred to the Allies as “white pigs” and the local population as “black pigs.” Ibid.
p. 231 “. . . This indicates that these incidents were not isolated or sporadic acts but part of an organized process.” Ibid., 119.
p. 231 “. . . A stew pot in a nearby Japanese bunker contained the heart and liver of approximate size of that [of a] human.” Ibid., 118.
p. 231 “. . . A Japanese mess tin in which appeared to contain human flesh was lying four to five yards from [his] body.” Ibid., 115.
p. 232 “. . . We were not allowed to go near this ditch, no earth was thrown on the bodies and the smell was terrible.” Ibid., 121.
Chapter 16: Fire War
p. 257 “. . . it is no part of their policy to bomb nonmilitary objectives, no matter what the policy of the German Government may be.” Dower, War Without Mercy, 39-40.
p. 257 “. . . absolutely devastating, exterminating attack by very heavy bombers from this country upon the Nazi homeland.” Frank, Downfall, 41.
pp. 257-58 “. . . only about one bomb in five landed within even a five-mile radius of the designated target.” Ibid., 41.
p. 258 “. . . repugnant to our humanitarian principles.” Kenneth P. Werrell, Blankets of Fire: U.S. Bombers Over Japan During World War II (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996), 16.
p. 258 “[It] combined moral scruple, historical optimism, and technological pioneering, all three distinctly American characteristics.” John Keegan, “We Wanted Beady-Eyed Guys Just Absolutely Holding the Course,” Smithsonian 14, no. 5 (1995): 34-55.
p. 258 “. . . You’re going to be baby killers.” Frank Clark, “The 36th Mission,” American Heritage (May-June 1995): 46, 48.
p. 258 “. . . to me the war had a human face.” Ibid.
p. 259 Half of Hamburg was destroyed and 400,000 people were “de-housed.” Donald L. Miller, The Story of World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001), 253.
p. 259 “. . . bodies, trees, and parts of buildings flying through air heated to 800° centigrade.” Michael S. Sherry, The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987), 153.
p. 259 “. . . the sound of the wind was ‘like the Devil laughing.’” Grossman, On Killing, 100.
p. 259 “tiny children lay like fried eels on the pavement.” Quoted in Martin Middlebrook, The Battle of Hamburg: Allied Bomber Forces Against a German City in 1943 (London: Allen Lane, 1980), 276.
p. 259 “. . . Bombenbrandschrumpfleichen (incendiary-bomb-shrunken bodies).” Sherry, The Rise of American Air Power, 153.
p. 260 “. . . as an added incentive to surrender.” Gwynne Dyer, War (New York: Crown Publishers, 1995), 18.
p. 260 “baby killing plan.” Ronald Schaffer, Wings of Judgement: American Bombing in World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 92.
p. 260 “. . . must be so impressed upon them that they will hesitate to start any new war.” Ibid., 88.
p. 260 “. . . to hasten Hitler’s doom.” Sherry, The Rise of American Air Power, 261.
p. 260 “. . . preached the gospel of precision bombing against military and industrial targets.” Ibid.
p. 260 “an impressive demonstration of what America might be able to achieve in its war against Japan.” Ibid., 156.
p. 260 “. . . the destruction of the target would entail death for large numbers of noncombatants.” Frank, Downfall, 48.
p. 261 . . . “These were people who had been caught in the firestorm.” Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Slaughterhouse-Five or the Children’s Crusade (New York: Dell, 1969), 128-31.
p. 261 “. . . To me it looks like trying days for us in the years ahead.” Ernie Pyle, Ernie’s War: The Best of Ernie Pyle’s World War II Dispatches, ed. David Nichols (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 567.
p. 261 “‘. . . Incendiary projectiles would burn the cities to the ground in short order.’” Frank, Downfall, 51.
p. 261 “. . . fire-bomb attacks on the teeming bamboo ant heaps of Honshu and Kyushu.” Werrell, Blankets of Fire, 41.
p. 261 “. . . ‘use of incendiaries against cities was contrary to our national policy of attacking military objectives.’” Ibid.
p. 261 “. . . ordered his top cabinet officials to work on the project.” Ibid.
p. 261 “had moral objections to attacks on cities and civilians” Ibid.
p. 262 “. . . There won’t be any hesitation about bombing civilians—it will be all out.” Ibid., 46.
p. 262 “. . . the possibility of wiping out major portions of any of the large Japanese cities.” Ibid., 51.
p. 262 “It is desired that the areas selected include, or be in the immediate vicinity of, legitimate military targets.” Ibid.
p. 262 “about 75 percent in the half-dozen largest cities.” Frank, Downfall, 452.
p. 262 “. . . and the lower tip running through Hiroshima-Kure and Yawata.” Ibid.
p. 262 “vulnerability of Japanese cities to fire.” Werrell, Blankets of Fire, 151.
p. 262 “. . . heavy dispersal of industry within the cities and within the most congested parts of them.” Ibid.
p. 263 “. . .
from which it drew both workers and parts.” Frank, Downfall, 7.
p. 263 “. . . but some opposition is being expressed to the continual bombing of Berlin.” Sherry, The Rise of American Air Power, 264.
p. 263 “. . . not so much as a book which tells how these things are made.” Dower, War Without Mercy, 54.
p. 263 “until we have destroyed about half the Japanese civilian population.” Ibid., 55.
p. 264 “. . . It was just a beautiful, beautiful plane.” Quotes from interviews with the following B-29 airmen appear courtesy of Mark Natola: Loy Collingwood, David Farquar, Newell Fears, Harry George, George Gladden, Hap Halloran, Fiske Hanley, John Jennings, Chester Marshall, Charlie Phillips, Ed Ricketson, Bob Rodenhaus, and Joe Tucker.
p. 264 “. . . he thinks more than any man I have ever known.” Keith Wheeler and the Editors of Time-Life Books, Bombers Over Japan (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1982), 166.
p. 265 “. . . however surprising his decision might be, it was probably the right one.” Thomas M. Coffey, Iron Eagle: The Turbulent Life of General Curtis LeMay (New York: Crown Publishers, 1986), 160.
p. 265 “. . . planes and crews, it seemed, were expendable.” Werrell, Blankets of Fire, 117.
p. 265 “General LeMay has taken over [and] he is going to get us all killed.” Ibid., 139.
p. 265 “. . . If you don’t get results, you’ll be fired.” Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, USAF (Ret.), with MacKinlay Kantor, Mission with LeMay: My Story (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1965), 347.
p. 265 “our entire Nation howled like a pack of wolves for an attack on the Japanese homeland.” LeMay, Mission with LeMay, 322.
p. 265 . . . just 24 planes out of 111 were able to sight their targets and drop their payloads anywhere near them. Wheeler, Bombers Over Japan, 102.
p. 266 “. . . And I had to do something fast.” Werrell, Blankets of Fire, 156.
p. 266 “. . . This is sound, this is practical, this is the way I’ll do it: not one word to General Arnold.” LeMay, Mission with LeMay, 348.
p. 267 “. . . And without any guns, gunners, or ammunition.” Coffey, Iron Eagle, 157.
p. 267 “. . . Many frankly did not expect to return from a raid over that city, at an altitude of less than 10,000 feet.” Ibid.
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