“I would rather eat”: Davan Maharaj and Anthony Mukwita, “Zambia Rejects Gene-Altered U.S. Corn.” Los Angeles Times, August 28, 2002. articles.latimes.com/2002/aug/28/world/fg-zambia28.
Mwanawasa thought biotech crops: Brooke Glass-O’Shea, “The History and Future of Genetically Modified Crops: Frankenfoods, Superweeds, and the Developing World.” Journal of Food Law and Policy 7 (2011). papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2019491.
Brazilian member: Ronald Bailey, “The Battle of Valle Verde.” Reason, September 17, 2003. reason.com/archives/2003/09/17/the-battle-of-valle-verde.
“not detected any significant hazard”: Alessandro Nicolia et al., “An Overview of the Last 10 Years of Genetically Engineered Crop Safety Research.” Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 34.1 (March 2014): 77–88. www.geneticliteracyproject.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Nicolia-20131.pdf.
”science is quite clear”: Board of Directors, Association for the Advancement of Science, “Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors on Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods,” October 20, 2012.
“no more risk in eating GMO food”: Anne Glover, cited in “No Risk with GMO Food, Says EU Chief Scientific Advisor.” Euractiv, July 24, 2012. www.euractiv.com/innovation-enterprise/commission-science-supremo-endor-news-514072.
“Bioengineered foods have been consumed”: Action of the AMA House of Delegates 2012 Annual Meeting: Council on Science and Public Health Report 2 Recommendations Adopted as Amended. hahaha.typepad.com/files/ama-on-bioengineered-foods.pdf.
“no scientific evidence”: European Commission, “Commission Publishes Compendium of Results of EU-Funded Research on Genetically Modified Crops,” December 9, 2010. europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-10-1688_en.htm?locale=en; and European Commission, A Decade of EU-Funded GMO Research, December 2010. ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/a_decade_of-eu-funded_gmo_research.pdf.
“no adverse health effects”: National Research Council, Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004 www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10977.
“no evidence of any ill effects”: International Council for Science, “New Genetics, Food and Agriculture: Scientific Discoveries—Societal Dilemmas,” 2003. www.icsu.org/publications/reports-and-reviews/new-genetics-food-and-agriculture-scientific-discoveries-societal-dilemas-2003/.
“No effects on human health”: World Health Organization, “Frequently Asked Questions on Genetically Modified Foods,” Food Safety. www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/faq-genetically-modified-food/en/.
“The level of safety”: Society of Toxicology, “The Safety of Genetically Modified Foods Produced Through Biotechnology,” September 25, 2002. toxicology.org/gp/GM_Food.asp.
“Biotechnology experts believe”: Government Accountability Office, Genetically Modified Foods: Experts View Regimen of Safety Tests as Adequate, but FDA’s Evaluation Process Could Be Enhanced, May 23, 2002. www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-02-566/html/GAOREPORTS-GAO-02-566.htm.
“no human health problems”: National Academy of Sciences, Transgenic Plants and World Agriculture. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2000. www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9889.
“the technology itself”: Mark Bittman, “Leave ‘Organic’ Out of It.” New York Times, May 6, 2014. www.nytimes.com/2014/05/07/opinion/bittman-leave-organic-out-of-it.html?hp&rref=opinion.
mouse testicles blue: Irina Ermakova, cited by Institute for Responsible Technology, “Genetically Modified Soy Linked to Sterility, Infant Mortality.” www.responsibletechnology.org/article-gmo-soy-linked-to-sterility
rats fed herbicide resistant: Gilles-Éric Séralini et al.,“Long-Term Toxicity of a Roundup Herbicide and a Roundup-Tolerant Genetically Modified Maize.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 50.11 (November 2012): 4221–4231. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512005637.
“independent non-profit organization”: Committee for Independent Research and Information on Genetic Engineering, www.criigen.org/?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=52&Itemid=103.
truly independent groups: Frederic Schorsch, “Serious Inadequacies Regarding the Pathology Data Presented in the Paper by Séralini et al.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 53 (March 2013): 465–466. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512007880; and Erio Barale-Thomas, Letter to the Editor, Food and Chemical Toxicology, March 2013, 473–474. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512007867.
should never have published: Andrew Revkin, DotEarth, New York Times, cited translation of French science academies’ statement on the Seralini study. www.slideshare.net/Revkin/translation-of-french-science-academies-critique-of-controversial-gm-corn-study.
“inadequately designed, analysed”: European Food Safety Authority, “Final Review of the Séralini et al. (2012a) Publication on a 2-Year Rodent Feeding Study with Glyphosate Formulations and GM Maize NK603 as Published Online on 19 September 2012 in Food and Chemical Toxicology.” EFSA Journal, November 2012, 2986–2996. www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2986.htm.
decided to retract: Retraction notice to “Long-Term Toxicity of a Roundup Herbicide and a Roundup-Tolerant Genetically Modified Maize.” Food and Chemical Toxicology, January 2014. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691513008090.
ban the importation of foods: Emily Willingham, “Séralini Paper Influences Kenya Ban on GMO Imports.” Forbes, December 9, 2012. www.forbes.com/sites/emilywillingham/2012/12/09/seralini-paper-influences-kenya-ban-of-gmo-imports/.
decided to republish: Gilles-Éric Séralini et al., “Republished Study: Long-Term Toxicity of a Roundup Herbicide and a Roundup-Tolerant Genetically Modified Maize.” Environmental Sciences Europe 26.14 (June 24, 2014). www.enveurope.com/content/26/1/14.
asserting that no such consensus exists: European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility, ENSSER Statement: “No Scientific Consensus on GMO Safety,” October 23, 2013. www.ensser.org.
fewer than three hundred scientists: ENSSER List of Signatories as of December 2013. www.ensser.org/fileadmin/user_upload/signatories_as_of_131210_lv.pdf.
“other synthetic herbicides”: Ralph E. Heimlich et al., “Genetically Engineered Crops: Has Adoption Reduced Pesticide Use?” Agricultural Outlook, August 2000, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 13–17. www.agweb.com/assets/import/files/ao273f.pdf.
very low toxicity: Glyphosate Technical Fact Sheet, National Pesticide Information Center, npic.orst.edu/factsheets/glyphotech.pdf.
breaks down quickly: Adoption of Bioengineered Crops, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, AER-810, 26–29. www.ers.usda.gov/media/759233/aer810h_1_.pdf.
“modestly increased”: Charles Benbrook, “Do GM Crops Mean Less Pesticide Use?” Mindfully.org, Pesticide Outlook, October 2001. www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/More-GMOs-Less-Pesticide.htm.
biotech crops had reduced: Ralph E. Heimlich et al., “Genetically Engineered Crops: Has Adoption Reduced Pesticide Use?” Agricultural Outlook, August 2000, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 13–17. www.agweb.com/assets/import/files/ao273f.pdf.
122 million pound increase: Charles Benbrook, “Genetically Engineered Crops and Pesticide Use in the United States: The First Nine Years.” BioTech InfoNet, Technical Paper Number 7, October 2004, 53. www.keine-gentechnik.de/bibliothek/anbau/studien/biotech_infonet_gvo_pestizide_041001.pdf.
“reduced herbicide use”: Leonard P. Gianessi, “Economic and Herbicide Use Impacts of Glyphosate-Resistant Crops.” Pest Management 61.3 (March 2005): 241–245. www.ask-force.org/web/Benefits/Gianessi-Benefits-2005.pdf.
planting biotech crops: Sujatha Sankula, “Quantification of the Impacts on US Agriculture of Biotechnology-Derived Crops Planted in 2005.” National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, November 2006, 110. www.ncfap.org/documents/2005biotechimpacts-finalversion.pdf.
25 to 30 percent less herbicide: Gijs Klete
r et al., “Review: Altered Pesticide Use on Transgenic Crops and the Associated General Impact from an Environmental Perspective.” Pest Management Science 63 (September 20, 2007): 1107–1115. www.cof.orst.edu/cof/teach/agbio2010/Other%20Readings/Kleter%20Pestidice%20Use%20GM%20Crop%20Rev%202007.pdf.
increase of 383 million pounds: Charles Benbrook, “Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use in the United States: The First Thirteen Years.” Organic Center Critical Issue Report, November 2009, 69. www.organic-center.org/reportfiles/GE13YearsReport.pdf.
overall increase: Charles Benbrook, “Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use in the U.S.—The First Sixteen Years.” Environmental Sciences Europe 24 (September 28, 2012). www.enveurope.com/content/24/1/24.
reported these results: Jon Entine, “Scientists Challenge Organic Backer Benbrook Claims That GM Crops Increase Pesticide Spraying,” Genetic Literacy Project, October 12, 2012. www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2012/10/12/scientists-journalists-challenge-organic-scientist-benbrook-claims-that-gm-crops-increase-pesticide-spraying-harm-the-environment/.
planting modern biotech crop varieties: Graham Brookes and Peter Barfoot, “Global Impact of Biotech Crops: Environmental Effects, 1996–2010.” GM Crops and Food: Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain, April/May/June 2012, 129–137. www.landesbioscience.com/journals/gmcrops/2012GMC0002R.pdf.
national herbicide and insecticide usage: Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo et al., “Pesticide Use in U.S. Agriculture: 21 Selected Crops, 1960–2008.” Economic Information Bulletin No. (EIB-124), May 2014. www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib-economic-information-bulletin/eib124.aspx#.VD2XVRaKX_Y.
147 agronomic studies: Wilhelm Klümper and Matin Qaim, “A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops.” PLoS One, November 3, 2014. www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0111629.
none reacted in a way: Investigation of Human Health Effects Associated with Potential Exposure to Genetically Modified Corn, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June 11, 2001, 24. www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehhe/Cry9Creport/pdfs/cry9creport.pdf.
lower in potent cancer-causing mycotoxins: Felicia Wu, “Mycotoxin Reduction in Bt Corn: Potential Economic, Health, and Regulatory Impacts.” ISB News Report, September 2006, 3. www.nbiap.vt.edu/news/2006/artspdf/sep0604.pdf.
poisoned monarch butterfly caterpillars: John H. Losey, Linda S. Rayor, and Maureen E. Carter, “Transgenic Pollen Harms Monarch Larvae.” Nature 399 (May 20, 1999): 214. www.nature.com/nature/journal/v399/n6733/abs/399214a0.html.
impact on monarch butterfly populations: Mark K. Searset et al., “Impact of Bt Corn Pollen on Monarch Butterfly Populations: A Risk Assessment.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98.21 (2001): 11937–11942. www.pnas.org/content/98/21/11937.long.
“commercialized GM crops”: J. E. Carpenter, “Impact of GM Crops on Biodiversity.” GM Crops 2.1 (January/March 2011): 7–23. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844695.
“Many U.S. farmers”: National Research Council, The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010. www.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12804.
“no evidence”: International Council for Science, “New Genetics, Food and Agriculture: Scientific Discoveries—Societal Dilemmas,” 2003. www.icsu.org/publications/reports-and-reviews/new-genetics-food-and-agriculture-scientific-discoveries-societal-dilemas-2003.
introduction of modern herbicides and pesticides: Ronald Bailey, “Asking the Wrong Questions.” Reason, November 5, 2003. reason.com/archives/2003/11/05/asking-the-wrong-questions. Cites results of three-year Farm Scale Evaluation reported in Theme Issue “The Farm Scale Evaluations of Spring-Sown Genetically Modified Crops” of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, November 29, 2003. rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/358/1439.toc.
saves 1 billion tons of topsoil: Richard Fawcett and Dan Towery, Conservation Tillage and Plant Biotechnology: How New Technologies Can Improve the Environment by Reducing the Need to Plow. Conservation Technology Information Center, 2003. www.ctic.org/media/pdf/Biotech2003.pdf.
reduces the runoff: Fawcett and Towery, Conservation Tillage and Plant Biotechnology.
“marked contrast to yield increases”: “An Analysis of ‘Failure to Yield’ by Doug Gurian-Sherman, Union of Concerned Scientists,” Wayne Parrott, Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, and Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia. Updated April 2, 2010. www.salmone.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/response-to-ucs.pdf.
“are scale neutral”: FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. www.fao.org/es/esa/pdf/sofa_flyer_04_en.pdf.
insect-resistant cotton varieties: Richard Bennett et al., “Farm-Level Economic Performance of Genetically Modified Cotton in Maharashtra, India.” Review of Agricultural Economics 28.1 (January 2006): 59–71. www.agbioworld.org/pdf/ReviewAgricEconomicsj.pdf.
“adopters compared to non-adopters”: Janet E. Carpenter, “Peer-Reviewed Surveys Indicate Positive Impact of Commercialized GM Crops.” Nature Biotechnology 28.4 (April 2010): 319–321. www.ask-force.org/web/Benefits/Carpenter-Peer-Reviewed-Surveys-GM-crops-2010.pdf.
“non-target and beneficial organisms”: A. M. Mannion and Stephen Morse, “Gm Crops 1996–2012: A Review of Agronomic, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts,” University of Surrey, Centre for Environmental Strategy Working Paper 04/13; also published as University of Reading Geographical Paper No. 195, April 2013. www.surrey.ac.uk/ces/activity/publications/index.htm.
“traditional pillars of sustainability”: Julian Park et al., “The Role of Transgenic Crops in Sustainable Development.” Plant Biotechnology Journal 9.1 (January 2011): 2–21.
“positive in both developed and developing”: A. M. Mannion and Stephen Morse, “Biotechnology in Agriculture: Agronomic and Environmental Considerations and Reflections Based on 15 Years of GM Crops.” Progress in Physical Geography 36.6 (December 2012): 747–763. ppg.sagepub.com/content/36/6/747.abstract.
anti-biotech activists: Mark Lynas, “The True Story About Who Destroyed a Genetically Modified Rice Crop.” Slate, August 26, 2013. www.slate.com/blogs/Future_tense/2013/08/26/golden_rice_attack_in_philippines_anti_gmo_activists_lie_about_protest_and.html.
attacks on crop biotechnology: Bruce Alberts et al., “Standing Up for GMOs.” Science 341.6152 (September 20, 2013): 1320. www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6152/1320.full
1.4 million life-years: Justus Wesseler and David Zilberman, “The Economic Power of the Golden Rice Opposition.” Environment and Development Economics 19.6 (December 2014): 724–742. journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=1BDDA1658A3F79A7C0EECD575E3C90CD.journals?aid=9402215&fileId=S1355770X1300065X.
“The first inkling of what”: Andrew J. Forgash, “History, Evolution, and Consequences of Insecticide Resistance.” Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 22.2 (October 1984): 178–186. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048357584900877.
“A mixture of insecticides”: Mallet, James, “The Evolution of Insecticide Resistance: Have the Insects Won?” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4.11 (November 1989): 336–340. www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/pap/mallet89tree.pdf.
herbicide-resistant weeds: International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds, April 2014, www.weedscience.org/summary/home.aspx.
“Herbicide resistant weed development”: Andrew Kniss, “Where Are the Superweeds?” May 1, 2013. weedcontrolfreaks.com/2013/05/superweed/.
organic standards are process standards: Ronald Bailey, “Organic Law.” Reason, October 2, 2002. reason.com/archives/2002/10/02/organic-law. Cites Kershen’s legal analysis.
“The gradual spread of sterility”: Vandana Shiva, Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global Food Supply. Brooklyn, NY: South End Press, 2000.
“the fuel of interest”: Abraham Lincoln, “Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions,” April 6, 1858. www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/discov
eries.htm.
court decided against Schmeiser: Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser [2004], 1 S.C.R. 902, 2004 SCC 34. scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2147/index.do.
court ruled unanimously against: Bowman v. Monsanto, US Supreme Court, May 13, 2013. www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/11-796_c07d.pdf.
“most people do not actively avoid”: European Commission, A Decade of EU-Funded GMO Research, December 2010. ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/a_decade_of_eu-funded_gmo_research.pdf.
“has no basis for concluding”: FDA, “Guidance for Industry: Voluntary Labeling Indicating Whether Foods Have or Have Not Been Developed Using Bioengineering; Draft Guidance,” January 2001. www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm059098.htm.
“The FDA does not require labeling”: Board of Directors, Association for the Advancement of Science, “Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors on Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods,” October 20, 2012.
no scientific reason: Editorial Board, “Why Label Genetically Engineered Food?” New York Times, March 14, 2013. www.nytimes.com/2013/03/15/opinion/why-label-genetically-engineered-food.html?_r=1&.
source non-GMO ingredients: Walter Robb and A. C. Gallo, “GMO Labeling Coming to Whole Foods Market.” Whole Story Blog, March 8, 2013. www.wholefoodsmarket.com/blog/gmo-labeling-coming-whole-foods-market.
require the FDA to promulgate rules: Safe and Accurate Food Labeling Act of 2014, pompeo.house.gov/uploadedfiles/safeandaccuratefoodlabellingactof2014.pdf.
“slow the development of agricultural biotechnology”: David Zilberman, “Why Labeling of GMOs Is Actually Bad for People and the Environment.” blogs.berkeley.edu/2012/06/06/why-labeling-of-gmos-is-actually-bad-for-people-and-the-environment/comment-page-2/.
costs about $136 million: Phillips McDougall, “The Cost and Time Involved in the Discovery, Development and Authorisation of a New Plant Biotechnology Derived Trait.” A Consultancy Study for Crop Life International, September 2011.
“Indian farmers have committed suicide”: Amy Goodman, Interview with Vandana Shiva at Democracy Now! Transcript, “Vandana Shiva on International Women’s Day: ‘Capitalist Patriarchy Has Aggravated Violence Against Women,’” March 8, 2013. www.democracynow.org/2013/3/8/vandana_shiva_on_intl_womens_day.
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