61 “a prosperous, energetic”: Wiegand Papers, box 8, Hoover.
61 “a high proportion of” and “One could sense”: Wilson, A Diplomat Between Wars, 115.
61 “Look out” and Bouton’s account of encounter with Sinclair Lewis: S. Miles Bouton Papers, box 4, Hoover.
62 In 1925, Jacob Gould Schurman and his building fund for Heidelberg University: Maynard Moser, Jacob Gould Schurman: Scholar, Political Activist, and Ambassador of Good Will, 1892–1942, 156–158.
62 “the will to war”: Ibid., 169.
62 “The Republic”: Ibid., 170.
63 “itch to pour”: Ibid., 191.
63 “You see we” and rest of Mowrer-Friday exchange: Lilian Mowrer, 236.
63 “an orgy of spending” and “the stunning new” and “the entire rolling stock”: Ibid., 239.
63 Schurman received a warning: Moser, 204.
63 “Hey, this thing’s a fake”: Robert C. Perez and Edward F. Willett, The Will to Win: A Biography of Ferdinand Eberstadt, 44.
64 $300 million in new American loans: Moser, 206.
CHAPTER THREE: WHALE OR MINNOW?
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65 “I’m going to have to start”: Bella Fromm, Blood and Banquets: A Berlin Social Diary, 18; Fromm biographical details, ibid., 3–6.
65 “Let’s have”: Ibid., 19.
66 diary entry of July 16 and all quotes: Ibid., 20.
66 “a gentle-looking man” and “an attractive woman”: Ibid., 24.
66 “Even the international” and “I like Berlin”: Ibid., 28.
67 “Fortunately for us” and other Knickerbocker quotes: “Covering Berlin,” Public Ledger, April 21, 1930, Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
67 the party boasted 108,000: Frederick L. Schuman, The Nazi Dictatorship: A Study in Social Pathology and the Politics of Fascism, 72.
68 “Now he is again” and all other quotes from Wiegand’s session with Hitler: Wiegand Papers, box 30, Hoover.
69 “The German people”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 198.
70 “So had a majority” and “flocked to the Nazis”: Charles W. Thayer, The Unquiet Germans, 12–13.
70 “The most remarkable”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 22.
70 “with the raucous voice” and rest of incident on train: Lilian Mowrer, 234.
71 “The seats swarmed” and rest of Enid Keyes’s account from her letter: American Girl, German Wife: The Letters of Enid Keyes Mehnert, 1931–1935, Enid Keyes Mehnert Papers, Vol. 1, Hoover.
72 “Dad, what do you think” and rest of exchange between Arthur and his father, along with “chariot bumping”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 120–121.
73 “I never saw” and rest of quotes from December 27, 1931, letter: Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
73 “We are for” and rest of exchange with streetwalkers: Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 210–211.
73 “too hot to publish”: Ibid., 211.
73 “I can’t ever walk” and other Mehnert quotes: Mehnert Papers, Hoover.
74 “You see defiance” and “This country has”: Morrison letter, Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
75 “Hitler is a homo-sexual” and rest of letter to Winner: Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
77 Abraham Plotkin was and other information about his background and trip: Plotkin, An American in Hitler’s Berlin: Abraham Plotkin’s Diary, 1932–33, Introduction, xii–xl.
77 “hide their poverty very well” and “from their appearances”: Ibid., 6.
77 “You Americans”: Ibid., 62.
78 one family’s diet: Ibid., 58.
78 The head of a district health department: Ibid., 75.
78 “fascinated by” and rest of exchange with streetwalkers: Ibid., 12–16.
78 “Do you have a fascist party” and rest of exchange with German Jews: Ibid., 38–39.
79 “Hitlerism is rapidly going”: Ibid., 29.
79 “One felt as if”: Ibid., 67.
79 “showmanship” and “So this was”: Ibid., 68, 70.
80 “like a faithful dog” and rest of Corwin’s visit to Heidelberg: R. LeRoy Bannerman, On a Note of Triumph: Norman Corwin and the Golden Years of Radio, 22.
80 “We are beyond”: Ibid., 22–23.
80 On Saturday, December 5, 1931, and quotes from Hitler and Sackett at and about their meeting: Bernard V. Burke, Ambassador Frederic Sackett and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic, 1930–1933, 8–9, 185–186.
81 “If only I” and rest of scene between Hitler and Helen: Niemeyer interviewed by Toland, Library of Congress.
82 “I felt Hitler”: Hanfstaengl, 123.
82 “Why don’t you find”: Niemeyer interviewed by Toland.
82 “an empty-headed”: Hanfstaengl, 162.
82 “I always had the feeling”: Niemeyer interviewed by Toland.
82 Otto Strasser and his claims about Geli and Hitler: Ronald Hayman, Hitler + Geli, 145.
83 “The whole affair”: Hanfstaengl, 165.
83 “of an American woman” and “a German propagandist”: Dorothy Thompson, “I Saw Hitler!,” 3–4.
83 “lofty and remote”: Ibid., 5.
83 “Fussy. Amusing”: Ibid., 13.
83 “an immense, high-strung”: Peter Kurth, American Cassandra: The Life of Dorothy Thompson, 160.
83 John Farrar: Marion K. Sanders, Dorothy Thompson: A Legend in Her Time, 166.
84 “The times in which”: Thompson, vi.
84 “Gone ‘legal’”: Ibid., 4.
84 “terrorizes the streets”: Ibid., 12.
84 “When finally I walked”: Ibid., 13.
85 “He is formless”: Ibid., 13–14.
85 “an insignificant” and contrast with Hindenburg and Brüning: Ibid., 14–15.
85 “The Jews are”: Ibid., 34.
85 “Hitler’s tragedy”: Ibid., 35.
85 “If Hitler comes into”: Ibid., 36.
86 “Mrs. Lewis, the wife” and rest of Ludecke-Hitler exchange: Ludecke, I Knew Hitler, 531.
86 One of Putzi’s classmates and rest of Harvard connections with Kaltenborn: H. V. Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 1900–1950, 51.
86 “felt that any” and details of interview procedures: Hans V. Kaltenborn, “An Interview with Hitler,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.
87 “Why does your” and Hitler’s response: Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 186–187.
87 “he has no capacity”: Kaltenborn, “An Interview with Hitler.”
88 “A dictatorship is”: Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 188.
88 “I could understand”: Kaltenborn, “An Interview with Hitler.”
88 “After meeting Hitler”: Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 186.
88 “Most people”: Ibid., 185.
CHAPTER FOUR: “I WILL SHOW THEM”
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89 “I’ll give the Hitlerites” and other quotes from Lochner: Louis Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 209–210.
90 “it was obviously”: Burke, Ambassador Frederic Sackett, 262.
90 “rule alone” and descriptions of Hitler and Goebbels: Ibid., 247.
91 “I am told that” and “The Nazi meetings”: Plotkin, 102–103.
91 “the bloody Jews” and “run out of his control” and “like a bunch of schoolboys”: Ibid., 108.
91 “a banker named Arnholt” and “Merely wondering” along with the rest of Mowrer account: Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 212.
92 “I am going to Munich” and rest of Schacht-Mowrer exchange: Ibid., 213.
92 “whenever a political melodrama” and rest of Fromm-Wiegand exchange: Fromm, 62–63.
93 While Ambassador Sackett: Burke, 274.
93 “The German government” and “I do not think”: Fromm, 67.
93 At an “intimate” dinner and rest of Schleicher-Fromm exchange: Ibid., 68–69.
94 “dancing between four masters” and rest of Plettl-Plotkin exchange: Plotkin, 122–123.
95
“in no way alarmed” and “rapidly increasing”: Burke, 277.
95 “sudden and unexpected”: Ibid., 281.
95 “We have hired Hitler” and “in the driver’s seat”: Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 210–211.
95 He had arrived in Germany: Bouton, “My Years in Germany” (Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Institute of Public Affairs, Ninth Annual Session, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, January 23–25, 1935), S. Miles Bouton Papers, box 4, Hoover.
96 “It requires no great skill”: “Bouton, Home from Europe, Tells of Germany in 1925,” Baltimore Sun, box 1, Hoover.
96 “Read that treaty”: Bouton Collection, box 4, Hoover.
96 “It was several minutes”: “A Veteran Journalist Reports,” c. 1962, Bouton Papers, box 6, Hoover.
96 “does not come into consideration”: Untitled copy of dispatch dated August 9, 1930, Bouton Papers, box 1, Hoover.
96 “For the last five years”: Bouton, “My Years in Germany,” box 4, Hoover.
97 “represents a remarkable” and rest of quotes from original manuscript of March 1932 article “Hitler’s Shadow Across Germany”: Bouton Papers, box 1, Hoover.
98 “That they put me down” and rest of Lochner’s letter: “Round Robins from Berlin: Louis P. Lochner’s Letters to His Children, 1932–1941,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.
99 “foreigners and Jews” and rest of Lilian Mowrer’s account, including description of Edgar Mowrer’s conversations with Nazis over beers: Lilian Mowrer, 266–268.
100 “But I have only heard” and rest of Lilian’s conversation with her daughter: Ibid., 275.
100 “sick of everything” and other quotes from book: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 196–198.
100 “Did he believe”: Ibid., 194.
101 “I could see the man’s face”: Sigrid Schultz, Germany Will Try It Again, 87–88.
101 “While others slept”: Mowrer, Germany Puts the Clock Back, 207.
101 “singularly unmoved” and “Certainly it was”: Hanfstaengl, 196.
102 “I sent for” and “was, needless to”: Ibid., 199.
102 “In strode” and rest of dinner description: Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 186–187.
103 “a court jester” and account of Messersmith-Hanfstaengl encounter: Jesse H. Stiller, George S. Messersmith: Diplomat of Democracy, 40.
103 “I knew he was crazy”: Lilian Mowrer, 299.
104 “secret” Jew: Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 219.
104 “Of course, he is”: Richard Breitman, Barbara McDonald Stewart and Severin Hochberg, eds., Advocate for the Doomed: The Diaries and Papers of James G. McDonald, 1932–1935, 28.
104 “Edgar a Jew?”: Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 219.
104 According to Putzi: Hanfstaengl, 175.
104 “the greatest torchlight procession” and “Hitler stationed himself”: Manuscript of article for Public Ledger, May 15, 1933, H. R. Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
104 “The Nazis will make”: Burke, 282.
104 “the purely political” and Sackett’s views of Papen and Hugenberg: Ibid., 283–284.
105 Marinus van der Lubbe: Kershaw, 456–457.
105 “a dupe of the Nazis”: Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 269.
105 “For the Protection”: Kershaw, Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris, 459.
105 “deeply displeased”: Fromm, 79.
106 “might deviate from”: Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 276.
106 “The nation turned”: Manuscript of article for Public Ledger, May 15, 1933, H. R. Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
106 “It is really as bad” and other quotes from letter to Lewis: Sanders, Dorothy Thompson, 185.
106 “perfectly mad” and rest of letter to Cohen: Kurth, 187.
107 “the auto da fé”: Manuscript of article for Public Ledger, May 15, 1933, H. R. Knickerbocker Papers, Columbia.
107 “These flames do not only” and authors of burned books: Philip Metcalfe, 1933, 123.
107 “that the truth”: Undated manuscript titled “Education Is Not Enough” in S. Miles Bouton Papers, box 1, Hoover.
107 “change his style of reporting”: Deborah E. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933–1945, 22.
108 “Our orders from our bosses”: Lochner, Always the Unexpected, 252.
108 “The Nazis have turned loose”: Plotkin, 194.
108 “real radicals” and rest of Messersmith analysis: Stiller, 35–36.
109 “I am a Jew”: Metcalfe, 93.
109 Edward Dahlberg and “Four suits”: Ibid., 93–94.
109 On March 31, the SA snatched and Messersmith handling of journalists and subsequent report: Stiller, 36.
109 He told Messersmith: Ibid., 43.
109 “in the hope that”: Kaltenborn, Fifty Fabulous Years, 189.
110 “a terrifying account” and “The Jews are” and Tiergarten account: Breitman, Stewart and Hochberg, Advocate for the Doomed, 28–29.
110 “highly overwrought”: Ibid., 30.
110 “To him the leaders”: Ibid., 45.
110 Separately, Knickerbocker: Ibid., 32.
110 During the Jewish boycott: Ibid., 33.
111 “In each case”: Ibid., 40.
111 “No, there is” and rest of McDonald-Goldman exchange along with account of Hitler meeting the same day: Ibid., 47–48.
CHAPTER FIVE: “GET OUT, AND FAST”
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113 Armstrong saw groups: Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Peace and Counterpeace, 527.
113 British and American correspondents and “He could hardly”: Ibid., 530.
114 “were holding on to” and “a flash in the pan” and rest of Armstrong encounters with Foreign Ministry officials: Ibid., 530–531.
114 “They had disappeared” and “It was staggering”: Ibid., 531.
114 he went to meet Hjalmar Schacht and rest of description of meeting with Schacht: Ibid., 532–533.
115 Armstrong was startled and “Why, Putzi” exchange: Ibid., 534.
115 “His general appearance” and rest of observations and quotes from Armstrong’s interview with Hitler: Ibid., 534–540.
117 A people has disappeared and other quotes from opening of book: Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Hitler’s Reich: The First Phase, 1–3.
118 “Either he is”: Ibid., 24.
118 “having given the German spirit”: Ibid., 65.
118 “The first phase of”: Ibid., 66.
119 “I regard Berlin” and other efforts to name a new ambassador to Germany: Robert Dallek, Democrat and Diplomat: The Life of William E. Dodd, 187–188.
119 “Peace Speech”: Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 291–292.
119 “The speech was” and rest of Lochner letter to Betty: “Round Robins from Berlin: Louis P. Lochner’s Letters to His Children, 1932–1941,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.
120 “a democrat in the” and “separation of”: William E. Dodd, Jr., and Martha Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, xii and x.
120 “I want to know”: Ibid., 3.
120 “an almost sentimental”: Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes, 12.
121 “The German authorities”: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 5.
121 “exert all possible”: Ibid., 9.
121 “Let Hitler”: Ibid., 11.
122 “My wife, son and I”: Ibid., 11.
122 On the voyage over: Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes, 18.
122 The Familienblatt and first meetings with journalists: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 12–13; and Fromm, 120–121.
122 “No group of”: Lilian Mowrer, 286.
122 Sitting on wooden benches: Philip Gibbs, European Journey, 237.
122 “his back beaten to pulp”: Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 218.
123 “pushed past these bullies” and Edgar’s visit to Jewish doctor: Lilian
Mowrer, 289.
123 A senior press official and Mowrer’s appeals: Ibid., 296–297.
123 “to allow social and personal”: Ibid., 298.
123 “favors” and visit to concentration camp: Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 221–222.
124 “were indeed badly beaten”: “Round Robins from Berlin: Louis P. Lochner’s Letters to His Children, 1932–1941,” Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer 1967.
124 “You know, Herr Mowrer” and rest of Mowrer-Nazi officer exchange: Lilian Mowrer, 300–301.
125 “If such intelligent”: Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 225.
125 One of Mowrer’s sources: Ibid., 218.
126 “In this country where”: Ibid., 221.
126 In July, Colonel Frank Knox: Ibid., 224.
127 “I felt at the end”: Dodd and Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 24.
127 “a blow to freedom”: Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 224.
127 In the Mowrer household and “At this point”: Lilian Mowrer, 302.
127 “Oh, Mr. Mowrer” and other quotes and details from Goldmann incident and aftermath: Lilian Mowrer, 303–305; additional information and “people’s righteous indignation” from Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 225–226.
129 “If you were not” and “gallant fighter”: Lilian Mowrer, 308.
129 “And when are you” and rest of exchange with young German official: Edgar Mowrer, Triumph and Turmoil, 226.
CHAPTER SIX: “LIKE FOOTBALL AND CRICKET”
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130 “I do not remember” and other Dodd quotes and descriptions of her Chicago life and about marriage: Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes, 5–41.
132 “a perfect example”: Fromm, 121.
132 “pretty, vivacious”: William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941, 42.
132 “Martha had an apartment”: Katharine Smith, unpublished manuscript of “My Life: Berlin August 1935–April 1939,” Truman Smith Papers, box 4, Hoover.
132 “We liked Germany”: Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes, 23–24.
132 “The Germans seemed”: Ibid., 25.
133 “saloon German”: Quentin Reynolds, By Quentin Reynolds, 104.
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