in Angués, 367–9; total, 367; committee, 367–9; terror, 368 and n.; ‘another revolution’, 369; district centre, 369n.
in Andalusia, 371n.
in Catalonia, 371n., 446; failure of in Badalona, 449–50; success of UGT, 450
UGT: Cardenete (Cuenca), 580–82; organization of, 581; money abolished, 581; family ration card, 581; distributions to collectivists, 581; culture, 582
Los Navalmorales de Pusa, 584; and smallholders, 584; communists in, 584; CNT objections, 584
Toledo, 583
Collectivization, urban:
socialization, 210, 211, 212
cooperativization, 210
nationalization, 211
problems of, 232, 234
wages in, 234, 446
profits of, 234
market economy, 236
production of, 236
committees, 446
post-war in Levant, 394
refusal to pay taxes, 450 and n.
in Catalonia: decree, 209, 210, 212, 215 and n., 234; and terms of, 210; compensation under, 575; number of collectives, 227; industrial and commercial credit fund, 211, 232 and n., 234; and compensation, 575 and n.; industrial councils, 211, 231, 232; ‘pawn bank’, 211n., 230, 231–2, 578; and international capital, 216 and n., 575–7; case of Sallent potash mines, 576–7; special tribunal, 577; self-management, 210, 234; five types of, 232n.
criticisms, 209, 224, 229, 231, 232, 233, 579; by joint CNT-UGT conference, 231; by CNT commission, 231; by CNT woodworkers union, 231–2; of wages, 232; and credit, 232; workers’ limited view of, 232; and small owners, 233; as ‘trade union capitalism’, 233; to benefit a sector of working class, 233; of ‘autonomy and commercial spirit’, 295
Barcelona textile industry, 216–20, 221; problems of, 216–20, 230; La España Industrial, 217–20; ‘mill patriotism’, 217n.; technicians, 217–18; wage differentials, 218; pensions, 218; ‘single wage’, 218; discipline, 218; assemblies, 219 and n., 220; three-day week, 219; managing director, 219; works council, 219; union representation, 219; foremen, 220; Fabra y Coats Spinning Co., 213, 214; workers feel ‘in charge’, 215; and management, 216; compensation demanded, 575
Barcelona woodworking industry, 221–3; and profits, 221; socialization of, 221–2; foreign currency, 222; former owners, 222; militants lost to union, 222; union ‘like large firm’, 222; assemblies, 223; ‘militants refuse responsibility’, 223; unease, 223; food exchange system, 223; ‘marriage’, 223
Barcelona public entertainment: socialization of, 223–5; cinemas closed, 223; Durruti and Ascaso cinemas, 223; wages, 223; holidays, 223, 224; pensions, 223; cut in cinema prices, 223, 224; ‘single wage’ in theatres, 223, 224; and end of, 224; feature film production, 224; greyhound racing, 216, 225
Barcelona armaments industry, 225–7 and n.; La Maquinista, 226–7 and n.; and production failure, 226; finances, 226; government takeover, 226–7 and n.
Barcelona department stores, 212, 220–21; workers ‘feel themselves owners’, 220; union withdraws from management, 220; failure of federation, 220; sexism, 221; profits, 221; former owners, 221
Barcelona barbers, 212, 233
Barcelona fashion house: failure to collectivize, 287n.
Barcelona flour-milling, 446; oxy-acetyline plant (UGT), 578–80; and profits, 579
Outside Barcelona: mill owner made stoker, 447; ‘chaos’, 447; ‘egoism’, 450; Catalan railways, 453; in Reus, 227–8; and industries’ refusal to collectivize, 228; in Badalona, 228–30; textile industry, 228; reasons for collectivizing, 229; functions of, 229; wages, 229; number of collectives, 227, 230; foreign-owned mills, 230n.; and UGT, 230 and n.; production, 230
Madrid: undertakers, 233; garment trade, 290; and PCE self-management, 290; strike in, 290
Comorera, Joan, 230, 375, 378 and n., 447
and assassinations, 377
Catalan revolution, 578 and n.
Comín Colomer, Eduardo, 102n.
Comintern, 44, 259n., 327, 331, 346, 490, 562, 563
‘third period’, 557
and united action with socialist leaders, 557
calls for Popular Fronts, 559
Seventh Congress slogan, 562n.
Communist party of Spain, see Partido
Comunista de España (PCE)
Communist ‘plot’, to start revolution, 71, 85, 102 and n.
believed by army officers, 572
Companys, Lluis, 68, 69, 142, 179n., 190, 242, 377n.
proclaims Catalan state, 535
sentenced to prison, 535; release, 535
decides not to arm the people, 62
cannot rely on security forces, 110; and his concern, 110–11
tells anarcho-syndicalists they are masters of Barcelona, 111, 142; and ‘consequences’, 215–16
suggests Durruti lead militia force, 113
collapse of state power, 141
and assassinations, 146
CNT in government, 184
Nin’s assassination, 385
fall of Barcelona, 481
Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA), 122, 176n.
formation of, 43
victory in 1933 general elections, 43
defeat in 1936 general elections, 44, 84
‘attracts members out of fear’, 85
policies if it had won 1936 elections, 85
agrees to serve and defend republic, 86n.
blamed for pre-war failures, 416
agrarian reform, 519
clerical-conservative parliamentary party, 553 and n.
principles of, 553
non-members’ views: ‘enemy of the republic’, 553; ‘social Christian dictatorship’, 556
Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT):
foundation of, 39
1919 vote to ‘absorb’ UGT, 550n.; and Bolshevik revolution, 550n.
outlawed by Primo de Rivera, 39, 547, 549
in Madrid, 549
pre-war conflict with UGT, 75
‘open war’ against republic, 42, 95, 542
1931 divisions in, 542
treintistas, 180, 545
aims of, 542
its a-politicism, 186, 336, 534
basic structure of, 544n.
industrial federations, 220 and n., 544 and n., 550n.
insurrections, 101, 546, 550; and effects of, 552
strength of, 542, 557; in Catalonia, 546n.
hostility to land reform, 95–6, 519
hostility to ‘authoritarian marxist’ parties, 534
Esquerra vote, 534n., 543n.
Barcelona employers’ attempt (1917–23) to crush, 547
and Andalusian migration to Catalonia, 548n.
Catalan autonomy, 532–3
Catalan refusal to join Workers Alliance, 555; and Barcelona, 1934 rising, 551, 555
return of treintista unions, 551, 559n.
abstention call in 1933 general elections, 549–50
Catalan ultra-leftism, 550n.
allows members to vote in 1936, 83
Saragossa Congress (1936) rejects militias, 101, 338; and calls for revolutionary alliance with UGT, 181, 551
outline of libertarian communism, 551
in military rising in Barcelona, 62–4, 107
and Companys, 111
no faith in Generalitat to deal with rising, 63
‘not the moment for the social revolution’, 72
‘leaders lack training’, 111
prevents conscripts returning to barracks, 142, 447
unions take over: España Industrial, 138–140; wood industry, 139; La Maquinista, 139; department stores, 139; plate glass industry, 140–41;
and urban collectivization, 211–13, 215, 225 and n.
woodworkers union, 212, 221; public entertainments union, 212, 223–5; commercial employees union, 220
and compensation, 575n.
socialization, 211–12, 215
cooperativization, 212
nationalization, 236n
.
importance of Saragossa, 119, 120
organizes escapes from Saragossa, 134n.
growth in Barcelona frightens bourgeoisie, 148–9
membership of, 151
Barcelona federation and revolution, 111
‘imposition of libertarian communism’, 112–13, 181
chooses to collaborate, 113, 138, 184
same course as communists, 138
joins Generalitat government, 184, 186, 376; and reasons for, 186; withdraws from, 376, 383
and power, 179–87 passim, 215, 335
fails to control banks, 180–81
ministers have no ‘line’, 186–7; and appointment of, 187
rejects plan to ‘expropriate’ Madrid gold
reserves, 181n.
outnumbered in Catalonia by UGT, 182
workers’ and soldiers’ committees, 184
and first Popular Front government, 185, 186
proposes National Defence Council, 185, 336
salaries, 216
revises positions at Economic Plenum, January 1938, 236n., 357
pact with UGT, February 1938, 236n.
Madrid ‘tunnel’, 295–7
national committee accepts militarization, 337
reacts to events, 339, 501
political commissars, 339
relations with POUM, 340, 344 and n.; and POUM’s eviction from Generalitat, 342, 376
and May events, 378–82; ambience after, 454
‘unity with PCE’, 440
in Asturias: pact with UGT, 237, 244, 330n., 550, 551, 553; 1931 split, 549; views on revolution, 549; proposes ‘political’ alternative to 1933 insurrection, 550; miners union, 550n.; in military rising, 70; refusal to collectivize, 242; and peasantry, 243; stands for socialization, 243; socializes fishing industry, 244; wishes to stay on good terms with socialists, 244; militarization, 246; revolutionary realism of, 550
in Aragon (see also Council of Aragon): strength of, 348; federation of collectives, 366; and agreements of, 367n.; pact with UGT, 369
in Basque country, 194; and PNV, 190; excluded from Basque government, 192
non-members’ views: relations with POUM, 110; growth of, 182n.; ‘admits right-wingers’, 583, 584–5; ‘cause of PSUC’s growth’, 183; ‘revolutionary inconsistency’, 183; ‘complaisant attitude’ to petty bourgeois politicians, 340; ‘makes concessions’, 184; ‘superiority complex’ of Catalan leadership, 184; Madrid, Asturias more ‘politically aware’, 184; ‘mistaken concept of administration’, 234; mistake of wanting total revolution in Catalonia, 243; Asturian CNT did not make same mistake, 243; ‘most revolutionary’ sector of proletariat, 329; never claimed ‘precedence of revolution over war’, 339; failed to make workers’ government of anit-fascist militia committee, 341; ‘no political line’, 342; failure to make bloc with POUM, 342; ‘a colossus’, 342 and n.; ‘love of rhetoric’, 342; ‘self-sufficiency’, 342; ‘keeps quiet’ over Moscow trials, 344; idea of export, 375; ‘gears into Catalan working class mentality’, 379.
Consell de l’Escola Nova Unificada (CENU), 294n.
Córdoba, 94n., 97, 98, 129, 132, 155, 158, 161–4, 175n., 276–7, 280, 306, 307–8, 310
military rising, 72, 106n., 161
air raids, 134n.
Cordón, A., 565n.
Cores Fernández de Cañete, A., 253n.
Corral de Almaguer (Toledo), 583
Correo de Andalucía, Seville, 158n.
Costa, Joaquín, 580
Council of Aragon, 367n., 392
creation of, 350 and n.
and collectives, 347, 356–7
‘regulatory body’ of, 350
‘prejudicial to war’, 370
‘localism’ of, 371
dissolution of, 390
libertarian views on, 391–2
Council of Asturias:
formation of, 243
declares self-sovereignty, 422
and resistance, 422
evacuation of children, 433–5
evacuation of, 412
and petty bourgeoisie, 243–4
and land expropriation, 243n.
joined by libertarian youth, 244
supervises union control of industries, 244
petty bourgeoisie, representation on, 244–5
two major crises, 245n.
protests air raids, 420
Cuenca, 117, 338, 580
Czechoslovakia, 192, 480
Dali, Salvador, 181
Defensor de Córdoba (Catholic), 47, 94n., 105, 155, 270–71, 320n.
Dencas, Dr Josep, 535
Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya, 209
Diario de Burgos (Catholic), 170n., 203
Díaz, José, 101, 327, 460
and anti-fascist programme, 558
and sister, 271
and revolution, 324 and n.
‘PCE knows what it wants’, 326
‘trotskyists and uncontrollables’, 373
‘trotskyists are fascists’, 383
Díaz del Moral, Juan, 95n., 96n.
Díaz Tendero, Col. Eleuterio, 483
Díaz Varela, Major, 103n.
Dollfuss, Dr Englebert, 85
Domingo, Marcelino, 41, 175, 515
Durango (Vizcaya), 396
Durruti, Buenaventura, 62, 66, 110, 142, 146, 150, 289, 337, 380, 548n.
and 1933 insurrection, 550, 551
turns guardia civil away, 110
leads militia force, 113
and column, 119, 120, 134–5, 147, 337, 338
in defence of Madrid, 266
and militarization, 337, 338
death of, 269
pronouncements on revolution, 334, 335, 350
‘no Ukrainian anarchist’, 346
in Generalitat ‘manoeuvre’, 375n.
posters of, 456
Ebro river, 118, 120, 121
Economics Council (Catalonia), 211, 212, 213, 215, 222, 234
creation of, 184
role changed by Comorera, 578
Echauri (Navarre), 123
Eibar (Guipúzcoa), 189n.
El Arahal (Seville), 158n.
El Socialista (PSOE), 462
Elections, general:
November 1933, 43; right-wing victory, 550
February 1936, 44, 89; and voting figures, 44n.; right-wing electoral propaganda, 81; Popular Front propaganda, 82; in Córdoba, 97; and abstentionism, 534n.
Elorza, A., 43n., 525n., 543n., 548n.
Emakume Abertzale Batza, 193
Escobar, J. I., 126n.
Escofet, Frederic, 62, 63n., 64 and n., 66, 67, 68, 71, 110–11 and n.
Escudero, M., 539n.
Espejo (Córdoba), 94, 95, 280
Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, 376
wins 1931 municipal elections, 40, 534
and 1936 general elections, 83
its agrarian reform, 518, 535
pre-war conflicts with Madrid, 535, 555
‘not separatist’, 533
and collectivization, 215
peasantry to join single union, 326
May events, 378–82; and consequences of, 383
left of PNV, 530
politics of, 531, 535
social base of, 532
political tasks, 534
and working class, 534
proto-fascist wing, 535
and October 1934 rising, 535
non-members’ views: ‘sabotages collectives’, 215
Estat Català, 535
in military rising, 107
and May events, 378–82
Estremadura, 92, 174, 277
Euzkadi, see Basque country
Fàbregas, J. P., 151n., 181n., 187, 209, 212 and n., 215
Falange and falangists, 45, 97, 122, 161, 163, 164, 173, 179, 205, 208, 571
foundation of, 45
political assassinations, 45, 60, 75
and street violence, 45, 80, 89, 92
Mussolini’s march on Rome, 70
in Montaña barracks, 75
in Valladolid, 85
propose rising without military, 86
unification with JONS, 55, 86, 87
similarities with JONS, 87n.
leadership arrested, 89
plans rising with military, 90; to crush socialism, 102; to redeem proletariat, 115
militias, 117
and revolution, 122, 313, 315
opposed by military, 316
impossibility of revolution, 320
repression, 122, 165, 166, 167–8, 169, 172–173, 315
and Hedilla, 317n.
reasons for joining, 253, 283, 314–15
growth pre-war, 525n.
fusion with Carlists, 317
Unification decree, 317; death-blow to populist elements, 317; title of new movement, 317; reactions to unification, 318–19, 320
project for Barcelona, 484
clandestine in Madrid, 487
Auxilio Social, 310
syndicalist principles of, 313, 316; and fascism of, 313–14
critical categories of, 315
and German-Italian fascism, 314, 315
defends small owners, 315
rapid growth of, 315
attracts left-wingers, 315
F A Ilange, 315–16
never ‘mass party’, 316
leaderless, 316
non-members’ views: ‘totalitarian’, 319
Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las JONS (FET), 317n.
national council, 469, 470
Falcón, Cesar, 94n.
Fal Conde, Manuel, 104
exiled, 317n.
Fanjul, Gen. Joaquín:
takes command of Montaña barracks, 75
wounded, 77
Faraudo, Capt. Carlos, 76
assassination of, 103, 572
Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI), 111, 142, 148, 153, 192
foundation of, 39, 548
aims of, 548
ultra-leftism, 542
and treintistas, 545, 547
no general ‘line’, 547
as tendency within CNT, 548n.
importance in Catalonia, 548
Catalans’ insurrections ‘dangerous’, 549
‘Barcelona against the rest’, 549
Asturian view of revolution, 549
in Barcelona military rising, 107
‘without direction’, 138
condemns assassinations, 149
refuses participation in Catalan government, 187
participates in Council of Asturias, 243
non-members’ views: relations with POUM, 110; automatic blame for assassinations, 148 and n.; ‘bloodiest of reds’, 196; ‘dominates CNT’, 187, 547; ‘acts dictatorially’, 546; ‘sectarianism’, 288; ‘responsible for republic’s collapse’, 444; protects mill owner’s wife, 446; concern over fate of, 447
Blood of Spain Page 96