military rising, 106, 302
nationalist capture of, 301–5, 312
importance of, 304
repercussions in Popular Front zone, 304, 383
Malefakis, E., 45n., 94n., 348n., 514n., 515n., 517n., 548n.
Marbella (Málaga), 275
Martínez-Alier, J., 514n.
Martínez Anido, Gen. Severiano, 469
Martínez Bande, Col. J. M., 108n., 134n., 486n., 488n., 492n.
Martínez Barrio, Diego, 489 and n.
forms government, 54, 463
resigns as premier, 57–8
denies telephoning Mola, 57n.
Mas de las Matas (Teruel) (see also Collectivization, agrarian), 351–8, 360, 373, 392
agriculture in, 351
libertarian stronghold, 351
in military rising, 351
repression in, 351, 353, 355
Masip, A., 244n., 245n.
Maura, Miguel, 554
Maurice, J., 514n., 515n., 521n., 555n.
Maurin, Joaquim, 342 and n., 363–4, 560
Medina de Rioseco (Valladolid), 88n., 89
Medinaceli, Duke of, 280–81
takeover of estates, 94, 95, 280, 519
Melilla (Spanish Morocco):
military rising in, 48
Mera, Cipriano, 260, 338, 384n., 489, 493
Mérida (Badajoz), 155
Mexico, 325
Miaja, Gen. José, 296, 475
telephone call to Mola, 57n.
on Córdoba front, 132
in defence of Madrid, 263, 270
head of Madrid defence junta, 263, 297, 298
and wage cheques, 296
‘tool of communists’, 296
‘manipulated’, 297
argues for resistance, 486
changes sides, 492
Millicias Anti-fascistas Obreras y Campesinas (MAOC), 49
in May Day demonstration, 1936, Madrid, 99
Militarization of militias, 133, 134
in Asturias, 246
libertarians and, 337–9
Militias, militiamen, Popular Front zone:
outings from Madrid, 117
‘chaotic at beginning’, 117
reinforce fighting units, 117
force stalemate in Guadarrama, 118n.
and church burning, 132
need for militarization, 133, 134, 258
dig in on Aragon front, 133
and air raids, 134 and n.
on Córdoba front, 134n.
arms shortage, 135
rifles: Crimean war, 135; Czech, 251; Mexican, 257; Russian, 257
on Madrid front, 265
lack coordination, 135
rivalries between, 135
capture three-quarters of Aragon, 135, 348
no major offensive on Aragón front, 136
war of position, 136
in San Roque, 156
on Talavera front, 257
withdrawal to Madrid, 257
in Asturias, 245
distrust of officers, 246
failure to invent new tactics, 246
anarchist attack on Catalan nationalists, 448
experience of defeat, 258
manifestation of ‘dual power’ vacuum, 258
fail to create revolutionary force, 340
‘prolongation of CNT defence groups’, 340
Millán Astray, Gen. José, 178n.
protests Unamuno’s speech, 207
Mintz, F., 348n., 367n., 369n., 370n., 393n., 543n., 544n.
Miranda del Ebro (Burgos), 119
Mola, Gen. Emilio, 122, 203–4, 308, 564n.
africanista, 566n.
transferred to Pamplona, 45, 100, 570
gives word he will not rise, 56
telephoned by Madrid government, 57
orders red and gold flag removed, 65
reviews column in Pamplona, 70
welcomes requeté and falangist strength, 71
plans for Madrid, 75
plans rising, 102, 570, 574
and Carlists, 102, 104, 573
plans repression, 167, 169, 572–3
proposed post-rising regime, 573
warned of republic’s precautions, 573
broadcast on Azaña, 114
forces available to, 118
fears withdrawal, 126
Navarre flank threatened, 120
shortage of ammunition, 126
expels don Juan, 202
and Vizcaya, 395
death of, 403
and church, 529, 573
Molas, I., 41n., 534n., 535n., 540n., 546n.
Monarchists, 45
determined to crush socialism, 102
and Sanjurjo’s death, 109
emissaries sent to Germany, Italy, 126–7
reaction to unification, 317–18
Montalbán (Teruel), 133
Montaña barracks, 59, 72, 107, 117, 266, 338
rifle bolts stored in, 53
assault on, 75, 76–8, 178
Montseny, Federica, 285, 286, 287n., 382
Monzón, Telesforo, 189, 190
Morasverdes (Salamanca), 171–4 passim
arrival of falangists, 172
Moroccan troops, 174, 175
regulares, 108, 567 and n.
land at Algeciras, 65
air lift of, 108
and executions in Baena, 131; and in Seville, 275
‘scandalized by religious desecration’, 155
in San Roque, 155, 156
further executions by, 157
on Talavera front, 257
militia fear of, 257, 264
leadership of, 472
used to put down 1934 Asturian rising, 556
Morocco, 102
1931 strike in, 567
republic’s failure to grant independence, 330n.
Morrow, F., 388n.
Múgica, Dr Mateo, Bishop of Vitoria:
condemns Basque Catholics, 416
position of, 417n.
Mujeres Libres, 285, 287n.
Mundo Obrero (PCE), 258, 322, 386n., 462
and revolt, 460
‘victorious resistance’, 486, 487
Muniesa (Teruel), 132, 133, 363, 365
Murcianos, 539n.
Mussolini, Benito:
aid to insurgents, 127
recognizes nationalist regime, 270
and air raids, 442n.
start of Second World War, 483
Napoleon, 123
Naredo, J., 514n.
Nationalist cause (see also Insurgents, Carlists, Falange):
‘law, order, national unity’, 173, 194, 278–279, 303, 317, 421
fear of proletarian revolution, 250, 282
‘Spaniards have to solve Spain’s problems’, 275
‘to work in peace’, 282
determination to win the war, 282
victory morale, 283, 284, 312
a ‘better Spain’, 174, 414, 477
and disillusionment, 415–16, 512
‘liberation from religious persecution,’ 421
‘impassioned atmosphere’, 432
Nationalist zone:
initial economic disadvantage, 279
Texas Oil Co., 279
British mining companies, 279
exports from, 279, 409–10
new state, 312, 469
and rearguard, 312
‘normality’ in, 312
‘military influenced by conservative forces’, 316
refugees from Popular Front zone, 457
state administration October 1936, 204
disappointment at failure to capture Madrid, 270–71, 312
agriculture, 273; in Andalusia, 278, 279–80; and labour peace, 279, 280; prices and profits, 280–81; in Old Castile, 281; and national wheat service, 281 and n.; comparison with pre-war situation, 281
industry: creation of Seville textile plant, 278; business confidence, 279; international capital, 279
labour charter, 468, 470
press law, 469, 471
primary school norms, 471
‘Franco and Serrano Suñer run Spain’, 469
discontent at failure to seal victory, 471
law of political responsibilities, 485
women in, 309; women ‘complementary to men’, 310; women in war work, 311
Nationalist zone, repression, 284
in Andalusian villages, 158, 159–60
Baena, 131
Córdoba, 161–4, 276–7, 308; and passerby’s execution, 277; book burning, 162; blasphemy, 163; films, 163
Algeciras, 432 and n.
San Roque, 157
Seville, 164; and execution of José Díaz’s sister, 271–2
Pamplona, 164, 169
Badajoz, 164
Granada, 165, 305–6, 307
Valladolid, 166, 167, 310; public executions, 167
Salamanca and no more prisoners to be shot without trial, 178n., 206 and n.
Segovia, 166
Oviedo, 250, 254–5n.
Málaga, 313
Tamariz de Campos, 168–9
Morasverdes, 172
Castrogeriz, 282
Basque country, 412 and n., 415; length of time under death sentence, 412n.; priests shot, 417; and imprisoned, 417
Asturias, 424, 426
in hiding from, 426–30
in post-war, 170n., 433, 507–12
terror, 163, 167–8
and effects of, 167–8
justifications of, 158, 167, 320
number of victims, I70n.
authorities end random assassinations, 170n.
court martials, 158, 170n.; as ‘mask of legality’, 276
aimed at ‘decimating working class’, 170, 320, 512
and religion, 164; church, 415, 416, 425; church hierarchy, 166; priests, 163–4, 166, 169n., 172, 305, 417–18, 510
and lunatic asylum, 425
teachers’ purge, 204; accusations against teachers, 204
protests about, 168, 208
and Yague’s, 471
intensifies after failure to capture Madrid, 271
‘methodical and cold’, 276, 320
comparison with in Popular Front zone, 276, 320
postwar Madrid, 456
deterrent for deserters, 467
Navalperal (Avila), 171
Navarre, 53–4, 120, 125, 189, 191
and republic, 124
‘comparison with Castile’, 125
and Basque autonomy, 537, 541
Navy, republican:
interned by French, 491
Negrín, Juan, 334, 390, 456
becomes premier, 383
and collectivization, 450n., 576
war aims, 460–61n.
thirteen points, 461
Soviet advisers, 462
Soviet aid, 463
‘under communist influence’, 463
negotiations, 483 and n.
three conditions for peace, 483
returns from France, 485
and Casado, 485, 490
calls meeting of army commanders, 485
tells libertarians war lost, 486n.
and end of war, 486–92
promotes communists, 490
message to Casado, 491, 494n.
proposed broadcast, 491, 494 and n.
Neruda, Pablo, 177
Nin, Andreu, 101 and n., 228n., 342, 343, 346, 383n., 399, 560
and revolution, 321, 335
claims proletarian dictatorship exists, 343; and explanation for, 343
calls for workers’ government, 343
‘serious moment’, 374
in May events, 380–81, 382
assassination of, 385
and petty bourgeoisie, 525n.
Non-Intervention agreement, 127, 135, 185, 190, 192n., 216, 480n.
seizure of collectivized exports, 576
PCE views on, 325, 328
‘helped nationalists’, 470n.
‘knocked republic on head’, 405
‘a farce’, 483
Nosotros group, 62, 111, 112, 119, 142n., 375n., 545–6, 548n., 550
antecedents of, 547
October 1934 revolution, see Asturias, 1934 rising; Barcelona, 1934 rising; Bilbao, 1934 rising
Olaechea, Mgr Marcelino, Bishop of Pamplona, 169
calls for end of blood-letting, 169
condemns Basque Catholics, 416
Onaindia, Fr. A., 417n.
Organic democracy, 102, 109
and positions of falangists, Carlists, monarchists and CEDA, 319–20 and n.
Ortega y Gasset, José, 173
Ortiz, Antonio, 119, 392
Ortzi (F.Letamendía), 189n., 396n., 532n., 541n.
Oviedo, 245–54
military rising, 69–70, 72, 106n., 208
city centre right-wing, 247
strategic importance of, 247
absorbs militias’ attention, 247
proposed all-out attack on, 245–6
in siege, 241, 247; number of defenders, 247; reinforced after October 1924, 247; ‘curtains of fire’, 247; Mount Naranco, 247, 248; crossing perimeter, 248, 250; water supplies, 248; and food, 248, 250; air raids/shelling, 248, 250; and effect on civilian resistance, 249; typhoid epidemic, 250; assassinations, 250, 255n.; first attack, 248; and population, 249
offensive (1936) on, 246–55; start of, 250; attackers’ arms, 251; Mount Naranco, 251, 254; defenders withdraw from perimeter, 251; set fire to buildings, 252; shortage of ammunition, 252; down to 500 men, 252; city blacked out, 252; and Galician relief columns, 250, 253; advance party enters city, 254; attackers withdraw, 254; relief of, 245, 254
offensive (1937), 254n.
Pamplona, 100, 102, 104, 122, 126, 169
military rising, 64–5, 72
column leaves to take Madrid, 70
Partido Comunista de España (PCE):
joins Workers’ Alliance, 554, 557
proposes anti-fascist front, 557
and bourgeois-democratic revolution, 93, 323, 558
complementary to Soviet Union’s defence, 563
and the rise of fascism, 558
proposes Popular Anti-fascist bloc, 558
united front as nucleus of Popular Front, 559; not pact proposed by party, 559
and army, 569, 571
supports republican government, 53
priority of anti-fascist alliance, 60, 101, 560, 563
concessions to petty bourgeoisie, 561; and bourgeois leadership, 561
calls for creation of militia, warns of military coup, 60, 100
pre-civil war not a socialist revolutionary period, 60
participates in land seizures, 93; to consolidate democratic republic after 1936 elections, 99
growth after October 1934, 100; and before October 1934, 557
offers coherent alternative to power vacuum, 258
and collectives, 290, 291n., 369, 373n., 391 and n.; justification of, 582; differential wages, 583; and workers’ control, 291; opposes libertarian collectivization, 291n., 297, 369, 372, 583
growing power and reasons, 326, 328
membership of, 326 and n., 563 and n.
anti-fascist alliances, 325–6, 327, 328
new type of revolution, 326
and proletarian revolution, 327
democratic parliamentary republic, 324
destruction of old ruling class, 324
and peasantry, 326
and free enterprise, 373
and cooperatives, 582
land expropriation, 326n., 372n.
and Comintern, 327
‘poisons relationships with CNT’, 329
‘dependence on Soviet Union’, 329
‘lack of theoreticians’, 329
‘need for agreement with CNT’, 329–30; and basis for, 329–30
‘drowns opposition’, 330
‘loses link with masses’, 331–2, 460, 497n.
and Popular Army, 331
refuses to co
nsider defeat, 332
considered threat by other parties, 332
‘aims to absorb other parties’, 333–4
admits members lacking ‘faintest communist leanings’, 585
and agrarian reform, 372, 583
and Aragon, 391
reply to Mundo Obrero criticism, 460
pressures to oust Prieto, 460
militants convinced of victory in war, 467
and need to fight on, 490
backs Negrín in resistance or negotiations, 490n,
last central committee meeting in Spain, 492
militants rounded up, 492, 495, 505, 509
criticism of war effort in Vizcaya, 193–4
in Asturias: situation of, 245n.; and question of organizing war, 245; militarization of militias, 246; opposed to Oviedo offensive, 246; all-out resistance call, 422
in Madrid: orders to union at start of war, 291; defends government evacuation, 260; calls for Madrid’s defence, 261; role in capital’s defence, 265, 266, 270; rebellion against party line, 460; calls for all-out resistance, 486
non-members’ views: ‘not strong enough to make revolution’, 59; ‘no threat to takeover’, 98; ‘demoralizes rearguard’, 333; ‘sectarianism’, 333; slanders of, 333; reasons for gathering strength, 333; army promotions, 333, 462; and Negrín, 334; ‘political monopolization’ of, 334; would establish ‘Stalinist regime’, 334, 460, 501; its ‘democratic republic’, 336, 338; and petty bourgeoisie, 334, 336; Soviet Union’s ‘state interests’, 384; POUM’s repression, 388; ‘dictatorship’, 406; ‘disciplined violence’, 444; ‘undisciplined’, 462; ‘proselytism of’, 462; ‘putting most into war effort’, 463; ‘took advantage of Caballero’, 463; fear dominance of, 486, 490; ‘stereotyped slogans’, 487; fear ‘may destroy Madrid rather than surrender’, 489; ‘best understood needs of war’, 495–6; ‘neither camouflaged revolution nor appeased bourgeois democracies’, 496; ‘attracts members without socialist aims’, 496; lack of political work in rear, 496; ‘gives petty bourgeoisie a role it had lost’, 562
Partido Comunista de Euzkadi (PC de E):
makes no claim on Basque government, 194
failure to make social conquests, 194
autonomous branch of PCE, 397n.
all-out resistance, 404
Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV), 189–95 passim
does not attend San Sebastián revolutionary committee meeting, 40–41n.
and proclamation of republic, 531
‘God and the Old Laws’, 530
politics of, 531, 532, 538
social base of, 532
nationalism and religion, 536
and clergy, 536n.
‘a resistance movement’, 406, 536
home rule or separatism, 536
and October 1934, 538
and PSOE, 538–9
‘immigrants threaten Basque race’, 539
and Popular Front, 540
in Navarre, 541
confederal structure of, 57n.
in Alava, 57n.
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