International Conference on the Settlement of the Laotian Question (1961–62). See Geneva Conference on Laos
Interzone V, 204; Executive Committee of, 22, 47, 75, 89
Iran, 11
Jacobs, Seth, 20
Japan, 210; occupation of Indochina in World War II, 12
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), 11, 49. See also Republic of China
Jinmen (Quemoy) Islands, 58, 232n67
Johnson, Lyndon, 109, 145, 200; presidential administration, 3, 174, 175, 193, 196, 200–201, 206, 207, 208; secret peace offer to Hanoi (1964), 190–92. See also United States
Kennedy, John F., 37, 113, 114, 116; assassination of, 145; presidential administration, 91, 93, 100–101, 128, 132, 156, 160–61, 175. See also United States
Khrushchev, Nikita, 36, 81, 107, 153, 154, 164, 180, 183, 184; attack on Albania, 91, 108, 118, 130, 142; and Berlin, 58, 91; and Cuban missile crisis, 149; denunciation of Stalin, 34; and Laos, 121; ouster from power, 174, 202–4; and peaceful coexistence, 34, 35, 42, 44, 63, 72, 79, 171, 185; visit to U.S., 49. See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union; Soviet Union
Khu Mu (ethnic minority), 46
Kien Hoa Province, 110
Kien Phong Province, 69
Kim Il-sung, 65. See also Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Kinmen Islands. See Jinmen Islands
Kong Le, 119
Kosygin, Alexei, 202
Korea, 25, 65, 152
Korean War, 11, 13, 107, 115, 121, 149, 182, 184
Lacouture, Jean, 151
Lai Chau, 99
Land Reform Committee (DRVN), 39
Lao Cai, 99
Laos, 12, 17, 64, 94, 130, 135, 139, 140; civil war in, 100, 119–22, 154–55, 189; neutralization of, 118, 126, 134–35; U.S. interference in, 101, 116. See also Geneva accords on Laos; Geneva Conference on Laos; Pathet Lao; Souvanna Phouma
Law 10/59 (RVN), 70, 103. See also Ngo Dinh Diem
Le Cuong, 161
Le Duan (Le Van Nhuan), 7, 16–17, 21, 40, 57, 87, 93–94, 108, 170, 171, 179, 203; as acting general secretary of the VWP, 47, 77, 95; advocacy of war in South Vietnam, 41–43, 164; appointment as VWP first secretary, 86–87; attack on moderates in the VWP, 164; and battle of Ap Bac, 152; commitment to socialist transformation in DRVN, 195–96, 207; control of VWP decision-making, 145, 173; “Directions of the Southern Revolution” (1956), 41–43, 51, 159; emulation of Stalin, 173, 195; and Fifteenth Plenum of the VWP Central Committee, 51; fourteen-point “action plan,” 41; and Geneva accords on Laos (1962), 125, 143; as head of COSVN, 15–16; as head of Nam Bo Executive Committee, 17, 29; letter to COSVN of July 1962, 134–37, 140; militant views of, 32, 42–43, 50, 142, 146, 173; and NLF, 88; and neutralization of South Vietnam, 128, 134–37, 140; opposition to 1954 Geneva accords and to negotiations, 6, 15–17, 23, 143, 192, 194, 208, 209–10; regime of, 175, 181, 182, 191–92, 194, 199, 200, 203, 207, 211; “Some Questions concerning the International Tasks of Our Party (address at Ninth Plenum of VWP Central Committee, 1963), 163–64; visit to Moscow (1964), 180–81. See also Central Office (Directorate) for Southern Vietnam; Democratic Republic of Vietnam; Nam Bo Executive Committee; Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Le Duc Tho, 40, 57, 84, 87, 146, 173, 183, 208, 209; and Le Duan, 16, 169; as head of VWP Organization Committee, 40, 169, 170–71; opposition to 1954 Geneva accords, 16, 194; visit to Moscow (1964), 180–81; and VWP strategic debate of 1963, 147–48. See also Organization Committee; Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Le Liem, 170
Lenin, Vladimir, 48, 195, 214n4
Le Quang Dao, 113
Le Thanh Nghi, 40, 87, 146
Le Van Luong, 15, 39. See also Organization Committee
Le Van Nhuan. See Le Duan
Le Vinh Quoc, 170, 272n161
L’Humanité (newspaper, France), 143
Liberation Army of South Vietnam, 95. See also People’s Liberation Armed Forces
Liberation Radio (NLF), 160, 202
“Limited war,” 100, 179, 207
Linebacker II, 211
Liu Shaoqi: visit to Hanoi (1963), 153–54
Logevall, Fredrik, 24, 25, 32, 46, 155
Long An Province, 69
Lumumba, Patrice, 100. See also Congo (Leopoldville)
Lüthi, Lorenz, 152
Luu Doan Huynh, 161
Mali, 103
Maneli, Mieczyslaw, 155–56, 267n78. See also International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam; Poland
Manila Pact, 11. See also Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
Mao Zedong, 15, 65, 173, 174, 178; and “continuous revolution,” 44, 49, 148, 152–53; opposition to peaceful coexistence/Khrushchev, 44, 72; and Vietnam, 108, 181, 201, 287n15. See also Chinese Communist Party; People’s Republic of China
Marangé, Céline, 99
Marr, David, 208
Marx, Karl, 146
McCarthy, Joseph, 11
Mekong Delta, 60, 69, 92, 108
Mekong River, 123
Mikoyan, Anastas, 35
Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG, U.S.), 25, 127
Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV, U.S.), 127, 129, 152
Miller, Edward, 129, 157
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DRVN), 26, 30, 89, 99, 101, 102, 142, 160, 192, 203
Ministry of Public Security (DRVN), 85, 170
Moïse, Edwin, 141, 142, 198
Mongolia, 104, 121
Morocco, 103, 247n81
Mosaddegh, Mohammad, 11
Moscow, 91
Moscow Conference: of 1957, 47, 63, 168; of 1960, 80, 81, 168
Moyar, Mark, 31, 109, 129
Munich accords (1938), 160, 208
My Tho Province, 73
Nam Bo Executive Committee (Xu uy Nam Bo), 17, 29, 56, 70, 72, 75, 76, 89, 95. See also Central Office (Directorate) for Southern Vietnam; Le Duan
Nam Lua, 28
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 11. See also Egypt; United Arab Republic
National Assembly (DRVN), 25, 36, 37, 48, 49, 62, 70, 74, 80, 98, 101, 105, 106, 113, 116, 123, 124, 125, 143, 149–50, 154, 183, 192; and diplomatic solution for South Vietnam, 127; and failure of Geneva accords on Laos (1962), 142; on neutralization of South Vietnam, 141–42; Standing Committee of, 74, 146, 197; and Tonkin Gulf incident, 197
National Commission for Science and Technology (DRVN), 170
National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF, Viet Cong), 73, 92, 96, 97, 104, 108–110, 111, 116, 117, 124, 133, 137, 141, 143, 144, 148, 150, 153, 166, 168, 176, 187, 242n95; challenges, 129, 162, 199; contacts with RVN government, 194–95; and diplomatic struggle/manipulation of world opinion, 150–51; manifesto/program, 88; and neutralization of South Vietnam, 126–28, 136, 139, 140; origins of, 54–55, 87–90; and VWP, 137–39, 141. See also Nguyen Van Hien; People’s Liberation Armed Forces
Nationalist China. See Republic of China
Nationaliste (newspaper, Cambodia), 127
National Reunification Committee (VWP), 146
National Security Council (U.S.), 174
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 133. See also India; Nonaligned movement/states
“New democracy,” 84
Nghe An Province, 19, 38
Ngo Dinh Diem, 17, 21, 25, 109, 134, 140, 155, 157, 176; anti-communism of, 21; ascent to SOVN premiership, 14, 21; assassination/overthrow of, 145, 160–62, 176, 189, 269n119; Catholics and, 20; creation of RVN, 31–32; consolidation/expansion of power, 6, 28, 31, 32, 37, 44, 46, 51–52, 72, 109–110, 161–62; domestic challenges to authority, 21, 28; and France, 20–21; refusal to honor 1954 Geneva accords, 12, 14, 30, 31, 37; repression of dissidents/communists by, 12, 30–31, 33, 42, 62–63, 69–70, 103, 116–17; regime of, 11, 20, 74. See also Republic of Vietnam; Rural Community Development (“Agroville”) Program; State of Vietnam; Strategic hamlet program
Ngo Dinh Nhu, 109, 156, 157, 267n80; assassination of, 145, 160
Nguyen, Lien-Hang, 5, 41, 47, 85, 168, 171, 199
&nb
sp; Nguyen Ai Quoc School (Hanoi), 147, 262n8
Nguyen Chi Thanh, 21, 57, 87, 97, 146, 173, 209; as head of COSVN, 199, 204; opposition to 1954 Geneva accords, 15–16, 194; promotion to full general, 87; and VWP strategic debate of 1963, 147–48, 169. See also Central Office (Directorate) for Southern Vietnam; People’s Army of Vietnam; Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Nguyen Duy Trinh, 40, 48–49, 87, 146, 266n62
Nguyen Dynasty, 12
Nguyen Khanh, 194. See also Republic of Vietnam
Nguyen Thi Dinh, 56
Nguyen Van Hien, 104, 143. See also National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam
Nguyen Van Hinh, 21, 219n51
Nguyen Van Linh, 95, 199. See also Central Office (Directorate) for Southern Vietnam
Nguyen Vu Tung, 64, 97, 125, 126, 127, 141, 194
Nhan dan (newspaper, DRVN), 24, 28, 67, 77, 146, 149, 151, 160
Nhan van (periodical, DRVN), 40
Niger, 103
Nixon, Richard, 44, 49; as U.S. president, 211. See also United States
Nonaligned movement/states, 4, 27, 34, 45, 119, 133. See also India; Nehru, Jawaharlal
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 25
“North-first” policy (DRVN), 6, 14, 35, 38, 48, 51, 73, 85, 92, 112. See also Democratic Republic of Vietnam
North Korea. See Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
North Vietnam. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam
October (Russian) Revolution (1917), 50, 165
Olsen, Mari, 122
Organization Committee (VWP), 15, 39, 84, 146, 169, 170. See also Le Duc Tho; Le Van Luong; Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Paris peace agreement (1973), 209, 211
Paris peace talks (1968–73), 210–11
Paris Summit (1960), 75, 76, 237n22
Park Chung-hee, 101. See also Republic of Korea
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963), 145, 159, 202. See also Détente
Party Committee of South Vietnam (PCSVN), 96. See also People’s Revolutionary Party; Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Pathet Lao, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 134–35, 142. See also Geneva accords on Laos; Geneva Conference on Laos; Laos; Souphanouvong
Peaceful coexistence. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam; Détente; Ho Chi Minh; Khrushchev, Nikita; Soviet Union
Pelley, Patricia, 2
People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN), 15, 19, 63, 64, 65, 85, 87, 132, 151, 168, 170, 173, 180, 190, 211, 218n29; advisers in United Arab Republic, 105; amalgamation of southern regroupees into, 19; convoys attacked in DRVN, 99; demobilization of personnel, 33, 74, 83, 207; deployment of units to South Vietnam, 7, 95, 151, 166, 174–75, 176, 179, 196, 198, 199–201, 284n181; five-year-plan of modernization, 3, 33, 62, 113; ideological training in, 100; in Laos, 120, 142, 266n73; mutiny in, 99; and PLAF, 87–88, 95, 159, 204; repression of dissidence in DRVN by, 38, 98–100; state of, 33, 225n138, 275n34; tensions within, 19, 99; and Tonkin Gulf incident, 197. See also Central Military Commission; General Staff; Viet Minh; “Volunteer troops”
People’s Daily (newspaper, PRC), 157
“People’s diplomacy” (DRVN), 89. See also Democratic Republic of Vietnam
People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF), 87–88, 95, 108, 109, 124, 144, 151, 168, 177, 180, 195, 198, 199, 201, 211, 250n138, 264n43; attack on U.S. airfield at Bien Hoa (1964), 204; attack on U.S. base at Pleiku (1965), 201, 206, 286n1; and battle of Ap Bac, 151–52; in major combat operations, 174, 175, 204–5; and PAVN, 159, 166, 204; setbacks suffered by, 129. See also Liberation Army of South Vietnam; National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam
People’s Republic of China, 11, 19, 39, 104, 107; assistance to DRVN, 12, 33–34, 152, 154, 181–82, 183, 184, 201–2, 276n45; commitment to violent revolution/national liberation, 3, 79, 152, 153–54, 181, 190, 207–8, 250n142, 287n15; denunciations of Khrushchev/peaceful coexistence, 44, 79, 157–58, 239n46; deployment of troops to Vietnam, 181, 190; ideological radicalization in, 145, 152–53; and Indochina War, 12; normalization of relations with France, 174; proposal for conference on South Vietnam, 127; recognition of DRVN, 12; relations with DRVN, 79, 107–8, 152, 207–8; relations with India, 34, 49, 102–3, 133; relations with Laos, 121, 122; relations with Soviet Union, 12, 44, 72, 79, 91, 107–8, 118, 131, 174; successful testing of atomic bomb, 174, 201–2; support for 1954 Geneva accords/opposition to violent revolution in Vietnam, 15, 33, 79, 107–8, 115, 130, 131; support for Viet Minh, 12; and UN, 79. See also China; Chinese Communist Party; Mao Zedong; Sino-Indian War; Sino-Soviet dispute; Zhou Enlai
People’s Revolutionary Party (PRP), 96–97. See also Party Committee of South Vietnam; Vietnamese Workers’ Party
“People’s war,” 60, 61, 170, 288n17
Pham Hung, 16, 40, 87, 146, 173, 194, 209
Pham Van Dong, 27, 29, 30, 32, 78, 86, 87, 98, 104, 105, 131, 132, 134, 143, 149–50, 154, 183, 201, 203, 208, 247n77; letter to Ngo Dinh Diem of 1958, 48; note on China’s territorial sea of 1958, 58, 232n67; secret talks with Blair Seaborn (1964), 191–92; support for 1954 Geneva accords, 15. See also Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Phan Van Dang, 51
Phat Diem, 20
Phnom Penh, 42
Phong Saly Province, 123
Phoui Sananikone, 119
Phoumi Novasan, 119
Phu Loi massacre, 57
Pike, Douglas, 63, 157
Plain of Jars, 119
Podgorny, Nikolai, 202
Poland, 104, 121; as ICSC member, 102, 150, 155. See also International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam
Porter, Gareth, 112, 156, 177
Portugal, 103
Post, Ken, 126
Poulo Condore Island. See Con Dao Island
Pravda (newspaper, Soviet Union), 185
Project Beefup (U.S.), 128. See also United States
Qiang Zhai, 79, 115
Quang Binh, 197
Quang Ngai Province, 68
Quang Tri Province, 16
Quemoy Islands. See Jinmen Islands
Quynh Luu uprising (1956), 38
Rach Gia Province, 73
Republican Youth Movement (RVN), 109, 116
Republic of China (Nationalist China), 129, 152. See also Jiang Jieshi
Republic of Guinea (Guinea), 103
Republic of Korea (South Korea), 76, 116. See also Park Chung-hee; Rhee, Syngman
Republic of Vietnam (RVN, South Vietnam), 37, 72, 103, 205; abdication of regime (1975), 211; Buddhist crisis of 1963, 145, 176; coups in, 145, 176, 194, 269n122; creation of, 32; negotiations with NLF/DRVN, 194–95; objection to draft Paris agreement (1972), 210; relations with Republic of China, 129. See also Duong Van Minh; Ngo Dinh Diem; Nguyen Khanh
Resolution 9 (VWP, 1963), 3, 164–69, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 180, 181, 183, 187, 190, 196, 200, 284n181; “On the World Situation and the International Tasks of Our Party” (public communiqué), 164–65; “Strive to Struggle, Rush Forward to Win New Victories in the South” (“secret” section), 164–68. See also Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Resolution 15 (VWP, 1959), 6, 45, 53–71, 72, 76, 78, 88, 89, 166, 168; guidelines, 59–61, 74; Politburo reservations about, 59–64; as product of southern pressures, 55–56; response of southern revolutionaries to, 67–69. See also Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Revisionism (in Marxism-Leninism), 147–48, 184–85. See also Khrushchev, Nikita; Soviet Union; Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Revolutionary Youth League, 16
Rhee, Syngman, 76. See also Republic of Korea
Romanian Communist Party, 79
Ross, Douglas, 103, 132
Rostow, Walt, 114
Royal Lao Army, 119
Rural Community Development (“Agroville”) Program (RVN), 74, 109. See also Ngo Dinh Diem; Republic of Vietnam
Russian Revolution (1917). See October Revolution
Saigon, 18, 57, 69, 73, 139, 156, 174, 204
Sam Neua Province. See Houa Phanh Province
Sa
pa, 99
Seaborn, Blair: secret talks with Pham Van Dong (1964), 191–92. See also International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam; Canada
Sihanouk, Norodom (Prince), 119, 128, 189, 193; proposal for conference on Lao, 119–20, 122; proposal for conference on South Vietnam, 127. See also Cambodia
Sino-Indian War (1962), 102–3, 118. See also People’s Republic of China
Sino-Soviet dispute, 1, 3, 4, 72, 79–82, 86, 118, 181, 185; origins of, 44, 47, 49, 122. See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union; Democratic Republic of Vietnam; Ho Chi Minh; Khrushchev, Nikita; Mao Zedong; People’s Republic of China; Soviet Union; Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Soc Trang Province, 62
Son La, 99
Song Hao, 106
Souphanouvong (Prince), 119, 252n2. See also Pathet Lao
Southeast Asia, 27, 115, 124, 139, 140, 143; communism in, 11
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 11, 25, 115; Council of, 176. See also Manila Pact
Southern Committee of the Patriotic Front, 29
South Korea. See Republic of Korea
South Vietnam, 135, 139, 140, 200, 204. See also Republic of Vietnam; State of Vietnam
Souvanna Phouma (Prince), 119, 120, 121, 123, 127, 155, 189; rump state under, 120–21. See also Laos
Soviet Union, 94, 104, 170; as cochair of 1954 Geneva Conference, 34; fear of war with U.S., 34–35, 78–79, 149; and peaceful coexistence, 3, 34–36, 42, 49, 63, 72, 79, 130, 145; recognition of DRVN, 12; relations with/assistance to DRVN, 78, 106, 108, 116, 122, 131, 149, 154, 159, 180, 186, 202–3, 208, 277n56, 278n87; relations with India, 118; relations with Laos, 121, 122; relations with PRC, 12, 44, 72, 79–80; relations with U.S., 12, 37, 91, 118; support for 1954 Geneva accords/diplomatic solution in Vietnam, 15, 33, 78, 127, 204, 208, 276n42, 288n21. See also Brezhnev, Leonid; Communist Party of the Soviet Union; Democratic Republic of Vietnam; Détente; Khrushchev, Nikita; Sino-Soviet dispute; Stalin, Joseph
Special Forces (U.S.), 206
“Special war,” 178–79
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