Memphis 68

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Memphis 68 Page 32

by Cosgrove, Stuart;


  The Tri-State Defender collection, LeMoyne-Owen College, Memphis, TN.

  Blues and Soul magazine, 1968–1975, author’s own collection. Michigan Chronicle, 1962–1972, Detroit Public Library, Detroit, MI.

  Pittsburgh Courier, 1960–1968, University Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

  Cuttings on segregation, Memphis life, Beale Street, Stax Records, the Memphis Invaders, Isaac Hayes and other related subjects, courtesy of the Preservation and Special Collection Department, McWherter Library, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.

  The COINTELPRO Papers, The FBI Education Center, Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC.

  Home Select Committee on Assassination (HSCA) 1976–1979, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

  NAACP Collection, cataloguing the activities of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and its related activities, 1909–1979, University Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

  The Papers and Correspondence of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, Atlanta, GA.

  FBI and Memphis Police Department documents released under the Freedom of Information Act and made available via www.vault.fbi.gov and other specialist sites.

  Secondary Sources

  Abernathy, Ralph David, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2010.

  Beiffus, Joan Turner, At the River I Stand, Memphis: St Luke’s Press, 1990.

  Blackstock, Nelson, COINTELPRO: The FBI’s Secret War on Political Freedom, New York: Pathfinder Press, 1976.

  Bowman, Rob, Soulsville U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records, New York: G. Schirmer Inc., 2003.

  Branch, Taylor, At Canaan’s Edge: America in the King Years 1965–1968, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.

  Carpenter, Bill, Uncloudy Days: The Gospel Encyclopaedia, San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2005.

  Donner, Frank J., The Age of Surveillance, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980.

  DiEugenio, James & Lisa Pease (eds), The Assassinations: Probe Magazine on JFK, MLK, RFK, and Malcolm X, Port Townsend: Feral Press, 2003.

  Dyson, Michael Eric, I May Not Get There with You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr., New York: Free Press, 2000.

  Freeman, Scott, Otis!: The Otis Redding Story, New York: St Martin’s Press, 2001.

  Gentry, Curt, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1991.

  George, Nelson, The Death of Rhythm and Blues, New York: Random House, 1988.

  Gordon, Robert, Respect Yourself: Stax Records and the Soul Explosion, New York: Bloomsbury, 2014.

  Gordon, Robert, It Came from Memphis, Pocket Books: New York, 1995.

  Guralnick, Peter, Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley, London: Little Brown, 1994.

  Guralnick, Peter, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom, New York: Harper & Row, 1986.

  Hamilton, Marybeth, In Search of the Blues, London: Jonathan Cape, 2007.

  Howard, Josiah, Blaxploitation Cinema, Surrey: Fab Press, 2008.

  Hauser, Thomas, Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times, London: Robson Books, 1991.

  Hughes, Charles L., Country Soul: Making Music and Making Race in the American South, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.

  Pepper, William F., An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King, New York: Verso, 2003.

  Jones, Roben, Memphis Boys: The Story of American Studios, Jackson, MI: University of Mississippi Press, 2010.

  Kamin, Ben, Room 306: The National Story of the Lorraine Motel, East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2012.

  Kot, Greg, I’ll Take You There: Mavis Staples, the Staple Singers and the March Up Freedom’s Highway, New York: Scribner, 2014.

  Kotz, Mick, Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws That Changed America, Boston: Mariner Books, 2006.

  O’Reilly, Kenneth, Racial Matters: The FBI’s Secret File on Black America, 1960–1972, New York: Free Press, 1991.

  Powers, Georgia Davis, I Shared the Dream: The Pride, Passion, and Politics of the First Black Woman Senator from Kentucky, Far Hills, NJ: New Horizon Press, 1995.

  Ribowsky, Mark, Dreams to Remember: Otis Redding, Stax Records and the Transformation of Southern Soul, New York: Liveright, 2015.

  Ritz, David, Divided Soul: The Life of Marvin Gaye, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.

  Sides, Hampton, Hellhound on His Trail, London: Allen Lane, 2010.

  Salvatore, Nick, Singing in a Strange Land: C.L. Franklin, The Black Church, and the Transformation of America, New York: Little Brown & Co., 2005.

  Ward, Brian, Just My Soul Responding: Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations, London: UCL Press, 1998. Warner, Jay, Just Walkin’ in the Rain: The True Story of the Prisonaires: The Convict Pioneers of R&B and Rock & Roll, Los Angeles: Renaissance Books, 2001.

  Wexler, Jerry & David Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues: A Life in American Music, London: Jonathan Cape, 1993.

  Whiteis, David, Southern Soul-Blues, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2013.

  INDEX

  Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem see Alcindor

  Abernathy, Ralph 109, 110, 127, 184

  and Martin Luther King 98, 103–7, 206

  and Juanita Miller 204

  at funeral of Martin Luther King 144

  at Resurrection City 208–10

  sued by Tarlease Mathews 141, 142

  Able, Emerson Jr 249–52

  Academy Awards (Oscars) 177

  Ace, Johnny 2

  Acey, Professor David 126

  Acklin, Barbara 223

  Adams, Johnny 223

  Afrocentrism 277

  Agent 500 see McCollough

  Ahlgren, Frank R. 19

  Aiken, Ben 50

  Alcindor, Lew (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) 246, 247

  Ales, Barney 222

  Alexander, Arthur 222

  Alexander, James 17, 73, 281

  Ali, Muhammad 106, 117, 247, 292

  All Platinum Records 218

  All Stars see Walker, Junior

  Allen, Ora Denise see LaSalle

  Allen, Rance 198, 289

  Altshuler, Bob 166

  American Civil Liberties Union 84

  American Civil War 52

  American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees 42, 43, 156

  American Independent Party 159

  American Red Cross 5–7

  American Sound Studio 9, 52, 57, 150, 237, 271

  Angel, Ronnie ‘Stoots’ 30

  Animators’ Union 58

  Anson, Robert Sam 192

  Antonioni, Michelangelo 276

  Apollas, The 50

  Apollo Theater, Harlem 22, 56, 229, 265

  Ardent Studios 284, 288

  Arkin, Lt Eli 89, 115

  Arlington, Roy 185

  Armstead, Jo 289

  Army School of Photography 121

  ARTEF theatre company 171

  ATCO 219

  Atlantic Records 19, 21, 32, 53–60, 185, 188, 192, 226, 269

  acquired by Warner Brothers 50, 51

  and Aretha Franklin 182

  and Margie Joseph 263

  and Dusty Springfield 271

  at NATRA convention 224

  parting from Stax 61, 270, 281, 289

  sending Wilson Pickett to Stax 53

  working with Stax 57, 58, 186, 227

  Avant, Clarence 189, 190, 192

  Axton, Charles ‘Packy’ 29, 30, 194

  Axton, Estelle 27, 31, 185, 238, 287, 288

  and Atlantic Records 189

  and Ernest Withers 122

  and WDIA 44

  deal with Gulf & Western 192, 193

  leaving Stax 194, 237

  running Satellite 28, 72, 79, 86

  Bacharach, Burt 282

  Bailey, Loree 103, 157

  Bailey, Walter 103, 157

  Baker, Anita 135


  Baker, Lavern 52

  Ballard, Florence 56

  Banks, Bessie 222

  Banks, Darrell 168, 263, 270

  Banks, Homer 28, 68, 133, 137, 152, 205, 289

  Banks, Ron 270

  Baptist Memorial Hospital 45, 157, 267

  Barger, Lt John 118

  Bar-Kays, The 15, 23, 33, 45, 153, 160, 198, 208, 279, 280, 282, 283

  deaths of members 16, 19, 22

  funeral of 35, 36

  Barnes, J.J. and the Dramatics 270

  Barr, William 19

  Basie, Count 103

  Basilio, Carmen 216

  Bass, Fontella 263

  Bateman, Robert 219, 220

  Baylor, Johnny 114, 217–21, 224, 227–9, 288, 289, 291

  Beale Street 2, 3, 7, 12, 13, 19, 53, 66, 68, 71, 77, 79, 90–3, 102, 122, 124, 125, 127, 263

  Beale Street Players 83

  Beamon, Bob 245

  Beatles, The 12, 135, 266, 271

  Beifuss, Joan Turner 90

  Belafonte, Harry 89, 144

  Bell, Al (Alvertis Isbell) 25, 73, 151, 152, 158, 169, 181–90, 198, 199, 221, 278, 290

  and Baylor/Woodard 218, 219, 227

  and civil rights 183, 184, 238

  and Hot Buttered Soul 176, 282

  and Willie Mitchell 100

  driving force at Stax 186

  office thermometer 181, 182, 199, 270

  race relations at Stax 31, 161, 162, 193–5

  trying to save masters 51

  Bell, Archie and the Drells 223

  Bell, Reverend Ezekiel 46

  Bell, William 26, 28, 31, 51, 122, 173, 187, 197, 270

  and Martin Luther King 152

  and Vietnam 79, 85–7, 110

  as top Stax songwriter 73

  founding Peachtree 163

  leaving Stax 228, 289

  Bennett, Shelbra 208

  Benson, JoJo 223

  Benton, Brook 124

  Bergard, Fr Coleman 107

  Berger, Bettye 153, 154, 162

  Bergman, Ingrid 134

  Berry, Ben Heard 232, 237

  Bevel, James 116

  Beverley Glen Records 135

  Bial, Daniel 141

  Big Brother and the Holding Company 278

  Billboard (magazine) 31, 58, 132, 173, 192, 220

  Binder, Steve 272, 273

  Binford, Lloyd 134

  Black, Bill 252

  Black, Cilla 222

  Black Monday campaign 84

  Black Moses see Hayes, Isaac

  Black National Anthem 197

  Black Organising Project (BOP) 83, 84

  Black Panthers 83, 88, 159, 168, 175, 210, 227, 233, 249

  Black Power movement 40, 118, 159, 195, 222, 227, 238

  and Juanita Miller 203, 204

  and Vietnam 82–5, 87

  at Olympic Games 246–9

  at Resurrection City 209–11

  infiltrated by FBI 111, 113, 126

  music of 78, 79, 198, 199

  politics of 168, 172, 226

  protest marches and riots 92, 93, 233, 234

  Black United Front 277

  Blackfoot, J. (John Colbert) 207, 208, 253

  Blackstone Rangers 159, 211

  Blackwell, George 219

  Bland, Bobby 2, 3, 44, 125, 135

  Blossoms, The 273

  Blue Seal Pals 9

  blood transfusion, controversies over 5, 6, 13

  Bloomfield, Michael 280

  Bluhdorn, ‘Hurricane Charlie’ 190–4

  buying Paramount 191

  controlling Stax 193

  Bond, Julian 223

  Bongalis 114

  Booker T. and the M.G.’s (see also Jones, Booker T.) 2, 51, 100, 167, 173, 193, 278

  as Stax house band 24, 187, 270

  death of Al Jackson 292

  success with ‘Green Onions’ 31, 80, 260

  working on film music 169

  Booker T. Washington High School 22, 29, 30, 80, 81, 91, 94, 166, 215, 249, 287

  Borders, Reverend William Holmes 199

  Bowman, Rob 26, 28, 54, 132, 219, 237

  Box Tops 45, 57

  Bragg, Johnny 208

  Branch, Ben 68, 97–107, 145, 250–2

  and the Downhomers 97

  Branch, Taylor 47, 90, 91

  Brandon, Bill 59

  Briggs, Fred 263

  Brittenum, Marianne 261

  Brooks, Verdell 115

  Brown, Bill 79, 80, 82, 287, 288

  Brown, Earl 273

  Brown, H. Rap 87, 190, 227

  Brown, James 10, 18, 22, 24, 33, 34, 78, 79, 125, 160, 198, 223, 287

  and the Famous Flames 10, 33, 160

  Brown, Maxine 59, 187, 218

  Brown, Ruth 125

  Brown, Shirley 135, 136, 284, 289

  Brundage, Avery 247, 249

  Bryant, Don 264

  Buddha Records 135

  Burk, Arnold D. 192

  Burke, Solomon 33, 60

  bus boycotts 99, 123

  Butler, Jerry 25

  Butler, Willie Pearl 203

  Butterball, D.J. 186

  Butterfield, Paul 74

  Byles, Earlie 162

  Byrds, The 86

  C., Fantastic Johnny 223

  Cabbage, Charles 85, 87, 88, 93, 104, 118, 240

  Cake, Pat T. 24

  Caldwell, Ronnie 22

  Campbell, Glen 264, 282

  Canes, The 148

  Canipe, Guy 147–51, 163

  Cannon, Gus 71

  Capitol Movie Theater 28

  Carlos, John 245, 246, 248, 249, 253

  Carmichael, Stokely 78, 87, 117

  Carnegie Hall, New York 6

  Carousel Ballroom 74

  Carr, James 1, 8–12, 207

  Carter, Curtis 84

  Carver High School 91, 232

  riots at 83, 84, 232

  Caserta, Peggy 280

  Cauley, Ben 16, 17, 281

  Centenary United Methodist Church 67

  Chabrol, Claude 174

  Chamberlain, Clyde 19, 23

  Chaplin, Charlie 134

  Charles, Ray 52, 103, 169

  Cheap Trick (band) 19

  Checker, Chubby 53

  Cherry, Hank 12

  Cherry-Keys, The 54

  Chess Records 101

  Chicago Sun-Times (newspaper) 172

  Chickasaw Syncopators 252

  Chiffons, The 148

  Church of God in Christ 294

  Cinémathèque Français, La 174

  Civil Rights Act 1964 138

  Civil Rights Commission 126

  civil rights movement 30, 34, 43–7, 68, 79, 82, 87–9, 98, 116, 122–4, 138, 141, 151, 153, 163, 183, 195, 202–6, 211, 256–9

  Clapton, Eric 60, 74

  Clark, Lt Earl 117, 118

  Claunch, Quinton 9, 11

  Clay, Judy 87, 173, 187, 188

  Clayborn Temple AME Church 34, 91, 92, 105, 156

  Cleaver, Eldridge 233

  Club Handy 3, 100, 263

  Club Paradise 124, 125, 263

  Cohen, Aaron 221

  Coit, James 78

  Colbert, John see Blackfoot

  Cole, Echol 39–47

  Coltrane, John 169

  Columbia Pictures 174

  Columbia Records 257, 290

  Commercial Appeal (newspaper) 126, 149, 159, 250

  Community on the Move for Equality (COME) 68, 104, 140

  Compton Communicative Arts Academy 196

  Conley, Arthur 33, 51

  Continental Artists Attractions 153

  Cooder, Ry 11

  Cooke, Sam 68, 132, 133, 187, 207, 259, 262

  Corn, David 113

  Correc-tone Records 56

  Cosby, Bill 144, 174, 189, 223, 226

  Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) 84, 89, 112, 124, 126, 159, 238

  Covay, Don ‘Pretty Boy’ 50, 53–5, 57, 188

  Crain, Willie 41

  Cream (ba
nd) 73

  Creations, The 265

  Crocker, Frankie ‘Loveman’ 218

  Cronkite, Walter 151

  Cropper, Steve 20, 26, 30, 31, 54, 100, 101, 148, 151, 162, 185, 193, 194, 294

  Crutcher, Bettye 131, 133–8, 144, 157, 289

  Cunningham, Blair 34, 282

  Cunningham, Carl Lee 15–17, 22, 23, 34, 36, 282

  Cuoghi, Joe 13

  Curry’s Club 100

  Curtis, King 224, 226, 227

  Dade Records 59

  Danois, Ericka Blount 290

  Darin, Bobby 136, 137

  Dassin, Jules 165, 168–72, 174

  Davis, Don 132, 143, 175, 176, 193

  Davis, Jewell 115

  Davis, Larry 83

  Davis, Miles 216

  Davis, Ossie 144, 168

  Davis, Sammy Jr 144

  Dawson, Willie 244

  Daye, Johnny 125

  Dee, Ruby 169, 173

  Dees, Sam 135

  Del Rios, The 86

  Dial Records 153

  Dickinson, Jim 31, 250, 251

  Diggs, Dr Lemuel Whitley 5, 6

  Dmytryk, Edward 171

  Doctor Branch Products Inc. 101

  Dodds, Nella 190

  Dodson, Larry 36, 282

  Dogg, Swamp 284

  Domino, Fats 43

  Dorsey, Thomas ‘Barrelhouse’ 101, 102

  Douglass High School 100

  Douglass Theater 24

  Dowd, Tom 224, 272

  Downhomers see Ben Branch

  Doyle, Nathaniel Jr (aka Nat Johnson) 293

  Dramatics, The see Barnes, J.J.

  Drapels, The 261

  Drifters, The 52, 148

  Drinkard Singers, The 87, 188

  Druaghon’s Business College 6

  Drucker, Jesse 8

  Drue, John Jr 208

  Duke, Doris 136, 284

  Duke-Peacock label 219, 224

  Dunn, Donald ‘Duck’ 30, 31, 100, 101, 162, 294

  Dylan, Bob 74

  Dyson, Professor Michael Eric 126, 132

  Earth, Wind and Fire 174, 253

  Ebert, Roger 172

  Eckstine, Billy 198

  Edwards, Harry 246

  Eisenhower, Dwight D. ‘Ike’ 183, 259

  Elizabeth II, Queen 259

  Ellis Auditorium 124, 134

  Emeralds, The 80

  Emotions, The 263, 273

  Enterprise Records 289

  Epic Records 151

  Epstein, Henry see Stone

  Ertegun, Ahmet and Nesuhi 51

  Eskridge, Chauncey 106

  Estes, Sleepy John 71

  Evans, Fred ‘Ahmed’ 233

  Evans, Lee 245

  Evers, Medgar 123

  Factory Club 19

  Fair Play Committee 217, 222, 224, 226, 228

  Faisal, King 290

  Faisal bin Musaid, Prince 291

  Faith, Gene 114

  Falcons, The 55, 185

  Fame Studios 52, 58, 263, 270

 

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