Russian Primary Chronicle
‘Russian revival’
Russo-Japanese war
Ryabtsev, Colonel
Ryabushinsky family
Ryapolovsky, Semen Ivanovich
Ryazan
Rykov, Aleksei
Rylsky, I. V.
Saburova, Alexandra
Saburova, Solomoniya
Saltykov clan
Saltykova, Praskovya
Samarkand
Samoilov, Kirill
Sapieha, Lew
Sarai (capital of the Mongol Golden Horde)
Schiller, Friedrich
Schoenebeck, Adriaan
Scriabin, Alexander
Second World War
secret police see Cheka; FSB; GPU; KGB
Ségur, Philippe-Paul de, Comte
Serbia
serfs: curtailed freedom under Aleksei Mikhailovich; in 19th-century Moscow; emancipation of
Sergei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, governor-general of Moscow
Sforza, Francesco
Shalyapin, Fedor
Sharutin, Trefil
Shatunovskaya, Lydia
Shchelkalov, Andrei
Shchukin, Sergei
Shchusev, Aleksei
Shein, Aleksei Semenovich
Shekhtel, Fedor
Sheliapina, N. S.
Sheremetev family
Sheremeteva, Elena
Shervud, Leonid
Shervud, Vladimir
Shestunov family
Shevkunov, Tikhon
Shevtsova, Lilia
shipyards, English and Dutch Peter the Great works in
Shokhin, Nikolai
Shternberg, Pavel Karlovich
Shuisky, Andrei Mikhailovich
Shuisky, Ivan Vasilevich
Shuisky, Vasily Ivanovich (Vasily IV) see Vasily IV, Tsar
Shuisky family
Siberia
Sibir Khanate
Siena, Italy
Sigismund III, King of Poland-Lithuania
Sitsky family
1612 (film)
Sixtus IV, Pope
Skavronska, Marta see Catherine I, Empress
Skopin-Shuisky, Mikhail
Skuratov, Malyuta
Skuratov, Yury
Slavs, arrival in Moscow
Smolensk; fortress; taken by the Poles; recaptured under Aleksei Mikhailovich; burns under Naopoleon’s attack
Snegirev, Ivan
Snegirev, V. F.
Socialist Revolutionary Party
Society for the Study of Russian History
Society of Lovers of the Arts
Sofiya Alekseyevna; regent (1682–9)
Sofiya Palaeologa (Palaeolog, Palaeologina)
Solari, Pietro Antonio
Solntsev, Fedor; Antiquities of the Russian State
Solomon’s Circus
Soloviev, Sergei
Sophie Fredericke Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst, Princess see Catherine II, Empress of Russia (Catherine the Great)
Soviet art
Soviet film industry
Soviet Union see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Soviet victory parade
soviets
spying, in Stalin’s Kremlin
Sretensky Cathedral
Staden Heinrich von
Stalin, Josef; arguments over accommodation in the Kremlin; Five-Year Plan for industry and agriculture; destruction of religious buildings in Moscow; transformation of the Kremlin; paranoia over personal safety; leadership style; spy network; and suicide of Nadezhda Allilueva; and Kremlin Affair; remains in Kremlin during Second World War; death; legacy; Moscow’s landmark towers; discredited by Gorbachev
Stalin, Nadezhda Allilueva; death of
Stalin, Svetlana Allilueva
Stalingrad
Stanislavsky, Konstantin
Staraya Moskva
Stein, Gertrude
Steinbeck, John
Stelletskii, I.
Stravinsky, Igor, The Rite of Spring
streltsy; abolition of; tortured and killed under Peter the Great
Stroganov dynasty
style moderne
Sukharev Tower
Sukhov, D. P.
Suslov, Mikhail
Suzdal
Sverdlov, Yakov
Sverdlovsk (formerly Ekaterinburg)
Sweden; seizes Novgorod, 1609; Peter the Great forms alliance against; defeated by Russia at Poltava, 1709; Peter the Great signs Peace of Nystad; collections of Russian icons
swimming pool, public, commissioned by Khrushchev
Switzerland
Sylvester the monk
Synod Choir
Sytin, Petr Vasilevich
Taler, John
Tamerlane
Taruskin, Richard
Tatars
Tatishchev, Vladimir
Tatlin, Vladimir
T chaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich
Telepnev-Obolensky, Ivan Ovchina
Terem Palace
terrorism
textile production, in Moscow
Thatcher, Margaret
Theophanes the Greek
Thirty Years War
Tikhon, Patriarch
Till, Karolina
Time of Troubles
Times (newspaper)
Tmutorokan (Black Sea port)
Tokhtamysh (Mongol leader)
Tokmakov, Historical Description of Every Coronation of the Russian Tsars
Tolbuzin, Semen
Tolstoy, Lev; Anna Karenina
Tomsky, Mikhail
Ton, Konstantin; Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
torture: under Ivan the Terrible; under Boris Godunov; abolition of, by Fedor Alekseyevich; under Peter the Great
Tovstukha, Ivan
trade-union movement; Kremlin staff form union
Trakhaniot, Yury
Trakhaniotov, Petr
Tremer, Eduard
Trepov, Dmitry Fedorovich
Tretyakov, Pavel
Tretyakov, S. N.
Tretyakov dynasty
Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
Trinity-St Sergius Monastery
Trotskaya, Natalia Sedova
Trotsky, Leon; and Brest-Litovsk treaty; founds the Red Army
Trubetskoi, Dmitry
Trubetskoi palace
Trutovsky, V. K.
Tsaritsyno
Tsars of Russia: Ivan I, ‘Kalita’; Ivan III; Ivan IV (‘the Terrible’); Fedor I Ivanovich; Boris Godunov; Fedor II Borisovich; ‘False Dmitry’; Vasily Shuisky; Mikhail Fedorovich; Aleksei Mikhailovich; Fedor Alekseyevich; Peter I, (Peter the Great); Catherine I; Elizabeth; Peter III; Catherine II (Catherine the Great); Paul I; Alexander I; Nicholas I; Alexander II; Alexander III; Nicholas II
Tula
Turgenev, Ivan
Turks, and fur trade
Turover, Felipe
Tver; rebuilt in European style
Ugudey (son of Genghis Khan)
Ukhtomsky, Dmitry Vasilyevich; architecture school
Ukraine; vote for independence
underground railway (metro)
UNESCO: designates Kremlin World Heritage Site; protests about about building work in the Kremlin
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; civil war; Stalin’s Five-Year Plan; and Second World War; shoots down Korean airliner; war in Afghanistan; Congress of People’s Deputies; break up of; Soviet legacy
United States of America: donate aid in famine; Hillwood collection, of Russian icons Washington; warns Gorbachev of coup
The Unknown History of Russia1945–2006, school textbook
Upper Trading Rows (GUM)
Ushakov, Simon; The Tree of the State of Muscovy
USSR see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Ustinov, Dmitry
Uvarov, Aleksei
Uvarov, Sergei
Uzbek (Mongol Khan)
Valdai Club
Valu
ev, Petr Stepanovich
Vasily II Vasilevich, Tsar
Vasily III Ivanovich, Tsar
Vasily IV, Tsar (Vasily Shuisky)
Vasnetsov, Apollinary
Vasnetsov, Victor
Vedenin, Aleksandr
Vedomosti (newspaper)
Veltman, Alexander
Venice, Italy
Versailles, France
Vesnin, Leonid
Vesnin, Victor
Vetterman
Viatichi
Vienna, Austria
View of Moscow from the Stone Bridge
Vikings, campaigns and settlements
Vilno, Lithuania
Vinogradov, N. D.
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene
Virgin of Vladimir (icon)
Viskovatyi, Ivan
Vitberg, Alexander
Vitruvius
Vladimir (city); Dormition Cathedral
Vladimir Monomakh
Vladimir of Kiev
Vladimir of Staritsa
Vlasik, Nikolai
Vodovzvodnaya tower
Volga River
Volkogonov, Dmitry
Volpe, Gian-Battista della
Voltaire
Voronin, Nikolai
Voroshilov, Kilment
Voskresenskoe
Voyce, Arthur
White City
White Russia
William III of England
Winter Palace, St Petersburg
Witte, Count
Wladislaw of Poland
women: Ascension Convent as burial place for royal women; in the Kremlin; as rulers
workers’ day, May 1st
Wren, Christopher
xenophobia, in Putin’s Russia
Yagoda, Genrikh
Yannisaari, site of St Petersburg
Yaroslavl
Yeltsin, Boris: background; ordered demolition of house where Nicholas II was murdered; rise in popularity; voted Russian President; and 1991 coup; moves into the Kremlin; seizes assets of Communist Party; rivalry with Gorbachev; handed power by Gorbachev; succeeds Gorbachev as President; dissloves parliament and orders assault on the White House; approves new constitution, 1993; attends re-interment of Romanov family; presented with gifts from Queen Elizabeth II; corruption investigations; resigns as President; on the Kremlin
Yeltsin, Elena, corruption investigations
Yeltsin, Naina
Yeltsin, Tatiana, corruption investigations
Yoasaf, Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia
Yona, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia
Yov, Metropolitan of Moscow and first Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church
Yurev-Zakharin, Nikita Romanovich
Yury of Moscow
Yury Vasilevich (brother of Ivan the Terrible)
Zabelin, Ivan; The History of the City of Moscow; The Home Life of the Muscovite Tsars
Zaraysk
Zavidovo (hunting lodge)
Zhilardi, Dementy
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir
Zhukov, Georgy
Zhurin, Oleg
Zinoviev, Grigory
Zoe Palaeologina see Sofiya Palaeologina
Zolkiewski, Stanislaw
Zotov, Nikita
Zubalovo
Zubov, Aleksei
Zubov, Ivan
Zvenigorod
Zyuganov, Gennady
1. Simon Ushakov (1626–1686), The Tree of the State of Muscovy, 1668.
2. Kremlin Cathedral of the Dormition.
3. Sixteenth-century Moscow School: The Entry into Jerusalem (Palm Sunday).
4. Blessed Be the Hosts of the Heavenly Tsar (mid-sixteenth century).
5. Joan Blaue’s Kremlenagrad (1662).
6. Bell tower of Ivan the Great.
7. Celebrations in the Faceted Palace for the coronation of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, July 1613.
8. A Palm Sunday Procession before the Kremlin, drawing based on sketches by the German diplomat Adam Olearius (d. 1671).
9. Pieter Picart (1638–1737) and students, Panorama of Moscow in 1707 (detail).
10. Bazhenov’s model of the Grand Kremlin Palace. Finally approved version: The central part of the façade from the Moscow river, 1772–3. Scale 1:48.
11. Bazhenov’s model of the Grand Kremlin Palace. First version: View of a fragment of the central part from inside, 1769–73. Scale 1:48.
12. Johann Christian Oldendorp, The Fire of Moscow in September 1812.
13. Fedor Yakovlevich Alekseev, Cathedral Square in the Moscow Kremlin (early nineteenth century).
14. Jean-Baptiste Arnout’s view of the Kremlin and the Saviour Tower.
15. A view of the Patriarch’s Court, F. Dreher after F. G. Solntsev (1801–92).
16. The helmet of Prince Alexander Nevsky, F. Dreher after F. G. Solntsev (1801–92).
17. Fedor Yakovlevich Alekseev, Church of the Saviour in the Forest, 1800–1810.
18. The interior of the Faceted Palace.
19. An early twentieth-century postcard of the monument to Tsar Alexander II.
20. Street scene close to the Saviour Tower and Kremlin walls, c. 1898.
21. S. P. Bartenev’s map of the Kremlin, from The Moscow Kremlin in Old Times and Now, early twentieth century.
22. Henri Gervex, study for The Coronation of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra in the Church of the Assumption [Dormition] on 14th May 1896
23. Mounted soldiers guarding the Kremlin’s Nikolsky gate in the aftermath of the February 1917 revolution.
24. Shrapnel damage to the Chudov Monastery in the wake of shelling in November 1917.
25. Lenin (third from left) beside the Kremlin walls at the inauguration of S. T. Konenkov’s commemorative bas-relief, ‘Genius’, 7 November 1918.
26. Alexander Gerasimov, Joseph Stalin and Kliment Voroshilov in the Kremlin, 1938.
27. Victory Parade in Red Square, 1945.
28. Lenin’s Mausoleum on Red Square.
29. A group of Party VIPs, including Leonid Brezhnev, Nikolai Podgorny, East Germany’s Walter Ulbricht, Mikhail Suslov and Mongolian leader Yumzhagin Tsedenbal, on top of the Lenin Mausoleum during a ceremonial meeting of the All-Union Winners Youth Rally, Moscow, September 1966.
30. Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and Russian President Boris Yeltsin at a Kremlin press conference in October 1991.
31. The exterior of the Faceted Palace, showing the reconstructed Red Stair (1992–4).
32. Russian President Vladimir Putin (left) and former President Boris Yeltsin on the ceremonial palace steps during the inauguration ceremony for Putin on 7 May 2000.
Acknowledgements
I could not have written this book without the generous support of the Leverhulme Trust, whose Major Research Fellowship released me from my teaching duties and also supported a good deal of travel and research. Such funding, graciously awarded and administered with the lightest touch, is both a life-line and a real inspiration. I am indebted to the Trustees, and also to the friends who supported my application, especially Emma Rothschild, Stephen A. Smith and the late Tony Judt. At an early stage in the work, also thanks to Tony Judt, I was a visiting Fellow at New York University’s Remarque Institute, a stimulating experience for which I should also like to thank Jair Kessler and Katherine E. Fleming.
In the course of the research itself, I received expert help, advice and consolation from so many people that it is impossible to name them all. I owe a particular debt to Elena Gagarina and her staff in the Kremlin Museum Reserve and Library. Andrei Batalov, the director of the Kremlin’s historic buildings, was generous with his time and knowledge, and I also thank Tatiana Panova, the director of Kremlin archaeology. On many visits to Moscow, I was welcomed by the enthusiastic staff of its State Historical Library and by the staffs of several of the major state archives, including the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Archive of Ancient Acts. I am also indebted to the State (Lenin) Library of the Russian Federation, the State
Historical Archive, the State Archive of the Economy and the Shchusev Museum of Architecture. Moscow colleagues and friends were generous as always, and I should especially like to thank Sergo Mikoyan, Stepan Mikoyan, Pavel Palazhchenko, Vsevolod Pimenov and Sergei Romaniuk.
I had to read so many rare books and collections in the past few years that the staff of Oxford’s Bodleian Library, and especially those in the Upper Reserve and the Taylorian Slavonic Library, will probably have noticed a welcome drop in their daily workload since this manuscript was finished. It was a privilege to read in such company, and I should also like to thank the staffs of the British Library, the Library of the School of Slavonic Studies at University College London, the London Library, and the Cambridge University Library. In addition, I am indebted to the staff of the New York Public Library (and especially its much-loved Slavic and Baltic Division), notably Edward Kasinec. The staff of the Hillwood Museum and Library in Washington welcomed me in 2007, and I should particularly like to thank Scott Ruby, who not only introduced me to the collection but also shared some of his unpublished findings.
The project took me well outside my accustomed research areas – that was a large part of the initial attraction – but it also left me more than usually indebted to readers with a special expertise in its individual fields. I am grateful for the kindness of Alla Aronova, Sergei Bogatyrev, Anna Pikington, Donald Rayfield and Jonathan Shepard, each of whom read parts of the draft and offered detailed and extremely generous comments. None, of course, bears any responsibility for my mistakes. Nor do the many others who talked me through individual aspects of the book, in which connection I should like to thank Brigid Allen, Jill Bennett, Kathleen Berton Murrell, Sir Rodric Braithwaite, Clementine Cecil, Robert Dale, Simon Dixon, Vladimir Faekov, Baron Hennessy of Nympsfield, Jeremy Hicks, Valerie Holman, Geoffrey Hosking, Baron Hurd of Westwell, Ira Katznelson, Igor Korchilov, Vladimir Kozlov, Sue Levene, Kate Lowe, Sir Rodrick Lyne, Isabel de Madariaga, Anne McIntyre, Philip Merridale, Nicola Miller, Serena Moore, Sergei Orlenko, Tina Pepler, W. F. Ryan, Andreas Schonle, Simon Sebag Montefiore, Jon Smele, Nikolai Ssorin-Chaikov, Elena Stroganova, Katherin Townsend, Tamar de Vries Winter and Richard Wortman. The members of the Early Slavists online discussion forum provided numerous new leads, and I am also indebted to the late Tony Bishop, who never got to see what I made of his delightful notes. In a different vein, and somewhat later in the process, Octavia Lamb provided expert assistance in tracking down many of the illustrations and Charlotte Ridings helped prepare the final text.
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