The Shock of the Anthropocene
Page 34
conservationism 258, 268–70
conspicuous consumption 149, 151
Constant, Benjamin 40–1
consumer credit 156–7, 164
consumerism and consumer society 147, 148–69
cultural critique of 148–50
disciplinary hedonism 156–7
health impacts 167–9
infrastructures of 153–6
Nazi Germany 165–6
triumph of 161–7, 162
containerization 140–1
Convention on Biological Diversity 7
Copenhagen Climate Change Conference 286
Corbin, Alain 38
corporations, CO2 emissions 68
Costanza, Robert 55
Crete 167–8
crisis, definition 21
Cronon, William 39
Crookes, William 195
Crosby, Alfred 39
Crutzen, Paul 3–5, 5, 16, 17, 47, 50, 80–1, 92
Cuba 103–4
cultural alienation 148
cultural norms 36
Cuvier, Georges 28
cybernetics 58–9, 85
Dahan, Amy 218
Daly, Herman 216
Daniels, Farrington 112
Danowski, Déborah 63
Darwin, Charles 184–5
DDT 133
Debord, Guy 148
decolonization 247–8
deforestation 76, 125–6, 127–9, 178–9, 201, 232–3, 234, 241, 251–2, 256, 284–5
democracy 42–4, 80
demographic growth 26, 51
Descola, Philippe 62–3, 85
disciplinary hedonism 156–7
disease 168, 234–5
Douglas, Paul 212
Duhamel, Georges 279
Dumas, Jean-Baptiste 205
Dumont, René 285
Durkheim, Émile 31
Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, 1992 52
Earth system 19–24, 56–60, 183–4, 219, 224, 289
Earth 59–64, 63
Ebelmen, Jacques-Joseph 190
ecocentrism 40
ecocide 127–9, 128
eco-fascism 94
ecological crisis, understanding of 19–24
ecological footprint 26, 225–6, 228
ecological imprint 245–6
ecological indebtedness 249–52, 251
ecological modernization theory 75
ecological movements 42
ecological resilience 23
ecology 185
economic cycles, dematerialization of 211–12
economic growth 167, 209, 242–52, 249
limits of 161, 215–16, 286
Economist 74
economization 215–21
economy, dematerialization of 209–15
ecosystems 22, 23
ecosystem services 23, 55
Ehrlich, Anne and Paul 149
Ellis, Erle 9, 85, 86
Ellul, Jacques 280
energy consumption 105–6, 106
energy efficiency 100–1
energy
history 100–12, 106
labour theory of 212
mobilization 9, 50–1
policy 112–16
relationships 190–2
entropy 191, 192, 226
environment 19
and circumfusa 172–6
management 181–2
environmental accounting 52, 53–6, 54
environmental decency 172
environmental degradation 19
environmental history 37–9, 52, 171
environmental humanities 33
environmental justice 43–4
environmental law 40
environmental modification, military prohibition 128–9
environmental orientalism 31–2
environmental reflexivity 78–9, 170–97, 253
chemistry and 185–90
circumfusa and environment 172–6
and climate 176–9
conceptual grammars 172, 196–7
economy of nature 179–85
resource exhaustion 192–7
thermodynamics 190–2
European Recovery Program 120
European Union, Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation 168
evolution 29, 184
extinction rates 7, 12, 24, 180–1, 234–5
famine 240
fascism 279
feedback loops 21, 23, 41
Ferry, Luc 41
fertilizer 8, 186–90, 236
finance capitalism 237–8
First World War 122, 125–6, 132–3, 136, 143, 153, 160
fish stocks and fishing 130–1, 181–2, 215–16
Fleming, John 180–1
fluoride gases 6
Fogel, Robert 108
Folke, Carl 33, 35
food adulteration 168–9
Food and Agriculture Organization 95
food security 24
Forbes, Stephen 134
Ford, Henry 156
forestry 200–1, 254–8, 265–7
fossil capitalism 199–206, 238
fossil fuels 53–4, 54, 201–6, 244–5, 266
Foucault, Michel 88, 90
Fourier, Charles 41, 72, 76, 184, 257, 260
France 242
car ownership 157
CO2 emissions 103, 104, 116–17
coal consumption 102, 108, 141–2, 193
conservationism 267–9
consumerism and consumer society 151, 166–7
critique of industrialism 273–5, 274, 275
deforestation 126, 178
ecological movement 283–4
finance capital 237
forestry management 200–1, 255–6
history in 38
labour 152–3
machine breaking 258–9
nuclear power programme 104
political economy 207–8
public health 208–9
recycling 157–8
urban transport 116
working hours 161
Frank, André Gunder 226
Frederick, Christine 158–9
freedom 40–2, 42
free-market environmentalism 217–21
French Revolution 255–6
Freud, Sigmund 32
Friedrich, Ernst 270
Fuller, Buckminster 47
Gaia 20–1, 22, 41, 68
Gaia hypothesis 57–8, 190
Galbraith, John Kenneth 149
game theory 59
Gandhi, M. K. 275–6, 280
GDP 26, 105, 106–7, 161, 164, 213–15, 216, 290
Geddes, Patrick 32, 191–2
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 244
general system theory 57, 58–9
geoengineering 25, 81–2, 91–3
geography 31
geological history 4, 28–9
geopower 87–96, 288
Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas 22–3, 33, 216, 226
Germany 116, 138, 140, 242
back-to-nature socialism 272–3
conservationism 269–70
rational forestry 201, 255, 256
Gibbons, Michael 75
Giddens, Anthony 74
Girard, Pierre-Simon 193
globalization 52, 54, 118–19, 139–41, 153–4, 202, 215–21, 221, 223–4, 235, 291
Gorz, André 94
Great Acceleration 10–11, 17, 51, 73, 76–7, 289
and capitalism 242–52
critiques of 278–87
inequality 243–53, 247, 251
quantifying 53–6, 54
and war 144–7
Great Britain
agricultural productivity 236
aluminium production 146
anti-pollution mobilization 277
back-to-nature socialism 271–2
biocapacity footprint 249–50
car ownership 157
CO2 emissions 116–19, 117, 118
coal consumption 102, 108, 112–13, 117–19, 142–3, 193–4, 195, 233
consumerism and consumer society 151–2
deforestation 178–9
energy consumption 101, 106, 199–200
exports 231, 237
finance capital 237–8
imports 237
industrial revolution 108–10
machine breaking 258, 259–60
political economy 206–7
public health 208
transatlantic trade 230–2
urban transport 116
and war 122
world system 229–42
great divide narrative 75
green economy 23, 55
greenhouse gases 5–6, 12, 26
green revolution 120–1, 189, 285
Groupe des Dix 216–17
Guattari, Félix 94
Guha, Ramachandra 267
Gunton, George 156
Haber, Fritz 132
Haeckel, Ernst 185
Hales, Stephen 178
Hamburg 124
Haraway, Donna 85
Hardin, Garrett 219
Harvey, David 225
health impacts 167–9
Heap, William 188
Heidegger, Martin 279, 280
Heim, Roger 281, 283
historical narration 49
history 27–32, 69–70, 102–3, 171–2
environmental 37–9, 52
Hobbes, Thomas 43
Hobsbawm, Eric 222
Holling, Crawford S. 23–4
Holocene xii, xiii, 4, 5, 14, 15, 24, 288
Hoover, Herbert 154
Hornberg, Alf 233–4
Hotelling, Harold 211
Howard, Albert 189
humanity and the human species 40, 65–72
awakening narrative 72–9
blame 66
footprint xii–xiii, 4, 5–9, 10–11, 11–14, 32–3, 34, 35–7, 65–6, 67, 80–1
geodestiny 93
as pilot 85–6
Hutton, James 57
Huzar, Eugène xii, 173, 175–6, 184
Ickes, Harold 196, 246
IHOPE project (Integrated History and Future of People on Earth) 50, 55, 69
Illich, Ivan 94, 107, 280
imperial ecology 88–9
India 52, 121, 189, 240–1, 242, 266–7
industrial capitalism 228–35
industrialism xi–xii, 257
opposition to 267–78, 274, 275
industrialization 8, 13, 206–8, 210, 252, 254, 281–2, 289
industrial revolution 3, 15, 50–1, 108–10, 151–2, 175, 203, 229, 229–35, 261
industrial revolution, second 236, 241, 265
inequality 70–1, 243–53, 247, 251
insecticides 132–4
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6
International Civil Aviation Organization 147
International Energy Agency 52
International Panel on Climate Change 22, 24, 52, 88, 286
International Union for the Conservation of Nature 55, 95
International Union of Geological Sciences, 34th congress 5
Italy 106
Jameson, Fredric 222
Jansen, Sarah 132
Japan 141, 242, 277
Jevons, William Stanley 48, 100–1, 194, 195, 202, 210
Josephson, Paul R. 131
Jouhaux, Léon 279
Kahn, Herman 216
Kerry, John 92
Klages, Ludwig 272–3
Klein, Naomi 286
Koch, Robert 30
Koene, Corneille Jean 175
Korean War 129, 133
Kropotkin, Pyotr 189
Kuznets, Simon 213, 216
labour theory, of energy 212
Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy 38
Lagrange, Léo 161
Landauer, Gustav 273
l’Arche 284
Larrère, Catherine and Raphaël 85
Lasch, Christopher 149
late capitalism 220
Latour, Bruno 19, 42, 73–4, 75, 77, 80, 82–3, 83, 84
Lavoisier, Antoine 185
Lefebvre, Henri 166
Leopold, Aldo 37–8, 40
Leroux, Pierre 187
Leverhulme, Lord 160
Levitt, William 164
Lewis, Simon 15
Liebig, Justus von 186–7, 188, 269
Limits to Growth (Club of Rome) 22–3, 149, 216, 286
Linnaeus, Carl 179–80, 183
Lorius, Claude 5, 73
Lovelock, James 57–8, 73, 83, 91–2, 190
Luddites 259–60, 261
Lyell, Charles 4, 27, 28–9, 38, 57
Lynas, Mark 85–6
McCulloch, John 204–5
machine breaking 258–60, 267
McKendrick, Neil 151
McLean, Malcolm 140–1
McLuhan, Marshall 60–1
McNeill, John 39, 56
Malaysia 129
Malm, Andreas 109
Manchester 263–4
March, George Perkins 50
Marcuse, Herbert 148, 280
Margulis, Lynn 58, 190
Marseille 262
Marshall, Alfred 160
Marshall Plan 120, 166, 244
Marsh, George Perkins 173
Marx, Karl 32, 186, 212, 223, 225–6, 256, 265, 268
Maslin, Mark 15
mass-consumption society 147, 153–6, 157, 162–5
maximal sustainable yield 22–3
mechanization 206–8, 258–60, 265
Merchant, Carolyn 183
methane 5, 68
Mexico 121
Michaux, Henri 96
Michelet, Jules 27, 33, 37, 38
Migge, Leberecht 189
migrants and migration 25
military-industrial complexes 123, 248
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 55
Mill, John Stuart 40, 264
Mitchell, Timothy 39, 119, 240
modernity 19, 26, 33, 74, 75, 170, 197, 220, 280, 288, 290–1
Monceau, Henri-Louis Duhamel du 182
Moon, pollution of 62
Moore, Edward 193
moral economy 259
Morgenthau, Henry 130
Morris, William 271–2
motorization 113, 114–16, 157, 164, 277–8
Mouchot, Augustin 111
Moule, Henry 188
Müller, Paul Hermann 133
Mumford, Lewis 279, 280
Musset, Alfred de 261, 262
NASA 62
national accounting 213–15
naturalism 62–3 Nature 3, 6–7, 55, 219
nature
abstraction of 154
artificialization of 85
brutalization by war 129–34, 134
control of 178
destruction of xii
economy of 179–85
environmental history 37–9
fetishism of 219
impact of human activities on 32–3, 34, 35–7
interdependencies 179–80, 183, 185
monetary value of services 219–20
political economy of 183
and politics 80–2
quantifying 55
rights of 40
separation from economy 209–15
separation from society 27–32, 32, 75, 198–221
and the social 36
and sovereignty 40
Nature, death of 84–6
nature–society relations, chemistry of 185–90
Nazi Germany 165–6, 279
Neolithic age 14–15
the Netherlands 152
New Zealand 266
nitrogen cycle 8, 12
nitrous oxide 5, 8
Nogaret, Félix 183
North Korea 103–4
nuclear power 104
nuclear weapons 129, 131–2
nuclear winter 92, 95
obesity 168, 169
oceans, acidificati
on of 7, 25
Odum, Howard T. 33, 55, 226n
oil 120, 143, 195–6, 240, 244–5
CO2 emissions 53–4, 54
peak 52
prices 249
oil shock, 1973 167, 249
Oliganthropocene 71
Operation Desert Storm 123–4
Orwell, George 280
Osborn, Henry Fairfield 48, 76–7, 281, 285
overproduction 159, 161
Packard, Packard 149
passive house technologies 111–12
Pasteur, Louis 30
Patrin, Eugène 183
Peel, Robert 207
Peeters, Léon 175
Péligot, Eugène 206
Perec, George 166
Perrier, Edmond 270–1
personalist movement 280–1
Peru 6, 119
petrolization 138
philosophy 41–2
phosphate consumption 236
phosphorous cycle 8, 12
Piketty, Thomas 222n
Pimentel, David and Marcia 107
Pinchot, Gifford 48, 266
planned obsolescence 158–9
Pleistocene 4–5
Podobnick, Bruce 119
Podolinsky, Sergei 32, 191
Poivre, Pierre 48
Polanyi, Karl 206
political ecology 36–7
political economy 182–3, 191, 193, 199–206, 206–8, 264–5
politics, and nature 80–2
polluter pays principle 221
pollution 174–5, 186, 196–7, 234–5, 262–4, 277, 283
Pomeranz, Kenneth 102–3, 225n, 232–3, 234
population growth 9, 26, 242
Porsche, Ferdinand 146–7
post-industrial society 216–17
Postlethwayt, Malachy 231
preservationism 270–1
productivity 151–2, 153, 160
progress, ideology of 265, 268
Project Plowshare 131
psychological obsolescence 159
psychosociology 84
public health 30, 187, 188, 208–9, 264–5, 290
Quesnay, François 182–3
radionuclides 16–17
Radkau, Joachim 257–8
railways 239, 254, 261–2
Ramankutty, Navin 85
Ratzel, Friedrich 269–70
Raubwirtschat (pillage economy) 269–70
Rauch, François-Antoin 179, 182, 201
Reagan, Ronald 148
recycling 157–8, 187–90, 268
reflexive modernity 74, 150, 170
renewable energy 100, 110
Resilience Alliance 23
Resilience Centre, Stockholm 11–12
resource consumption 70–1
resource depletion 21, 30, 192–7, 257–8
Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 125, 135–6, 137, 141–2
Ricardo, David 206
Riesman, David 149, 165
Rio+20 conference 26, 286
Rio de Janeiro, Earth Summit. 1992 52
risk society 74–5
Robinet, Jean-Baptiste 180
Roche, Tiphaigne de la 181–2
Rockefeller Foundation 167
Rolland, Romain 32
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 162
Rosnay, Joël de 216–17
Rostow, Walt W. 53, 55
Rougeron, Camille 131
Ruddiman, William 14–15
Russell, Edmund 39, 132