90. Greene and Massignani, Black Prince, 184.
91. Naftali, “ARTIFICE,” 220.
92. Dollmann recounts the story of his arrest in his book The Interpreter: Memoirs of Doktor Eugen Dollmann (London: Hutchinson, 1967). William Gowen, who attended the interrogation of Dollmann, provided additional details in an interview with the author, October 2, 2015.
93. Michael Salter, Nazi War Crimes, US Intelligence and Selective Prosecution at Nuremberg: Controversies Regarding the role of the Office of Strategic Services (New York: Routledge-Cavendish, 2007), 63.
94. Ibid., 65–66.
95. Ibid., 55.
96. Dollmann, Interpreter, 102; author’s interview with William Gowen, October 2, 2015.
97. Author’s interview with William Gowen, October 2, 2015.
98. Michael Warner, The Office of Strategic Services: America’s First Intelligence Agency (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs, Central Intelligence Agency, 2008); available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/.
99. Richard Breitman, “Historical Analysis of 20 Name Files from CIA Records,” April 2001; available at http://www.archives.gov/iwg/declassified-records/rg-263-cia-records/rg-263-report.html. Dollmann’s file was selected as one of twenty determined to be representative of the U.S intelligence relationship with Nazis. The Dollmann name file contains forty documents. Angleton is addressed as “Major O’Brien” in these records.
100. Mangold, Cold Warrior, 42.
101. Author’s interview with William Gowen, October 2, 2015.
102. Aaron Latham, “Politics and the C.I.A.—Was Angleton Spooked by State?” New York, March 10, 1975, 34.
103. Mangold, Cold Warrior, 45.
104. Burton Hersh, The Old Boys: The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA (New York: Scribner, 1992) 179.
105. Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994), 256.
106. Mangold, Cold Warrior, 43–44.
107. Letter from Cicely Angleton to Marion and E. E. Cummings, March 16, 1946, E. E. Cummings Papers, 1870–1969, Am 1823, folder 34, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
108. Find a Grave Web site. https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=92185892.
109. Ibid. https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=92185997.
110. Notice of the divorce filing was published in the Tucson Daily Citizen, June 15, 1946.
111. Naftali, “ARTIFICE,” 219.
112. “Brod, Mario Emanuel aka Broderick, Michael,” undated, NARA JFK RIF 104-10120-10358.
113. “Status of Liaison Relations of SSU/X-2 to the Counterintelligence Branches of Foreign Special Services” [1946], Wooden File, box 1, file: “IV Thoreau OK,” Norman Holmes Pearson Papers, YCAL MSS 899 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
114. Cave Brown, Treason in the Blood, 365. Cave Brown’s account is based on an interview with Angleton.
115. Macintyre, Spy Among Friends, 103.
116. Breitman, “Historical Analysis of 20 Name Files from CIA Records.”
117. National Archives, Record Group 263, Records of the Central Intelligence Agency, Series: Second Release of Name Files Under the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Disclosure Acts, ca. 1981–ca. 2002, Name File, “Dollmann, Eugen,” Memo on “Dollmann and Wenner,” July 31, 1947; available at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26195045. The memo states, “The report of Mr. Dulles, who handled the negotiations with General Wolff, indicates that after the initial contact with Baron Parilli, Dollmann appeared representing General Wolff to initiate surrender talks.”
118. Dollmann name file, official dispatch to Chief of Station Heidelberg from Chief, FBP (J. Angleton), subject: “Dollmann and Wenner,” July 31, 1947. Angleton suggested the two men could write a laudatory history of Operation Sunrise.
119. Eugen Dollmann, Call Me Coward (London: William Kimber, 1936), 85.
120. Author’s interview with William Gowen, October 2, 2015.
121. Dollmann name file, memo on “Eugenio Dollmann and Eugene Weber.” See also Kerstin von Lingen, Allen Dulles, the OSS, and Nazi War Criminals: The Dynamics of Selective Prosecution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 80.
122. Salter, Nazi War Crimes, 110n.
123. Author’s interview with William Gowen, October 21, 2015. Rauff was never prosecuted for war crimes. He lived the rest of his life as a free man and unrepentant Nazi.
124. Dollmann, Interpreter, 117.
125. Salter, Nazi War Crimes, 230.
126. Burton Hersh, Old Boys, 293.
127. Richard Helms, manuscript entitled “James Angleton,” October 27, 1997, Richard M. Helms Papers, box 1, folder 25, Georgetown University.
128. Mark Aarons and John Loftus, Unholy Trinity: The Vatican, the Nazis, and the Swiss Banks (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1998), 18–19.
129. Naftali, “ARTIFICE,” 237.
130. Aarons and Loftus, Unholy Trinity, 21–41.
131. Author’s interview with William Gowen, October 2, 2015.
132. David F. Rodgers, Creating the Secret State: The Origins of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1943–1947 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 147.
133. Ibid.
134. Ibid., 150.
135. Ibid., 167.
136. Andrew Friedman, Covert Capital: Landscapes of Denial and the Making of U.S. Empire in the Suburbs of Northern Virginia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 30–31.
137. James D. Callanan, “The Evolution of the CIA’s Covert Action Mission, 1947–1963,” (Ph.D. diss., Durham University, 1999), 51; available at http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4481/.
138. Winks, Cloak and Gown, 384.
139. William Hood, James Nolan, and Sam Halpern, eds., Myths Surrounding James Angleton: Lessons for American Counterintelligence (Washington, D.C.: Consortium for the Study of Intelligence, 1993).
140. William Hood, “Angleton’s World,” in ibid., 9.
141. The best account of the Angleton-Harvey relationship is David C. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors (New York: Harper and Row, 1980). See 37–38.
142. “Italy Faces Her Worst Crisis,” Look, March 30 1948, 30.
143. Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (New York: Anchor, 2008), 30. The decision was made by Allen Dulles and Secretary of Defense James Forrestal.
144. Callanan, “The History of the CIA’s Covert Action Mission,” 65.
145. David Talbot, The Devil’s Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America’s Secret Government (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), 147; Grose, Gentleman Spy, 284.
146. James E. Miller, “Taking Off the Gloves: The United States and the Italian Elections,” Diplomatic History 7 (1983): 35–55.
147. This incident is depicted in Aaron Latham, Orchids for Mother (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), a journalistic novel about a CIA official named Francis Xavier Kimball, a version of Angleton. In a 2015 interview, Latham said that he relied on extensive interviews with Angleton and his colleagues to write the book. In the course of his research, he heard the story about Angleton’s desire to use Garbo as a propaganda asset, and based the scene in his book on that reporting. The role of the Hollywood studios is recounted in Miller, “Taking Off the Gloves,” 49.
148. Board of Trade: Commercial and Statistical Department and successors: Incoming Passenger Lists, 1949–1950, BT26/1255/25, National Archives, Kew, Surrey, England.
149. In his 1949 pocket diary, Win Scott recorded five meetings with Angleton and others between September 26 and October 2. The diary is in the collection of Winston M. Scott’s personal papers in possession of his son Michael.
150. Policy Plan
ning Staff memorandum, May 4, 1948, C. Thomas Thorne, David S. Patterson, and Glen W. LaFantasie, eds., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950: Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), 671.
151. Kennan quoted in Anne Karalekas, History of the Central Intelligence Agency (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1977), 31.
152. Karalekas, History of the Central Intelligence Agency, 38.
153. Cave Brown, Treason in the Blood, 409.
154. James McCargar, “The Transatlantic Philby,” unpublished manuscript, James McCargar Papers, Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University.
155. Letter from Cicely Angleton to Marion Cummings, November 22, 1949, E. E. Cummings Papers, 1870–1969, MS Am 1823.2, folder 11, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
156. Cave Brown, Treason in the Blood, 393.
157. Macintyre, Spy Among Friends, 134.
158. Kim Philby, My Silent War: The Autobiography of a Spy (New York: Modern Library, 2002), 151.
159. McCargar, “Transatlantic Philby.”
160. Philby, My Silent War, 151.
161. Mangold, Cold Warrior, 49.
162. Macintyre, Spy Among Friends, 133.
163. Philby, My Silent War, 175.
164. McCargar, “Transatlantic Philby.”
165. Phillip Knightley, The Master Spy: The Story of Kim Philby (New York: Knopf, 1989), 118–19.
166. Cave Brown, Treason in the Blood, 405.
167. Verne W. Newton, The Cambridge Spies: The Untold Story of Maclean, Philby, and Burgess in America (Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1991), 305–11. Newton’s is the most evocative and best documented of the many accounts of Philby’s hospitality.
168. McCargar, “Transatlantic Philby.”
169. David K. Johnson, Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 2.
170. Ibid., xxv.
171. Ibid., 10.
172. Ibid., 29.
173. Ibid., 28
174. Ibid., 13.
175. The description of Offie comes from Robert Joyce, a retired State Department official, as told to Ben Welles, a journalist who knew Angleton. Welles was the son of Sumner Welles, undersecretary of state from 1937 to 1943. Welles was writing a book about his father, whose homosexual affairs had ended his career, which is probably why he wanted to talk about Offie. Welles took notes on four conversations that he had about Offie, one with Joyce, dated March 26, 1974, and four with Angleton, dated December 25, 1973, early 1975, April 14, 1976, and November 11, 1977. In 2000, Welles gave the file to James McCargar, who included it, with an explanatory note, in the James McCargar Collection, Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, at Boston University. Hereafter, “Welles-Joyce Conversation Notes” or “Welles-Angleton Conversation Notes.” Joyce’s account of Offie’s life is confirmed in Irwin Gellman, Secret Affairs: Franklin Roosevelt, Cordell Hull, and Sumner Welles (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 241.
176. “Welles-Angleton Conversation Notes,” November 11, 1977.
177. Ted Morgan, A Covert Life: Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist, and Spymaster (New York: Random House, 2011); Kindle Location 4067.
178. “Welles-Angleton Conversations Notes,” April 14, 1976,
179. “Welles-Angleton Conversation Notes,” November 11, 1977.
180. The call and Hillenkoetter’s answers are in a log of the Director of Central Intelligence’s phone calls and meetings from May 1 to August 31, 1950, at the CIA’s Freedom of Information Act, Electronic Reading Room; available at https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/1950-05-01.pdf. The May 8, 1950, call is found on page 17 of the 234-page document. Hereafter, DCI Diary.
181. DCI Diary, May 12, 1950, 26–27.
182. DCI Diary, June 2, 1950, 60.
183. DCI Diary, June 8, 1950, 72.
184. DCI Diary, May 26, 1950, 52.
185. “Welles-Angleton Conversation Notes,” March 26, 1974.
186. The claim is asserted as fact in Larry Kramer, The American People: Volume 1: Search for My Heart: A Novel (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015).
187. Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), 133.
188. Andrew Lownie, Stalin’s Englishman: Guy Burgess, the Cold War, and the Cambridge Spy Ring (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2016), 82.
189. Cave Brown, Treason in the Blood, 418.
190. Wilfred Basil Mann, Was There a Fifth Man? Quintessential Recollections (New York: Pergamon Press, 1982), 84.
191. Philby, My Silent War, 165.
192. Boyle, Climate of Treason, 227.
193. John S. Mather, ed., The Great Spy Scandal (London: Daily Express Publications, 1955), 34.
194. Talbot, Devil’s Chessboard, 334.
195. The incident recurs in the literature about Kim Philby. The fullest account is found in Newton, Cambridge Spies, 305–10. See also Mark Riebling, Wedge: The Secret War Between the FBI and CIA (New York: Knopf, 1994), 103–4; Cave Brown, Treason in the Blood, 426–27; Mann, Was There a Fifth Man?, 82–83.
196. John Hart, The CIA’s Russians (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2003), 15.
197. This claim appears in Boyle, Climate of Treason, 385–86. Boyle attributes the assertion to “confidential information” from “CIA sources.” Boyle interviewed Angleton for the book, according to Cleveland Cram, the CIA officer who studied Angleton’s career. See Of Moles and Molehunters: A Review of Counterintelligence Literature, 1977–92 (Washington, D.C.: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1993), 15.
198. Kollek, quoted in Ron Rosenbaum, “Philby and Oswald,” Slate, April 2013; available at http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/the_spectator/2013/04/new_evidence_links_the_cases_of_kim_philby_and_lee_harvey_oswald_in_fascinating.html.
199. G. J. A. O’Toole, Honorable Treachery: A History of U.S. Intelligence, Espionage, and Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991), 442.
200. Grose, Gentleman Spy, 309.
201. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, 52.
202. Richard Aldrich, The Hidden Hand: Britain, America, and Cold War Secret Intelligence (London: Overlook Press, 2001), 323.
203. Grose, Gentleman Spy, 306.
204. Talbot, Devil’s Chessboard, 186.
205. Author’s interview with Cleveland Cram, August 11, 1994.
206. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, 53; Knightley, Master Spy, 180–81.
207. Trento, Secret History of the CIA, 81.
208. Ibid., 82.
209. James McCargar, “The Betrothed,” unpublished manuscript, James McCargar Papers, box 5, Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University.
210. Karalekas, History of the Central Intelligence Agency, 38.
211. Ibid.
212. Morgan, Covert Life, Kindle location 4792.
213. Samuel Katz, Soldier Spies: Israeli Military Intelligence (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 2001), 18.
214. Eshed Haggai, Reuven Shiloah—The Man Behind the Mossad: Secret Diplomacy in the Creation of Israel (London: Frank Casse, 1997), 168.
215. Author’s interview with Efraim Halevy, December 16, 2015.
216. Dan Raviv and Yossi Melman, Spies Against Armageddon: Inside Israel’s Secret Wars (Sea Cliff, NY: Levant Books, 2012), 33.
217. Haggai, Reuven Shiloah, 168.
218. Mangold, Cold Warrior, 49.
219. A passenger manifest shows that Angleton returned from Israel on January 30, 1952. Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 189
7–1957, microfilm publication T715 A., RG 85, microfilm roll 8097, page 45, line 14, Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
220. Raviv and Melman, Spies Against Armageddon, 34.
221. Michael Ledeen, “Amos Meets Jesus,” National Review, August 6, 2007; available at http://www.nationalreview.com/article/221773/amos-meets-jesus-michael-ledeen.
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