36 F. Franco, Apuntes personales sobre la República y la guerra civil (Madrid: Fundación Nacional F. Franco, 1987), p. 7.
37 F. Franco Salgado-Araujo, Mis conversaciones privadas con Franco (Barcelona: Planeta, 1976), p. 425.
38 Ricardo de la Cierva, Franco, p. 121.
39 M. Azaña, Memorias políticas y de guerra, 1931–1939 (Barcelona: Grijalbo-Mondadori, 1978), vol. 1, pp. 47 and 100. The first comment from Sanjurjo is in Preston, Franco, p. 119. The judgement of her brother in Pilar Franco, Nosotros, los Franco (Barcelona: Planeta, 1980), p. 73.
40 The impact of the Depression is well covered in Joseph Harrison, An Economic History of Modern Spain (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1978), pp. 125–44. See Jordi Palafox, Atraso económico y democracia: la Segunda República y la economía española (Barcelona: Crítica, 1991).
41 Quoted in Preston, Franco, p. 105.
42 Ramón Serrano Suñer, Entre el silencio y la propaganda, la Historia como fue. Memorias (Barcelona: Planeta, 1977).
43 Raúl Morodo, Los orígenes ideológicos del franquismo: Acción Española (Madrid: Alianza, 1985).
44 Stanley G. Payne, Franco y José Antonio. El extraño caso del fascismo español (Barcelona: Planeta, 1997).
45 Arrarás, Franco, p. 226. Franco, Apuntes personales, pp. 25–31.
46 This version of the interview is quoted in Arrarás, Franco, pp. 228–9. See Preston, Franco, p. 121.
47 Note of 27 April 1968. Franco Salgado-Araujo, Mis conversaciones privadas, p. 526. The earlier comment on the lack of army unity was told by Franco to General Orgaz at the beginning of spring. Preston, Franco, p. 129.
48 Note of 27 April 1968. Franco Salgado-Araujo, Mis conversaciones privadas, p. 527. Suárez Fernández, Francisco Franco, vol. 2, pp. 24–5. Franco, Apuntes personales, pp. 33–4.
49 Radio broadcast of 13 September 1936. Emilio Mola, Obras completas (Valladolid: Santarén, 1940), p. 1184.
50 The text of the manifesto, published on 18 July, was reproduced in the Seville newspaper Abc, 23 July 1936.
51 Preston, Franco, pp. 151. De la Cierva, Franco, p. 164. Franco, Nosotros, los Franco, p. 89.
52 Updated overviews of the conflict are in Francisco J. Romero-Salvadó, The Spanish Civil War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Helen Graham, The Spanish Civil War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Paul Preston, The Spanish Civil War (London: Norton & Co., 2007); and Julián Casanova, The Spanish Republic and Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
53 An overview of the international context of the war is in Enrique Moradiellos, ‘The International Dimensions of the Spanish Civil War’, in Frank McDonough (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War (London: Continuum, 2011), pp. 311–26. See Michael Alpert, A New International History of the Spanish Civil War (London: Macmillan, 1997) and Enrique Moradiellos, El reñidero de Europa. Las dimensiones internacionales de la guerra civil española (Barcelona: Península, 2001).
54 Confession made towards the end of his life, in 1974, to his doctor Vicente Pozuelo, Los últimos 476 días de Franco (Barcelona: Planeta, 1992), p. 46.
55 Boletín Oficial del Estado, 30 September 1936.
56 Alejandro Pizarroso (ed.), Propaganda en guerra (Salamanca: Consorcio, 2002).
57 Preston, Franco, p. 183.
58 F. Franco, Discursos y escritos del Caudillo (Madrid: n.p., 1939), p. 12.
59 On the profile of the military in the war see Gabriel Cardona, Historia militar de una guerra civil (Barcelona: Flor del Viento, 2006); Jorge Martínez Reverte, El arte de matar. Cómo se hizo la guerra civil española (Barcelona: RBA, 2009); and James Matthews, Reluctant Warriors: Republican Popular Army and Nationalist Army Conscripts in the Spanish Civil War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
60 Boletín Oficial del Estado, 20 April 1937. Sheelagh M. Ellwood, Spanish Fascism in the Franco Era: Falange Española de las JONS, 1936–76 (London: Macmillan, 1987). Ismael Saz, Fascismo y franquismo (Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 2004). Joan María Thomàs, La Falange de Franco. El proyecto fascista del régimen (Barcelona: Plaza y Janés, 2001).
61 Dispatch of 14 April 1937. Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945, Series D, vol. 3, Germany and the Spanish Civil War (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1951), no. 243. Hereafter: DGFP, volume and document number.
62 In the words of R. Serrano Suñer, Entre Hendaya y Gibraltar (Madrid: Nauta, 1973), pp. 57, 59 and 117.
63 According to Tusell in Franco en la guerra civil, p. 139.
64 Azaña, Memorias políticas y de guerra, vol. 2, p. 313. Annotation of 6 October 1937.
65 Quoted in María Luisa Rodríguez Aisa, El cardenal Gomá y la Guerra de España (Madrid: CSIC, 1981), p. 23. Hilari Raguer, Gunpowder and Incense: The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War (London: Routledge, 2007). Alfonso Álvarez Bolado, Para ganar la guerra, para ganar la paz. Iglesia y guerra civil (Madrid: Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, 1995). See Mary Vincent, ‘The Spanish Civil War as a War of Religion’, in Martin Baumeister and Stefanie Schüler-Springorum (eds), ‘If you tolerate this …’: The Spanish Civil War in the Age of Total War (Frankfurt: Campus, 2008), pp. 74–89.
66 Declarations of Father Bulart in Baón, La cara humana de un Caudillo, pp. 33–4; and María Mérida, Testigos de Franco. Retablo íntimo de una dictadura (Barcelona: Plaza y Janés, 1977), p. 33.
67 Giuliana Di Febo, Ritos de guerra y de victoria en la España franquista (Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 2012), pp. 87–94.
68 The words of Martínez Reverte in his El arte de matar, pp. 263–4. See Michael Alpert, ‘The Clash of Spanish Armies: Contrasting Ways of War in Spain, 1936–1939’, War in History 6/3 (1999), pp. 331–51.
69 Herbert R. Southworth, Guernica! Guernica! A Study of Journalism, Diplomacy, Propaganda and History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977). José Luis de la Granja and J.A. Echániz (eds), Gernika y la guerra civil (Guernica: Gernikazarra Historia Taldea, 1998).
70 Dispatch of 10 December 1936. DGFP, vol. 3, no. 148.
71 Galeazzo Ciano, Ciano’s Hidden Diary, 1937–1938 (New York: Dutton, 1953), p. 46.
72 Quoted in Preston, Franco, pp. 221–2.
73 Preston, Franco. pp. 241–2.
74 Franco Salgado-Araujo, Mis conversaciones privadas, p. 78. Annotation of 5 February 1955.
75 Santos Juliá (ed.), Víctimas de la guerra civil (Madrid: Taurus, 1999), pp. 407–12. Paul Preston, The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth Century Spain (London: Harper, 2012). See Julius Ruiz, ‘A Spanish Genocide? Reflections on the Francoist Repression after the Spanish Civil War’, Contemporary European History 14/2 (2005), pp. 171–91.
76 Tusell, Franco en la guerra civil, pp. 228–33. See Los 90 ministros de Franco (Barcelona: Dopesa, 1970), pp. 19–67.
77 Boletín Oficial del Estado, 31 January 1938.
78 Franco, Palabras del Caudillo, p. 168.
79 Boletín Oficial del Estado, 10 March 1938.
80 Abc, 2 April 1939. Paul Preston, El final de la guerra. La última puñalada a la República (Madrid: Debate, 2014).
81 Jordi Catalán, La economía española y la Segunda Guerra Mundial (Barcelona: Ariel, 1995), pp. 40–59. José Ángel Sánchez Asiaín, La financiación de la guerra civil española (Barcelona: Crítica, 2012), ch. 22.
82 Di Febo, Ritos de guerra y de victoria en la España franquista, p. 115.
83 Memorandum by Count Torrellano, 20 May 1938, quoted in Enrique Moradiellos, La perfidia de Albión. El gobierno británico y la guerra civil española (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1996), p. 306.
84 Elena Hernández Sandoica and Enrique Moradiellos, ‘Spain and the Second World War’, in Neville Wylie (ed.), European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents During the Second World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 241–67. See contributions of Christian Leitz, Paul Preston and Denis Smith in Sebastian Balfour and Paul Preston (eds), Spain and the Great Powers in the 20th Century (Oxford: Routledge, 1999). T
here are three essential general studies on the theme: Javier Tusell, Franco, España y la Segunda Guerra Mundial (Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 1995). Luis Suárez Fernández, España, Franco y la Segunda Guerra Mundial (Madrid: Actas, 1997). Manuel Ros Agudo, La guerra secreta de Franco, 1939–1945 (Barcelona: Crítica, 2002).
85 Quoted in Javier Tusell and Genoveva García, Franco y Mussolini. La política española durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (Barcelona: Planeta, 1985), p. 97.
86 Letter published in I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani (hereafter DDI), 9th series (1939–43), vol. 4 (Rome: 1954), document no. 847.
87 Quoted in Enrique Moradiellos, Franco frente a Churchill. España y Gran Bretaña en la Segunda Guerra Mundial (Barcelona: Península, 2005), pp. 118–19. Ramón Serrano Suñer, Entre el silencio y la propaganda, la Historia como fue (Barcelona: Planeta, 1977), p. 288.
88 The minutes of the interview are in DGFP, vol. 9, no. 456. The letter to Hitler ended: ‘I do not need to assure you how great my desire is not to remain aloof from your cares and how great is my satisfaction in rendering to you at all times services which you regard as most valuable.’ The report to Mussolini, 18 June 1940 is in DDI, vol. 5, no. 54.
89 Stanley G. Payne, Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany and World War II (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008). David W. Pike, Franco and the Axis Stigma (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). See also the contributions of Christian Leitz (‘Nazi Germany and Francoist Spain’) and Paul Preston (‘Italy and Spain in Civil War and World War’) in Balfour and Preston (eds), Spain and the Great Powers in the 20th Century, chs 6 and 7.
90 Report from Canaris, 27 August 1940. Reproduced in the diary of General Franz Halder, chief of the general staff of the Army High Command, The Halder War Diary, 1939–1942 (London: Greenhill Books, 1988), p. 252.
91 Moradiellos, Franco frente a Churchill, pp. 134–46. Richard Wigg, Churchill and Spain: The Survival of the Franco Regime, 1940–45 (Oxford: Routledge, 2005).
92 Memorandum by A. Yencken (commercial attaché at the Madrid embassy), 5 January 1942. Foreign Office Records, series ‘Political Correspondence’ (371), vol. 31234, document no. C514. Hereafter FO 371/31234 C514. Professor Atkinson, ‘Anglo-Spanish Relations since the Outbreak of the War’, 3 June 1942, FO 371/31230 C5659. All British sources used are in The National Archives in Kew, Surrey.
93 The German minutes of the conversation in DGFP, vol. 11, nos 63, 66, 67, 97, 104 and 117. Serrano Suñer, Entre el silencio y la propaganda, pp. 329–48.
94 Notes by Ciano on an interview with Hitler (28 September) and conversation with Mussolini (1 October), Ciano’s Diary, 1939–1943 (London: Heinemann, 1947), pp. 294–5. The German minutes of the interview are in DGFP, vol. 11, no. 124. Minutes of meeting in DGFP, vol. 11, no. 149, and DDI, vol. 5, no. 677. Ciano’s Diplomatic Papers (London: Odhams Press, 1948), pp. 395–8.
95 P. Preston, ‘Franco and Hitler: The Myth of Hendaye 1940’, Contemporary European History 1/1 (1992), pp. 1–16. The German minutes of the interview are in DGFP, vol. 11, nos 220 and 221. Serrano Suñer’s version in Entre el silencio y la propaganda, pp. 283–308. See Manuel Ros, Franco/Hitler, 1940. De la Gran Tentación al Gran Engaño (Madrid: Arco Libro, 2009).
96 Ciano’s Diplomatic Papers, p. 404.
97 The report by Canaris in DGFP, vol. 11, no. 476. Maximum pressure was exerted on 21 January 1941. DGFP, vol. 11, nos 682 and 692.
98 The congratulations and offer in DGFP, vol. 12, no. 671, and vol. 13, no. 12. Xavier Moreno Juliá, The Blue Division: Spanish Blood in Russia, 1941–1945 (Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2015). Gerald R. Kleinfeld and Lewis A. Tambs, Hitler’s Spanish Legion: The Blue Division (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979).
99 R. Serrano Suñer, Entre Hendaya y Gibraltar (Barcelona: Nauta, 1973), p. 209.
100 The speech was reproduced in the Spanish press on 18 July and had great international repercussions. See as an example the Cáceres paper Extremadura, 18 July 1941.
101 The British ambassador, Sir Samuel Hoare, repeatedly heard such explanations: Samuel Hoare, Ambassador on Special Mission (London: Collins, 1946), p. 139; and also the adviser to the US embassy in Madrid, Willard L. Beaulac, Franco: Silent Ally in World War II (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986), pp. 177–82.
102 Report entitled ‘Consideraciones sobre la situación internacional actual en orden a la actitud de España’, 12 December 1941, Archivo General de la Universidad de Navarra, Fondo Carrero Blanco, series ‘Política Internacional’. On the growing importance of Carrero Blanco see Javier Tusell, Carrero. La eminencia gris del régimen de Franco (Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 1993).
103 Manuel Loff, Salazarismo e franquismo na Época de Hitler (Oporto: Campo das Letras, 1996). Juan Carlos Jiménez Redondo, ‘La política del Bloque Ibérico. Las relaciones hispano-portuguesas (1936–1949)’, Mèlanges de la Casa de Velázquez 29/3 (1993), pp. 175–201.
104 Denis Smyth, ‘Screening “Torch”: Allied Counter-Intelligence and the Spanish Threat to the Secrecy of the Allied Invasion of French North Africa in November, 1942’, Intelligence and National Security 4/2 (1989), pp. 335–56. C.J.H. Hayes, Wartime Mission in Spain, 1942–1945 (New York: Macmillan, 1945).
105 Letter from Gómez-Jordana to the ambassador in London, the Duke of Alba, 17 November 1942. Archivo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores (Madrid), series ‘Renovado’, file 1371, record 3B. Hereafter: AMAE R1371/3B.
106 Tusell and García Queipo de Llano, Franco y Mussolini, p. 193.
107 Memorandum by Sir Samuel Hoare, 1 May 1944. FO 371/49612 Z7075. Text of the agreement in the Archivo de la Presidencia del Gobierno (Madrid), series ‘Jefatura del Estado’, file 38. See Joan Maria Thomàs, La batalla del wolframio. Estados Unidos y España de Pearl Harbor a la Guerra Fría, 1941–1947 (Madrid: Cátedra, 2010).
108 Telegram of Sir Samuel Hoare on his interview with Franco, 12 December 1944. FO 371/39672 C17266. Reproduced in Moradiellos, Franco frente a Churchill, p. 399.
109 Good analyses of the period in the classic works of Florentino Portero, Franco aislado. La cuestión española, 1945–1950 (Madrid: Aguilar, 1989); Qasim Ahmad, Britain, Franco Spain and the Cold War, 1945–1950 (Kuala Lumpur: Noordeen, 1995); and Jill Edwards, Anglo-American Relations and the Franco Question, 1945–1955 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
110 E. Moradiellos, ‘The Potsdam Conference and the Spanish Problem’, Contemporary European History 10/1 (2001), pp. 73–90.
111 ‘España ante la situación actual del mundo’ and ‘Notas sobre nuestra situación actual en el Mundo’, 12 April 1945, Archivo General de la Universidad de Navarra, fondo Carrero Blanco, series ‘Política Internacional’.
112 ‘Notas sobre la situación política’, 29 July 1945, Archivo General de la Universidad de Navarra, fondo Carrero Blanco, series ‘Política Internacional’.
113 As it was expressed before the Cortes on 14 May 1946. Franco, Pensamiento político de Franco, p. 248. The original text of the speech in F. Franco, Manuscritos de Franco (Madrid: Otero, 1990), document 17, p. 102.
114 Franco in 1945 reproduced in Javier Tusell, Franco y los católicos. La política interior española entre 1945 y 1957 (Madrid: Alianza, 1984), pp. 55 and 101.
115 Franco, Pensamiento político de Franco, p. 395.
116 Alfredo Kindelán, La verdad de mis relaciones con Franco (Barcelona: Planeta, 1981), p. 287. Baón, La cara humana de un Caudillo, p. 171.
117 Tusell and García Queipo de Llano, Franco y Mussolini, p. 290.
118 Dispatch of Sir Victor Mallet, 8 March 1946. FO 371/60352 Z2295.
119 Speech in Seville on 1 May 1956. Franco, Pensamiento político de Franco, p. 406.
120 Suárez Fernández, Francisco Franco y su tiempo, vol. 4, p. 29.
121 Telegram from the British ambassador in Washington to the Foreign Office, 17 May 1945. FO 371/49611 Z6002.
122 Minute of Oliver Harvey for Ernest Bevin (Foreign Secretary), 7 June 1946. The previous quotations are from a lette
r from the British ambassador in Madrid and from some minutes from high-ranking officials in the Foreign Office, 6 and 10 August and 3 September 1945. Reproduced in Moradiellos, Franco frente a Churchill, pp. 440 and 443.
123 The original text of the speech in Franco, Manuscritos de Franco, document 17, pp. 101–10.
124 Boletín Oficial del Estado, 27 June 1947.
125 Enrique Moradiellos, La España de Franco. Política y Sociedad (Madrid: Síntesis, 2000) pp. 107–9. Stanley G. Payne, El régimen de Franco (Madrid: Alianza, 1987) pp. 385–6.
126 Kindelán, La verdad de mis relaciones con Franco, p. 344.
127 An updated review of relations between Franco and the future king in Paul Preston, Juan Carlos: A People’s King (London: HarperCollins, 2003).
128 José Luis de Vilallonga, El Rey. Conversaciones con D. Juan Carlos I de España (Barcelona: Salvat, 1995), pp. 47–8 and 82.
129 Commentary of Manuel Lora Tamayo, minister of education between 1962 and 1968. Collected in Franco visto por sus ministros, p. 128.
130 Annotation in Pemán’s diary on 1 January 1955. Reproduced by Tusell, Franco y los católicos, p. 442.
131 Preston, Franco, pp. 595–6. De la Cierva, Franco, p. 402. Suárez Fernández, Francisco Franco, vol. 4, p. 426. Palacios and Payne, Franco, mi padre, p. 552.
132 The comments of Father Bulart (9 August 1955) recorded in Franco-Salgado Araujo, Mis conversaciones privadas, p. 131. His own comments (25 July 1955) are on p. 126. The comments on Franco’s indifference to his son-in-law in de la Cierva, Franco, p. 402.
133 Report by Paul Culberston, 20 June 1950. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950. Vol. III: Western Europe (Washington: United States Printing Office, 1977), pp. 1563–5.
134 Ángel Viñas, Los pactos secretos de Franco con Estados Unidos (Barcelona: Grijalbo, 1981). Boris N. Liedtke, Embracing a Dictatorship: US Relations with Spain, 1945–1953 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997). Rafael Gómez Pérez, El franquismo y la Iglesia (Madrid: Rialp, 1986) and Tusell, Franco y los católicos, ch. 3.
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