Brennan, T. A., et al. “Incidence of Adverse Events and Negligence in Hospitalised Patients: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I.” New England Journal of Medicine 324 (1991): 370–76.
Budnitz, D. S., D. A. Pollock, et al. “National Surveillance of Emergency Department Visits for Outpatient Adverse Drug Events.” Journal of the American Medical Association 296 (2006): 1858–66.
Classen, D. “Adverse Drug Events in Hospitalized Patients.” Journal of the American Medical Association 1197, no. 277: 301–6.
Gurwtiz, J. H. , T. S. Field, et al. “Incidence and Preventability of Adverse Drug Events Among Older Persons in the Ambulatory Setting.” Journal of the American Medical Association 3, no. 289: 1107–16.
Johnson, J., et al. “Drug Related Morbidity and Mortality—a Cost of Illness Model.” Archives Internal Medicine 155 (October 9, 1996).
Lasser, K. E., et al. “Timing of New Black Box Warnings and Withdrawals for Prescription Medications.” Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 17 (May 2002): 2215–20.
Leape, L. L., et al. “The Nature of Adverse Events in Hospitalised Patients: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study II.” New England Journal of Medicine 324 (1991): 377–84.
Nelson, K., et al. “Drug-Related Hospital Admissions.” Pharmacotherapy 16, no. 4 (1996): 701–7.
Nissen, S. E., and K. Wolski. “Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes.” New England Journal of Medicine 356 (2007): 2457.
Soumerai, S. B., et al. “Effects of Medicaid Drug-Payment Limits on Admissions to Hospitals and Nursing Homes.” New England Journal of Medicine 325 (1991): 1072–77.
Sox, H. C., Jr., and S. Woloshin. “How Many Deaths Are Due to Medical Error? Getting the Number Right.” Effective Clinical Practice 3, no. 6 (November–December 2000): 277–83.
Thomas, E. J., and T. A. Brennan. “Incidence and Types of Preventable Adverse Events in Elderly Patients: Population Based Review of Medical Records.” British Medical Journal 320 (2000): 741–45.
U.S. Government Accountability Office (2006). “Prescription Drugs: Price Trends for Frequently Used Brand and Generic Drugs from 2000 Through 2004.” http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05779.pdf.
Zoellner, T. “America’s Other Drug Problem.” Men’s Health (October 2001): 118–23.
Zwillich, T. “FDA Drug Recalls Jumped in 1990s.” Reuters Health (September 24, 2002).
Chapter 2
How to Avoid Prescription Drug Abuse
Breggin, P., M.D. “The Hazards of Treating ‘Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder’ with Methylphenidate (Ritalin).” The Journal of College Student Psychotherapy 10, no. 2 (1995): 55–72.
Office of National Drug Control Policy. “Prescription Drug Abuse Prevention.” http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugfact/prescr_drg_abuse.html.
Tanouye, E. “Antidepressant Makers Study Kids’ Market.” Wall Street Journal. April 4, 1997.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA Health Information Network Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. Prevention Alert: “Trouble in the Medicine Chest (I): Rx Drug Abuse Growing,” 6, no. 4 (March 7, 2003).
U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health, “Prescription Drug Abuse.” http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prescriptiondrugabuse.html.
Weber, T. “Tarnishing the Golden Years with Addiction.” Los Angeles Times, December 20, 1996.
Chapter 3
Drug Interactions and How Your Body Processes Drugs
Logsdon, B. A. “Drug Use During Lactation.” Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association NS37, no. 4 (July–August 1997).
Merck Manual. Drug Kinetics, “Factors Affecting Response to Drugs.” http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec02/ch013/ch013a.html#sec02-ch013-ch013a-112.
Stachulski, A. V., and J. M. Lennard. “Drug Metabolism: The Body’s Defense Against Chemical Attack,” Journal of Chemical Education 2000 77: 349.
Tschanz, C., et al. “Interactions Between Drugs and Nutrients.” Advances in Pharmacology 35 (1996).
Chapter 4
How Drugs Interact with Food, Drink, and Supplements
Kirk, J. K. “Significant Drug-Nutrient Interactions.” American Family Doctor 51, no. 5 (April 1995): 1175–82.
Tschanz, C., et al. “Interactions Between Drugs and Nutrients.” Advances in Pharmacology 35 (1996).
Chapter 7
Surgery, Drugs, and Nutrition: Minimizing the Damage and Maximizing Your Recovery
Baker, G. R., P. G. Norton, and V. Flintoft. “The Canadian Adverse Events Study: The Incidence of Adverse Events Among Hospital Patients in Canada.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 170, no. 11 (May 25, 2004), doi:10.1503.
Lowenfels, A. “Adverse Events in the Hospital Setting: How Safe Is Your Operating Room? Review of De Vries EN, Ramrattan MA, Smorenburg SM, et al., Qual Saf Health Care.” Medscape Today 17 (August 27, 2008): 216–23, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/578928.
Vincent, C., G. Neale, and M. Woloshynowych. “Adverse Events in Bristol Hospitals: Preliminary Retrospective Record Review.” British Medical Journal 322 (2001): 517–19.
Weissman, J. S., E. C. Schneider, S. N. Weingart, et al. “Comparing Patient-Reported Hospital Adverse Events with Medical Record Review: Do Patients Know Something That Hospitals Do Not?” Annals of Internal Medicine, 149, no. 215 (July 2008): 100–8.
Chapter 9
Six Core Principles for Optimal Health
Antioxidants
Aruoma, O. I., et al. “Nutrition and Health Aspects of Free Radicals and Antioxidants.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 32, no. 7 (1994): 671–83.
Costanzo, L. L., et al. “Antioxidant Effect of Copper on Photosynthesized Lipid Peroxidation.” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 57 (1995): 115–25.
Fuller, C. J., et al. “Effects of Antioxidants and Fatty Acids on Low-Density-Lipoprotein Oxidation.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, supp. (1994): 1010S–3S.
Gaziano, J. M., et al. “Natural Antioxidants and Cardiovascular Disease: Observational Epidemiologic Studies and Randomized Trials.” Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease 13 (1994): 387–409.
Geoffroy-Perez, B., and S. Cordier. “Fluid Consumption and the Risk of Bladder Cancer: Results of a Multicenter Case-Control Study.” International Journal of Cancer 93, no. 6 (2001): 880–87.
Gilligan, D. J., M.D., et al. “Effect of Antioxidant Vitamins on Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 24, no. 7 (December 1994): 1611–17.
Haas, E. M. “Cholesterol- and Tumor- Suppressive Actions of Fruits and Vegetables.” The Nutrition Report 13, no. 4 (April 1995): 17, 24.
Hoffman, R. M., M.D., and H. S. Garewal. “Antioxidants and the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease.” Archives of Internal Medicine 155 (February 13, 1995): 241–46.
Kanter, M. M. “Free Radicals, Exercise, and Antioxidant Supplementation.” International Journal of Sports Nutrition 4 (1994): 205–20.
Lee, S. H., T. Oe, and I. A. Blair. “Vitamin C–Induced Decomposition of Lipid Hydroper-oxides to Endogenous Genotoxins.” Science 292, no. 5524 (June 15, 2001): 2083–86.
Liu, M., et al. “Mixed Tocopherols Have a Stronger Inhibitory Effect on Lipid Peroxidation Than Alpha-Tocopherol Alone.” Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 39, no. 51 (May 2002): 714–21.
Oliver, M. F. “Antioxidant Nutrients, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Heart Disease.” British Heart Journal 73 (1995): 299–301.
Rautalahti, M., et al. “Antioxidants and Carcinogenesis.” Annals of Medicine 25 (1993): 435–41.
Regling, G., et al. “The Biological Role of Oxygen Radicals, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidative Therapy in Connective Tissue Regulation.” Wolff’s Law and Connective Tissue Regulation (1993): 231–41.
Singh, R., et al. “Diet, Antioxidants, Vitamins, Oxidative Stre
ss and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease: The Purzuda Prospective Study.” Acta Cardiology 49, no. 5 (1995): 453–67.
Stavric, B. “Role of Chemopreventers in Human Diet.” Clinical Biochemistry 27, no. 5 (1994): 319–32.
Todd, S., et al. “An Investigation of the Relationship Between Antioxidant Vitamin Intake and Coronary Heart Disease in Men and Women Using Logistic Regression Analysis.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 48, no. 2 (1995): 307–16.
Tribble, D. L., Ph.D., et al. “Dietary Antioxidants, Cancer, and Atherosclerotic Heart Disease.” Western Journal of Medicine 161 (1994): 605–13.
Wei, Q., et al. “Vitamin Supplementation and Reduced Risk of Basal Cell Carcinoma.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 47, no. 8 (1994): 829–36.
Yogurt
Burns, A. J., and I. R. Rowland. “Anti-Carcinogenicity of Probiotics and Prebiotics.” Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology 1, no. 1 (March 2000): 13–24.
Elner, G. W. “Probiotics: ‘Living Drugs.’” American Journal of Health System Pharmacy: The Official Journal of the American Society of Health System Pharmacists 58, no. 12 (June 2001): 1101–9.
Massey, L. K. “Dairy Food Consumption, Blood Pressure, and Stroke.” Journal of Nutrition 131, no. 7 (July 2001): 1875–78.
Meydani, S. N., and W. K. Ha. “Immunologic Effects of Yogurt.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, no. 4 (2001): 861–72.
Fish and Fish Oils
Crenson, S. L. “Levels of Mercury Reported Elevated Among Fish Eaters.” Associated Press, October 20, 2002.
Crenson, S. L., and M. Mendoza. “There’s Something Fishy About Mercury Levels.” Associated Press, October 13, 2002.
Sears, B. The Omega Rx Zone: The Miracle of the New High-Dose Fish Oil. New York: ReganBooks, 2002.
Stoll, A. L., M.D. The Omega-3 Connection. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
Grapeseed Bioflavonoids
Chang, W. C., et al. “Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation and Arachidonate Metabolism in Platelets by Procyanidins.” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids 38 (1989): 181–88.
Frankel, E. N., et al. “Inhibition of Oxidation of Human Low-Density Lipoprotein by Phenolic Substances in Red Wine.” The Lancet 341 (1993): 454–57.
Gomez Trillo, J. T. “Varicose Veins of the Lower Extremities: Symptomatic Treatment with a New Vasculotrophic Agent.” La Prensa Medica Mexicana 38 (1973): 293–96.
Harmand, M. F., et al. “The Fate of Total Flavonolic Oligomers (OFT) Extracted from ‘Vitis vinifera L.’ in the Rat.” European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 1 (1978): 15–30.
Henriet, J. P. “Veno-Lymphatic Insufficiency: 4,729 Patients Undergoing Hormonal and Procyanidol Oligomer Therapy.” Phlebolgie 46 (1993): 313–25.
Hertog, M. G., et al. “Dietary Antioxidant Flavonoids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Zutphen Elderly Study.” The Lancet 342 (1993): 1007–11.
Kilham, C., and J. Masquelier. OPC: The Miracle Antioxidant. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing Company, 1997.
Lagrue, G., et al. “A Study of the Effects of Procyanidol Oligomers on Capillary Resistance in Hypertension and in Certain Nephropathies.” La Semaine des Hospitaux de Paris (Paris) 57 (1981): 1399–401.
Masquelier, J., et al. “Flavonoids et Pycnogenols.” International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research (1979): 307–11.
_____. “Stabilization of Collagen by Procyanidolic Oligomers.” Acta Therapeutica 7 (1981): 101–5.
Meunier, M. T., et al. “Inhibition of Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme by Flavenolic Compounds: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.” Planta Medica 54 (1987): 12–15.
Schwitters, B., et al. “OPC in Practice: Bioflavanols and Their Application.” Alfa Omega (Rome), 1993.
Tixier, J. M., et al. “Evidence by In Vivo and In Vitro Studies That Binding of Pycnegols to Elastin Affects Its Rate of Degradation by Elastases.” Biochemical Pharmacology 3 (1984): 3933–39.
Wegrowski, J., et al. “The Effect of Procyanidolic Oligomers on the Composition of Normal and Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit Aortas.” Biochemical Pharmacology 33 (1984): 3491–97.
Green Tea Bioflavonoids
Apostolides, Z., et al. “Screening of Tea Clones for Inhibition of PhIP Mutagenicity.” Mutation Research 326, no. 2 (February 1995): 219–25.
Bu-Abbas, A., et al. “Marked Antimutagenic Potential of Aqueous Green Tea Extracts: Mechanism of Action.” Mutagenesis 9, no. 4 (July 1994): 325–31.
Burr, M. L., et al. “Antioxidants and Cancer.” Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 7 (1994): 409–16.
“Foods That May Prevent Breast Cancer: Studies Are Investigating Soybeans, Whole Wheat and Green Tea Among Others.” Primary Care and Cancer 14, no. 2 (February 1994): 10–11.
Gao, F. M., et al. “Studies on Mechanisms and Blockade of Carcinogenic Action of Female Sex Hormones.” Science in China, Series B 37, no. 4 (April 1994): 418–29.
Graham, H. N. “Green Tea Composition, Consumption, and Polyphenol Chemistry.” Preventive Medicine 21, no. 3 (May 1992): 334–50.
Hirose, M., et al. “Inhibition of Mammary Gland Carcinogenesis by Green Tea Catechins and Other Naturally Occurring Anti-oxidants in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats Pretreated with 7,12-demethylbenz[alpha] anthracene.” Cancer Letters 83, nos. 1–2 (1994): 149–56.
Ikigai, H., et al. “Bactericidal Catechins Damage the Lipid Biolayer.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1147, no. 1 (April 8, 1993): 132–36.
Imai, K., et al. “Cross-Sectional Effects of Drinking Tea on Cardiovascular and Liver Diseases.” British Medical Journal 310, no. 6981 (March 18, 1995): 693–96.
Katiyar, S. K., et al. “Inhibition of Spontaneous and Photo-Enhanced Lipid Peroxidation in Mouse Epidermal Microsomes by Epicatechin Derivatives from Green Tea.” Cancer Letters 79, no. 1 (April 29, 1994): 61–66.
_____. “Protection Against Malignant Conversion of Chemically Induced Benign Skin Papillomas to Squamous Cell Carcinomas in SENCAR Mice by a Polyphenolic Fraction Isolated from Green Tea.” Cancer Research 53, no. 22 (November 15, 1993): 5409–12.
_____. “Protective Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols Administered by Oral Intubation Against Chemical Carcinogen-Induced Forestomach and Pulmonary Neoplasia in A/J Mice.” Cancer Letters 73, nos. 2–3 (September 30, 1993): 167–72.
Kawaguchi, M., et al. “Three Month Oral Repeated Administration Toxicity Study of Seed Saponins of Thea Sinensis L. (Ryokucha Saponin) in Rats.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 32, no. 5 (May 1994): 431–42.
Kimura, R., et al. “Effect of Theanine on Norepinephrine and Serotonin Levels in Rat Brain.” Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34, no. 7 (July 1986): 3053–57.
Kubo, I., et al. “Antimicrobial Activity of Green Tea Flavor Components and Their Combination Effects.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 40 (1992): 245–48.
Makimura, M., et al. “Inhibitory Effect of Tea Catechins on Collagenase Activity.” Journal of Periodontal Research 64, no. 7 (July 1993): 630–36.
Mukhtar, H., et al. “Green Tea and Skin-Anticarcinogenic Effects.” The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 102, no. 1 (January 1994): 3–7.
_____. “Green Tea Components: Antimugenic and Anticarcinogenic Effects.” Preventive Medicine 21, no. 3 (May 1, 1992): 351–60.
Nagata, T., et al. “Differences in Caffeine, Flavonols and Amino Acid Contents in Leaves of Cultivated Species of Camellia.” Japanese Journal of Breeding 34, no. 4 (1984): 459–67.
Narisawa, T., et al. “A Very Low Dose of Green Tea Polyphenols in Drinking Water Prevents N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in F344 Rats.” Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, Gann 84, no. 10 (October 1993): 1007–9.
Nishida, H., et al. “Inhibitory Effects of (-)-epigallocatechin Gallate on Spontaneous Hepatoma in C3H/HeNCrj Mice and Human Hepatoma-derived PLC/PRF/5 Cells.” Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, Gann 85, no. 3 (March 1994): 221–25.
Shetty, M., et al. “Antibacterial Activity of Tea (Camillia sinensis) and Coffee (
Coffee arabica) with Special Reference to Salmonella typhimurium.” The Journal of Communicable Diseases 26, no. 3 (September 1994): 147–50.
Tao, P. “The Inhibitory Effects of Catechin Derivatives on the Activities of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase and DNA Polymerases.” Chung Kuo I Huo I Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 14, no. 5 (October 1992): 334–38.
Tsushida, T., et al. “An Enzyme Hydrolyzing L-theanine in Tea Leaves.” Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 49, no. 10 (1985): 2913–17.
Valstar, E. “Nutrition and Cancer: A Review of Preventive and Therapeutic Abilities of Single Nutrients.” Journal of Nutritional Medicine 4 (1994): 176–78.
Wang, Z. Y., et al. “Inhibitory Effects of Black Tea, Green Tea, Decaffeinated Black Tea, and Decaffeinated Green Tea on Ultraviolet Light-Induced Skin Carcinogenesis in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated SKH-1 Mice.” Cancer Research 54, no. 13 (July 1, 1994): 3428–35.
Weisburger, J. H., et al. “Prevention of Hetero-cyclic Amine Formation by Tea and Tea Polyphenols.” Cancer Letters 83, nos. 1–2 (August 15, 1994): 143–47.
Yang, C. S., et al. “Tea and Cancer.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85, no. 13 (July 7, 1993): 1038–49.
Yen, G. C., et al. “Antioxidant Activity of Various Tea Extracts in Relation to Their Anti-mutagenicity.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43 (1995): 27–32.
Yin, P., et al. “Experimental Studies of the Inhibitory Effects of Green Tea Catechin on Mice Large Intestinal Cancers Induced by 1, 2-Dimethylhydrazine.” Cancer Letters 79, no. 1 (April 29, 1994): 33–38.
Yokogoshi, H., et al. “Reduction Effect of Theanine on Blood Pressure and Brain 5-Hydroxyindoles in Spontaneously Hyper-tensive Rats.” Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 59, no. 4 (April 1995): 615–18.
Yoshino, K., et al. “Antioxidative Effects of Black Tea Theaflavins and Thearubigin on Lipid Peroxidation of Rat Liver Homogenates Induced by Tert-butyl Hydroper-oxide.” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 17, no. 1 (January 1994): 146–49.
Protein
Dawson-Hughes, B., and S. S. Harris. “Calcium Intake Influences the Association of Protein Intake with Rates of Bone Loss in Elderly Men and Women.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75, no. 4 (April 2002): 773–79.
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