Florence university 153, 370, 372; Istituto Cesare Alfieri 65, 84; Istituto di Studi Superiori 34, 62
flying see aviation
food shortages and rationing: during First World War 59–60; in penal colonies 196, 218
Forte dei Marmi 309, 334
Forti, Aldo 352, 370
Forti, Francesco 370
Forti, Marco 370
France, Anatole 204
Franco, Francisco 328, 333
Franco, Ramón 292
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, assassination 47
Franz Joseph I, Austro-Hungarian Emperor 14
Frassine, Villa Il 25, 48, 75, 140, 141, 306, 307, 352, 367
Fratelli Minori (novella; Amelia Rosselli) 71
Fratta Polesine 116
Freemasonry 17, 63, 127, 266, 285, 340, 343; fascists’ attacks on Freemasons 144–5, 147, 189, 362
Freiburg, Germany 295 Frensham Ponds, Surrey 105 Fresnay, France 322
Freud, Sigmund 15, 30
Frosinone 189; prison 237
Fuchs, Robert 14
Fuga in Quattro Tempi (Carlo Rosselli) 265
Futurist Movement 42–3, 46, 49, 68, 77, 79, 127, 269–70, 304
Garibaldi, Giuseppe 3, 10, 87, 89, 102, 127, 143
Garibaldi Battalion (International Brigades) 336–7
Garosci, Aldo 331, 368
Garvin, J.L. 89
Gasparri, Pietro 261
Gazzetta del Popolo (newspaper) 321 Genoa 11, 76, 114, 152–3
Genoa university, Istituto Superiore di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali 101
Gente Oscura (short-story collection; Amelia Rosselli) 26
Gentile, Giovanni 89, 161–2, 371
Geographical Congress (Venice; 1882) 6
George V, King, state visit to Italy (1923) 92
Gerarchia (magazine) 148
Germani, Giuseppe 305
Ghirlandaio, Domenico 22
Gibson, Violet, assassination attempt on Mussolini 159–60, 303
giellisti see Giustizia e Libertà (anti-fascist resistance movement)
Gillardoni (Milanese doctor) 166
Ginzburg, Leone 309, 310, 311, 312, 366
Giolitti, Giovanni 33–4, 36, 43, 46, 67, 75, 80, 83, 89, 113, 117
Giornale d’Italia, Il (newspaper) 58
Giovanna (maid) 2
Giraudoux, Jean 322
Giustizia, La (newspaper) 123
Giustizia e Libertà (anti-fascist resistance movement): foundation in Paris 248–9, 254; aims, slogan and symbols 249, 282, 326; leafleting flights over Italy 255–8, 292, 294–5; targeted by Italian secret police 282–91, 311–14, 338–9; divisions with other anti-fascist groups 299–301, 318–19, 329; distribution branches in Italy 310; continuation after Rosselli brothers’ deaths 356; see also I Quaderni di Giustizia e Libertà
Giustizia e Libertà (newspaper) 320, 321, 323
Goad, Harold 240
Gobetti, Ada (née Prospero) 95, 96, 97, 143, 150, 151
Gobetti, Paolo 150
Gobetti, Piero: appearance and character 94, 94, 95, 96; background and early life 94–5; editorship of Rivoluzione Liberale magazine 95, 96–7, 98, 154; marriage and family 95, 143, 150; arrested for subversion 97–8; on Matteotti’s murder and Aventine Secession 117, 118, 119; on Curzio Malaparte 127; attacked by fascists 143, 150; exile and death 150–51, 354; reactions and aftermath 151, 155, 248, 280, 319
Goering, Hermann 304
Goldoni, Carlo 30
Goncourt brothers 21
Gonzales (Milanese lawyer) 171
goose-step march, introduction of 362
Graham, Sir Ronald 90, 118, 121–2
Gramsci, Antonio 93, 95, 238; arrest and trial 162, 192; imprisonment 192, 207, 319; death 341–2
Grand Council of Fascism 91, 148, 315, 366
Grandi, Dino 131
Grañén, Spain 331
Grassini, Emma 5
Grassini, Lina 5
Grassini, Margherita see Sarfatti, Margherita
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London 218
Grenoble 339
Grenoble Centre for Italian Studies, Florence annex 42
Grosseto, squadristi raid (June 1921) 82–3
Guadalajara, Battle of (1937) 337–8
Guatelli (confinato on Lipari) 209
Guinevere, Queen (legendary figure) 346
Haefner, Viktor 295
Hague Conventions (1899/1907) 42
Haile Selassie, Emperor 318
Halévy, Élie 322
Hamilton, Emma, Lady 52, 110
Hampton Court Palace 261
Harvard University 338
Haydée (Ida Finzi) 52
Heydrich, Reinhard 371
High Commission for Sanctions against Fascism 371
Himmler, Heinrich 371
Hindenburg, Paul von 136
Hindhead, Surrey 104, 105
Hitler, Adolf 181, 262, 340; coming to power 302, 303; visits Italy 302, 314–15, 314; Nazi involvement in Spanish Civil War 333
Hobhouse, L.T. 102 homosexuality, in penal colonies 196
Huesca, Spain 331–2
Huguet, Louis 345–6, 368
Ibsen, Henrik 27; The Doll’s House 15, 24
Idea Fissa, L’ (play; Amelia Rosselli) 30
Illusione (play; Amelia Rosselli) 26–7
Illustrated London News 262
Impero, L’ (newspaper) 143
Impressionism 14
Industrie Femminili (women workers organisation) 26
International Brigades 336; Garibaldi Battalion 336, 337
International Committee of Writers 319
International Geographical Congress (Venice; 1882) 6
interventionist movement (First World War) 48–9
invisible ink, use of 223, 280, 281, 304, 313
Italia Libera (anti-fascist movement) 119–21, 132–3, 281; protests and stunts 123–4, 125, 138–9
Italian American Society 293
Italian Encyclopedia 315
Italian Refugees’ Relief Committee (British organisation) 230, 238
Italian Social Republic (Salò) 367
Jaeger gymnastics 4
Jakubiez, Fernand 346, 349–50, 357, 368
James, Henry 21
Jarry, Henri 351
Jewish Youth Convention (Livorno; 1924) 124–5
Jews: Florentine community 39–40, 52, 154, 340–41; Livornese community 9–10; Venetian community 2–3; Viennese community 15; see also anti-semitism; racial laws; Zionism
Jones, Lewis 21
Joxe, Françoise and Louis 361
Joyce, James, Ulysees 110
Juan-les-Pins, France 310
Kant, Immanuel 225
Keynes, John Maynard, Baron 122; ‘A Tract on Monetary Reform’ 112
King’s College, London 101 Klimt, Gustav 14
Kochnitzky, Léon 68
Konstanz, Germany 294–5; prison 295–6
Ku Klux Klan 343; Italian fascists compared to 90, 276
Kuliscioff, Anna 33, 73, 91–2, 91, 95–6, 99, 112, 126, 138, 167, 247; death 150, 152, 155, 166
La Spezia 60, 169
Labour Party (British) 101, 107, 115, 121, 122, 262
Lampedusa 189
Lamy, Alice 346, 349
Lancelot (legendary knight) 346
language, fascist reforms of 178
Larchmont, New York 364–6
Lateran Accords (1929) 266–7
Lausanne, Switzerland 264
Lausanne, Treaty of (1923) 90
Laval, Pierre 297
Lawrence, D.H. 6
Lazzarini (confinato on Lipari) 209
leafleting flights, anti-fascists’ 255–8, 274, 292, 293–5, 296, 338–9
League of Human Rights (France) 245
League of Nations 67, 108, 316, 317, 318
League for the Renewal of National Unity 73
Lear, Edward 21
Leith, Scotland 121
Lenin, Vladmir 89; Leninism 69
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Leonardo da Vinci Society 23, 52, 341
Leonardo (magazine) 25–6, 36
Leto, Guido 282
Levi family 5–6
Levi, Alessandro 70–71, 95, 138–9, 154, 170, 175, 184, 264, 275, 276, 353
Levi, Augusto 5
Levi, Carlo 96, 216, 243, 261, 311, 312, 313, 366; attends Fabian summer school in England 104–7, 106; Christ Stopped at Eboli 313
Levi, Mario 310, 312
Levi, Nina 5
Levi, Nino 140
Levi, Primo 367
Levi, Sarina 138–9, 154, 211–12, 353
Libertà, La (Italian exiles’ newspaper) 237, 247
Libya 148, 315, 337; Libyan War (1911–12) 42–4, 50, 191
Lipari, penal colony 188, 189, 190, 202–14, 218–31, 234–5, 240, 290
Littorio, Il (newspaper) 157
Livorno 9–10, 80, 130; Jewish Youth Convention (1924) 124–5
Lloyd George, David (later 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor) 122
Lodano, Switzerland 255, 256
Lofting, Hugh, Dr Doolittle 322
Lombroso, Gina: appearance and character 38; marriage and family 38; career 38; friendship with Amelia Rosselli 38–9, 212, 359; establishes children’s charity with Amelia 60; views on women’s suffrage 72; death of son 309; death 369
London: Rosselli family banking interests 9–10; Mazzini’s exile 10–11, 102; Joe and Amelia Rosselli’s honeymoon (1892) 13; Mussolini visits (1923) 90; Italian community 90, 92, 102–4, 121, 262–3, 304, 317; Marion Cave’s early life in 99; Carlo Rosselli visits (1923/24) 101–2, 104–5, 107–8, 121–2; Marion Cave visits with son (1928/29) 218, 230; Carlo’s speaking tour (1929) 250; Nello’s research trip (1930) 260–66
London School of Economics 250
London, Treaty of (1915) 50, 66
Longanesi, Leo 132
Louisiana 191
Lucca 82, 130
Lucetti, Gino, assassination attempt on Mussolini 160
Luchaire, Fernande see Salvemini, Fernande
Luchaire, Jean 59, 70, 139
Luchaire, Julien 42, 59
Luchini, Alberto 100
Lugano, Lake 11, 312
Lugano, Switzerland 165–6, 257, 281–2
Lupi di Toscana (infantry division) 337
Luporini, Giovanni 145–6, 147
Lussu, Emilio: appearance and character 206, 224, 225, 233; background and early life 206, 225; confino on Lipari 206–7, 211, 214; escape plans 207, 222–8; aborted first attempt 228; renewed escape planning 228–31; escapes from Lipari 231–5, 233; reaches Tunis 233–4, 236; travels to Paris 236–7, 248; publishes article on imprisonment and escape 240; early role in exile community in Paris 248, 253, 254, 278–9, 304; director of Giustizia e Libertà movement 249, 277, 282, 303; secret police’s surveillance of 151–2, 283–4, 311; life in Paris 299; relationship with Joyce Salvadori 299; leaves Paris for convalescence 319; last meeting with Carlo Rosselli 342; reaction to Rosselli brothers’ deaths 353; at their funeral 354; continues work with Giustizia e Libertà 356; in New York during wartime 364, 366; returns to Italy to serve with partisans 366; testifies at trial for Rosselli killings 368; at Carlo and Nello’s reburial in Florence 373; later life and career 371
Lussu, Joyce 299
Luzzatti, Vittorio 185, 186
Lyceum Clubs 38; Florentine chapter 38, 44, 45, 52, 72, 110, 111, 276, 341; International Congress (Florence; 1922) 111
McCall’s (magazine) 363
MacDonald, Ramsay 115, 122, 262
Machiavelli, Niccolò 3
Macugnaga 47
Madrid 13, 292–3, 333
Maeterlinck, Maurice, The Blue Bird 72
Maffi, Cardinal Pietro 130 Mafia 266, 267
Magri, Mario 209–10, 222
Mahler, Gustav 14
Malaparte, Curzio (Kurt Erich Suckert) 127
Malraux, André 322, 329
Manchester Guardian (newspaper) 140, 185, 186, 238, 250, 289
manganelli (weapons) 77, 78, 103; La Madonna del Manganello statue 130
Manifesto of Antifascist Intellectuals 161
Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals 161
Manifesto of Racial Scientists 362
Manin, Daniele 3
Mann, Thomas 289
Mannin, Ethel 305
Manzoni, Alessandro 95, 143
March on Rome, Mussolini’s (1922) 86, 87–8; tenth anniversary commemoration 303–4
Marchetti, Ferruccio 140
Margherita of Savoy, Queen consort (later Queen mother) 6, 88
Margulies, Samuel Hirsch 39
Mariani, Teresa 26
Mariapò (maid) 140–41, 146
Marie José of Belgium, Princess 253, 272
Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso 42, 49, 68, 79, 269–70, 316, 371
Marseilles 227, 229, 236, 251
Marx, Karl 158; The Communist Manifesto 214
Marxism 11, 33, 80, 96, 214, 278, 279
Mary, Queen consort, state visit to Italy 92
Marzocco, Il (magazine) 22–3, 24, 25–6, 28, 38, 44
Massa 169
Matteotti, Giacomo: appearance and character xiii, 96, 115; member of parliament 78, 115; expulsion from Socialist Party and establishment of United Socialist Party 93, 119; marriage and family 96; with anti-fascist circle in Turin 96; anti-fascist publications xiii, 96; visits England 115–16; speech to Chamber of Deputies (30 May 1924) xiii–xiv, 116; kidnap and murder xiv, 116, 116, 126, 134; reactions and aftermath xiv–xv, 116–18, 121, 126, 131, 133, 138–9, 181n, 205–6, 248, 293, 319, 355–6
Matteotti, Isabella xiv, 96, 116, 305
Matteotti, Velia xiv, 96, 116, 205–6, 304–6
Matteotti Battalion (Spanish Civil War militia) 335
Mazzini, Giuseppe: appearance, character and career 3, 10–11, 102, 185, 204; Rosselli family’s admiration of xv, 11, 26, 40, 49, 96, 133, 155–6, 164; Nello Rosselli’s writings on 73, 100, 111, 136, 152, 173, 174, 260, 310
Mazzini e Bakunin (Nello Rosselli) 152, 174, 260
Mazzini Society (United States) 366
Meinecke, Friedrich 137
Memmi, Alberto 197–8
Menapace, Ermanno 254
Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia 17
Messina 68, 222; earthquake (1908) 35
Messina university 35
Mieli, Virginia 17, 26
Mila, Massimo 298
Milan: foundation of fascist movement 68; industrial unrest 76; falls to fascists 85, 87; fascists’ suppression of local opposition 114; establishment of secret police inspectorate 182, 273, 274; anti-fascists’ leafleting flight over 255–8, 274, 294; anarchist bombing of trade fair 274, 282, 284; remaining anti-fascist networks 280–82, 310
Milan (places and landmarks): Alfa Romeo car plant 76; La Scala 161, 165, 179; Manzoni Theatre 45; Piazza del Duomo xiv, 33, 95; Piazza Duse 167; Piazza San Sepolcro 68; San Vittore prison 155, 167; Via Borghetto 159; Via Silvio Pellico 282; see also Bocconi University; Università Proletaria
Milazzo 204, 208, 218
Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale (MVSN) 91
Milne, A.A., Winnie the Pooh 322
Mitterrand, François 344
Mitterrand, Robert 344
Modena 3, 54
Molfetta 34, 109
Moll, Carl 14
monarchy, Italian 34; and fascist regime 90, 253, 272–3; see also Umberto I, King; Victor Emmanuel III, King
Mondo, Il (newspaper) 126, 247
Montanelli, Giuseppe 340
Monte Amiato, Siele mercury mine 69
Monte Carlo 13; casino 18, 229
Monte Pelato, Battle of (1936) 332
Montecatini 144
Monteleone, La Madonna del Manganello 130
Monteverdi, Claudio 7
Montreal 362
Montreux, Switzerland 264, 336, 359
Moral Hygiene, Decalogue of 276
Moravia, Alberto: childhood and early life 46, 80, 110; suffers tuberculosis of the bones 46, 110; treatme
nt in sanatorium 110, 158; writing and publication of Gli indifferenti 158, 263; visits Nello and Carlo Rosselli in London and Paris 263; burns Rosselli letters to avoid arrest 312; response to sacking from Gazzetta del Popolo 321; silence following Rosselli brothers’ deaths 357, 369; Le ambizioni sbagliate 321; Il conformista 369
Morgan, Thomas B. 240
Mori, Cesare 84
Morpurgo, Giacomo 54, 57, 58, 66
Morzine, France 327
Mosley, Lady Cynthia 30
Mosley, Sir Oswald 304, 344
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 2, 14
Munich 136
Murray, Gilbert 250
Mussolini, Arnaldo xiii, 118, 125, 181, 269
Mussolini, Benito: appearance 36, 68, 86, 113, 241, 272; background and early life 36; editor of Avanti! 36–7, 46; marriage and family 37, 67, 271, 272; mistresses 37, 171, 181, 271; opposition to Libyan War 43; imprisonment for public order offences 43; secures dominance over revolutionary wing of Socialist Party 46–7; resigns from Avanti! and founds Il Popolo d’Italia 49; adopts interventionist position on Italian entry to war 49; foundation of fascism 67–9, 73, 103; failure in 1919 elections 75; challenges Gaetano Salvemini to duel 75; elected to parliament 80–81; rise to power 83–7, 99; marches on Rome 86, 87–8; becomes prime minister 87–8; first cabinet and early months of government 89–92, 101, 104, 110–11, 113, 119–20; suppression of opposition 101, 109, 112–13, 114, 117–18, 125–6, 143–4, 145, 148, 152, 182; Corfu incident 108; Acerbo Law and 1924 election victory xiii, 113–14; murder of Giacomo Matteotti xiii–xv, 116–17, 118, 126, 131, 134; triumphant speech to Chamber of Deputies (3 January 1925) 130–32; new fascist-dominated cabinet 131; development of personality cult 132, 178, 303–4; Zaniboni assassination plot 152; l’anno Napoleonico (1926) and establishment of dictatorship 159, 160–64; further assassination attempts 159–61, 303, 310–11; anger at Filippo Turati’s escape from Italy 167, 169; development of totalitarian state 177–83, 188–9, 266–76, 302, 304; response to ‘Trial of the Professors’ verdict 187; agrees to free Nello Rosselli from confino 199–200; issuing of confino pardons 221; reaction to escape of confinati from Lipari 234, 235, 237, 240–41, 250–53; and anti-fascists’ leafleting flights 257, 294, 296; moves personal office to Palazzo Venezia 270–71; targeting of anti-fascist exile groups 285, 286, 289, 290, 319; relations with Hitler 302, 314–15, 333; speaks at Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution 303–4; Abyssinian war 315–18; banning of Moravia’s new novel 321; ally of Franco in Civil War 328, 333; response to defeat of fascist forces at Battle of Guadalajara 337–8; views on Jews and anti-semitism 340, 362; introduction of race laws 362; ousted from power 366; Salò Republic 367; death 368
A Bold and Dangerous Family Page 48