by Bill Bishop
18. Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, Off Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), p. 6.
19. Carsey and Layman, "Changing Sides or Changing Minds?" p. 470.
20. Ibid., p. 467.
21. Robert A. Dahl, Democracy in the United States: Promise and Performance, 2nd ed. (Chicago. Rand McNally, 1972), p. 372.
22. Sharon Waxman, "Two Americas of 'Fahrenheit' and 'Passion, " New York Times, July 13, 2004, p. B1.
23. Brody Mullins, "Softball on the Mall Was Bipartisan Fun Until Politics Intruded," Wall Street Journal, April 24, 2006, p. A1.
24. Melissa Marschall and Wendy Rahn, "Birds of a Political Feather: Ideology, Partisanship, and Geographic Sorting in the American Electorate" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, April 21, 2006), p. 3.
25. Adam Nagourney and Michael Barbaro, "Eye on Election, Democrats Run as Wal-Mart Foe," New York Times, August 17, 2006.
26. Brian Czech and Rena Borkhataria, "The Relationship of Political Party Affiliation to Wildlife Conservation Attitudes," Politics and the Life Sciences, March 2001, pp. 3–12.
27. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, "Two-in-Three Critical of Bush's Relief Efforts," September 8, 2005, http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=255.
28. Newsweek Poll, May 13, 2006, http://prnewswire.com/news/index_mail.shtml?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/05–13–2006/0004360839&EDATE=.
29. Janet Adamy and Richard Gibson, "Flak over 'Fast Food Nation,'" Wall Street Journal, May 18, 2006, p. B1.
30. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, "Democrats and Republicans See Different Realities," November 6, 2006.
31. Laura McCallum, "Dean Johnson Defects to DFL," Minnesota Public Radio, January 12, 2000.
32. Kevin Featherty, "The Independent," Minnesota Monthly, October 2005, pp. 83–86.
33. Nelson W. Polsby, How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 147.
34. Charles Babington, "One Party's Lawmaking Is Another's Electioneering," Washington Post, June 24, 2006, p. A1.
35. Donna Smith, "Congress Has Many Unfinished Tasks," Boston Globe, July 10, 2006.
36. Franklin Foer, "The Joy of Federalism," New York Times Book Review, March 6, 2005.
37. Marc Kaufman, "Plan B Battles Embroil States: Proposals Mirror Red-Blue Divide," Washington Post, February 27, 2006, p. A1.
38. Adam Liptak, "15 States Expand Right to Shoot in Self-Defense," New York Times, August 7, 2006.
39. David J. Lee, "ECISD Paves Way for Bible Elective," Odessa (TX) American, May 1, 2006.
40. Michael Janofsky, "Philadelphia Mandates Black History for Graduation," New York Times, June 25, 2005.
41. Blaine Harden, "Gore Film Sparks Anger in Washington School District," Boston Globe, January 26, 2007.
42. Juliet Eilperin, "Cities, States Aren't Waiting for U.S. Action on Climate," Washington Post, August 11, 2006, p. A1.
43. Anthony Faiola and Robin Shulman, "Cities Take Lead on Environment as Debate Drags at Federal Level," Washington Post, June 8, 2007, p. A1.
44. James Gimpel, "The Federalism Flip-Flop: Democrats Now Argue for States' Rights," Boston Globe, December 19, 2004.
45. Laura Mecoy, "Stem Cell Measure Takes Partisan Tone," Monterey County (CA) Herald, September 5, 2004.
46. Joanna Kempner, Clifford S. Perlis, and Jon F. Merz, "Forbidden Knowledge," Science, February 11, 2005, p. 854.
47. Ron Nissimov, "To the Republicans on City Council: Your Party Is Keeping an Eye on You," Houston Chronicle, February 24, 2005.
48. Keith T. Poole, "The Decline and Rise of Party Polarization in Congress During the Twentieth Century," Extensions: A journal of the Carl Albert Congressional Research and Studies Center (Fall 2005). 6–9. See also Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal, Polarized America The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006).
49. Alan I. Abramowitz, "Redistricting, Competition, and the Rise of Polarization in the U.S. House of Representatives" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, August 31—September 3, 2006), p. 3.
50. Keiko Ono, "Electoral Origins of Partisan Polarization in Congress: Debunking the Myth," Extensions: A Journal of the Carl Albert Congressional Research and Studies Center (Fall 2005): 16. See also Abramowitz, "Redistricting," p. 10.
51. McCarty, Poole, and Rosenthal, Polarized America, pp. 175–84.
52. Binder, "Elections and Congress's Governing Capacity."
53. James Sterling Young, The Washington Community (New York: Harcourt, Brace 8t World, 1966), pp. 168–70. See also Michael Barone, "Boardinghouse Rules," U.S. News and World Report, January 8, 2001, p. 21.
11. The Big Sort Campaign
1. "Evaluation of Edison/Mitofsky Election System 2004" (prepared by Edison Media Research and Mitofsky International for the National Election Pool, January 19, 2005), p. 43.
2. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, "News Audiences Increasingly Politicized: Online News Audience Larger, More Diverse," June 8, 2004, P. 3.
3. Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, October 26, 2006, http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/FOX235_release_web.pdf.
4. Jeff Mapes, "GOP Works Behind Scenes in State," Portland Oregonian, September 12, 2004, p. B1.
5. Matt Bai, "Who Lost Ohio?" New York Times Magazine, November 21, 2004, p. 72.
6. See, among others, Peter Wallsten and Tom Hamburger, "The GOP Knows You Don't Like Anchovies," Los Angeles Times, June 25, 2006. See also Tom Hamburger and Peter Wallsten, One Party Country. The Republican Plan for Dominance in the 21st Century (Hoboken, NJ- John Wiley & Sons, 2006).
7. S. C. Gwynne, "Retail Politics," Texas Monthly, January 2006, p. 192.
8. Adam Nagourney, "Bush Campaign Manager Views the Electoral Divide," New York Times, November 19, 2004.
9. Michael Barone, "The 51 Percent Nation," U.S. News and World Report, November 15, 2004.
10. Alan I. Abramowitz and Kyle L. Sanders, "Is Polarization a Myth?" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, January 5, 2006).
11. Quoted in Larry M. Bartels, "Partisanship and Voting Behavior, 1952–1996," American Journal of Political Science 44, no. 1 (January 2000): 35.
12. Bartels, "Partisanship and Voting Behavior," p. 35.
13. Brendan I. Koerner, "The Big Applebee's," Slate, March 31, 2005, http://www.slate.com/id/2115997/.
14. Douglas B. Sosnik, Matthew J. Dowd, and Ron Fournier, Applebee's America: How Successful Political, Business, and Religious Leaders Connect with the New American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), pp. 62–92.
15. Ibid., p. 62.
16. Alan S. Gerber and Donald P. Green, "The Effects of Canvassing, Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment," American Political Science Review 94, no. 3 (September 2000): 653–63; Donald P. Green, Alan S. Gerber, and David W. Nickerson, "Getting Out the Vote in Local Elections: Results from Six Door-to-Door Canvassing Experiments,"Journal of Politics 65, no. 4 (November 2003): 1083–96.
17. Bai, "Who Lost Ohio?" p. 69.
18. Robert Wuthnow, After Heaven: Spirituality in America Since the 1950s (Berkeley. University of California Press, 1998), pp. 7–10.
19. J. Walker Smith, Ann Clurman, and Craig Wood, Coming to Concurrence Ad dressable Attitudes and the New Model for Marketing Productivity (Evanston, IL: Racom Communications, 2005), p. 213; "Marketing in the 'Age of I'" (interview with Lawrence Light), BusinessWeek, July 12, 2004, http://www.business week.com/magazine/content/04_28/b3891011_mz001.htm.
20. Smith, Clurman, and Wood, Coming to Concurrence, pp. 211–12.
21. Scott Keeter of the Pew Research Center provided this analysis to the author.
22. Melanie Wells, "Kid Nabbing," Forbes, February 2, 2004.
23. C. Peter Wagner, ed., Church Growth: State of the Art (Wheaton, IL. Tyndale House, 1986), p. 51.
24. Joel Comiskey, "Cell-Based Ministry: A Positive Factor for Church Growth in Latin America" (PhD diss., Fuller Theological Seminary, June 1997), p. 66.
25. Daron Shaw, "Door to Door with the GOP," Hoover Digest, Fall 2004.
26. Seth C. McKee and Daron R. Shaw, "Suburban Voting in Presidential Elections," Presidential Studies Quarterly 33, no. 1 (March 2003).
27. Seth C. McKee, "The Matter with Kansas: Rural Republican Voting in Presidential Elections" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 2006).
28. Anna Greenberg and Bill Greener, "The 2004 Rural Vote Explained: Message from the Heartland" (memo, Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, Inc., and Greener and Hook, March 22, 2005), http://www.greenbergresearch.com/index.php?ID=1221.
29. Ibid.
30. "The Urban Archipelago," Stranger, November 11–17, 2006, http://www.urbanarchipelago.com/.
31. Seth McKee, "Rural Vote and the Polarization of American Presidential Elections" (unpublished paper, 2006).
32. Alan Cooperman, "Democrats Win Bigger Share of Religious Vote," Washington Post, November 11, 2006, p. A1.
33. Greg Sargent, "New Gallup Poll: Dems Made Gains Among Whites, Independents and Rural Voters," TalkingPointsMemo.com, November 9, 2006, http://tpmelectioncentral.com/2006/11/new_gallup_p0ll_dems_made_gains_among_whites_independents_and_rural_voters.php.
34. David W. Rohde, "Political Command and Control," New York Times, November 18, 2006.
35. Aaron Blake, "Straight-Party Voters' Support of Dems Draws Ire from Opposition," Hill, November 20, 2006.
36. Zachary Goldfarb, "How Many Wins Make Up a 'Wave'?" Washington Post, November 13, 2006; Rhodes Cook, "Democrats Made Gains in All Regions of the Country" (special to Pew Research Center, November 14, 2006).
37. John C. Fortier, "Elections May Divide Congress Even More," Washington post.com, November 14, 2006, http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.25136,filter.all/pub_detail.asp.
38. Kay Stewart, "Northup Lost Grip on Some Democrats," Louisville (KY) Courier-Journal, November 9, 2006.
39. Jeffrey Goldberg, "Central Casting," The New Yorker, May 29, 2006, p. 64.
40. Alan Abramowitz and Bill Bishop, "The Myth of the Middle," Washington Post, March 1, 2007, p. A17; the data come from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study, which surveyed 24,000 people who voted in 2006.
41. Adam Nagourney and Megan Thee, "G.O.P. Voters Voice Anxieties on Party's Fate," New York Times, March 13, 2007, p. A1.
42. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, "Trends in Political Values and Core Attitudes: 1987–2007," March 22, 2007, p. 31.
43. Mike DeWine, interview, All Things Considered, National Public Radio, November 8, 2006.
44. Jonathan Weissman, "GOP's Base Helps Keep Unity on Iraq," Washington Post, April 30, 2007, p. A1.
45. Jeff Zeleny and Carl Hülse, "Democrats' Proposals Make Deal on an Iraq Bill Harder," New York Times, May 5, 2007, p. A5.
12. To Marry Your Enemies
1. Rick Warren, The Purpose-Driven Church (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1995), p. 257.
2. John Stuart Mill, quoted in Diana C. Mutz and Jeffery Mondak, "The Workplace as a Context for Cross-Cutting Political Discourse, "Journal of Politics 68, no. 1 (February 2006): 140.
3. John F. Dovidio, Samuel L. Gaertner, and Kerry Kawakami, "Intergroup Contact. The Past, Present, and the Future," Group Process and Intergroup Relations 6, no. 1 (2003): 6.
4. Thomas F. Pettigrew and Linda R. Tropp, "Does Intergroup Contact Reduce Prejudice? Recent Meta-Analytic Findings," in Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination. The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology, ed. Stuart Oskamp (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000), p. 93.
5. Michael Hogg and Dominic Abrams, "Intergroup Behavior and Social Identity," in The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. Michael Hogg and Joel Cooper (London. Sage, 2003), pp. 420–21.
6. Muzafer Sherif, O. J. Harvey, B. Jack White, William R. Hood, and Carolyn W. Sherif, Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment (Norman, OK- University Book Exchange, 1961), http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Sherif/.
7. Henri Tajfel, "Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination," Scientific American, November 1970, pp. 96–102.
8. Gordon Allport, quoted in Dovidio, Gaertner, and Kawakami, "Intergroup Contact," p. 6.
9. Dale T. Miller and Deborah A. Prentice, "Some Consequences of a Belief in Group Essence: The Category Divide Hypothesis," in Cultural Divides: Understanding and Overcoming Group Conflict, ed. Dale T. Miller and Deborah A. Prentice (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999), pp. 216, 230
10. Diana C. Mutz, Hearing the Other Side. Deliberative Versus Participatory Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
11. Ibid., p. 31.
12. Bruce Ackerman and James S. Fishkin, Deliberation Day (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004).
13. David Schkade, Cass R. Sunstein, and Reid Hastie, "What Happened on Deliberation Day?" (AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies Working Paper 06–19, July 2006), http://aei-brookings.org/admin/authorpdfs/redirectsafely.php?fname=../pdffiles/phpb7.pdf.
14. Ibid., p. 2.
15. See also Eddie Gibbs and Ryan K. Bolger, Emerging Churches. Creating Christian Community in Postmodern Cultures (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2005).
16. Mutz, Hearing the Other Side, p. 92.
17. Donald Green, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler, Partisan Hearts and Minds (New Haven, CT. Yale University Press, 2002), p. 49.
18. Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and William McPhee, Voting A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1954), pp. 314–15, 320.
19. Mutz, Hearing the Other Side, pp. 141–51.
20. Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet, The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign (New York. Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1944), p. 314.
21. Billy Lee Brammer, The Gay Place (1961; repr. Austin University of Texas Press, 1995), pp. 332–33.
22. Ibid., p. 518.
23. Max Gluckman, Custom and Conflict in Africa (1956; repr. New York. Barnes & Noble Books, 1969), pp. 5–26.
24. Donald McGavran, Understanding Church Growth (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1970), p. 271.
25. Gluckman, Custom and Conflict, p. 4.
26. Ibid., pp. 12–13.
27. Robert A. Dahl, Democracy in the United States: Promise and Performance (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1972), p. 309.
28. Milt Freudenheim, "New Urgency in Debating Health Care," New York Times, April 6, 2007.
29. "Bono and Friends Open Bid to Make World Poverty a Focus of 08 Race," Washington Post, June 12, 2007, p. A6.
30. W. Gardner Selby, "Armstrong Rides into Political Fray with Two Cancer Forums," Austin American-Statesman, July 19, 2007, p. B1.
31. Bill Bishop, "Austin Wants to Be Austin," Austin American-Statesman, February 26, 2000).
32. Douglas Henton, "Lessons from Silicon Valley Governance in a Global City-Region," in Global City-Regions Trends, Theory, Policy, ed. Allen J. Scott (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 391.
33. Matthew Gentzko and Jesse M. Shapiro, "What Drives Media Slant? Evidence from U.S. Daily Newspapers" (University of Chicago and the National Bureau of Economic Research, October 17, 2006), http://faculty.chicagogsb.edu/matthew.gentzkow/research/biasmeas111306.pdf.
34. Mark Roth, "Smart and Dumber: Quiz Shows for the Best and Brightest Are in Jeopardy," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 22, 2007, p. C-1.
35. Jean-Francois Lyotard, "The Postmodern Condition," in Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings, ed. Charles Lemert (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), pp. 510–13.
36. Janet Adams, "A Shift in Dining Scene Nicks a Once-Hot Chain," Wall Street Journal, June 29, 2007, p. A1.
38. See Ronald Inglehart, The Silent Revolution. Changing Values and Political Styles in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977)
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abramowitz, Alan I. "Redistricting, Competition, and the Rise of Polarization in the U.S. House of Representatives." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 3, 2006.
Abramowitz, Alan, Brad Alexander, and Matthew Gunning. "Don't Blame Redistricting for Uncompetitive Elections." PS. Political Science and Politics 39 (January 2006). Also available at http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/article/php?id=AIA2005052601.
Abramowitz, Alan, and Bill Bishop. "The Myth of the Middle." Washington Post, March 1, 2007, p. A17.
Abramowitz, Alan I., and Kyle L. Sanders. "Is Polarization a Myth'?" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, January 5, 2006.
Ackerman, Bruce, and James S. Fishkin. Deliberation Day. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004.
"American Piety in the 21st Century. New Insight to the Depth and Complexity of Religion in the U.S." Selected findings, Baylor Religion Survey, September 2006. http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/33304.pdf.
Ardery, Julia S. The Temptation: Edgar Tolson and the Genesis of Twentieth-Century Folk Art Chapel Hill. University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Armstrong, Jerome, and Markos Moulitsas Zuniga. Crashing the Gate: Netroots, Grassroots, and the Rise of People-Powered Politics. White River Junction, VT. Chelsea Green, 2006.
Bai, Matt. "Who Lost Ohio?" New York Times Magazine, November 21, 2004, pp. 67–74.
———. "Wiring the Vast Left-Wing Conspiracy." New York Times Magazine, July 25, 2004.
Baron, R., S. Hoppe, B. Linneweh, and D. Rogers. "Social Corroboration and Opinion Extremity." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 321 (1996).
Barone, Michael. "The 51 Percent Nation." U.S. News and World Report, November 15, 2004.