6.“The Gut Fighter,” Time, June 8, 1959.
7.James L. Sundquist, The Decline and Resurgence of Congress (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1981), 374.
8.Richard S. Beth, “The Discharge Rule in the House: Recent Use in Historical Context,” Congressional Research Service, 2003.
9.Anthony Lewis, “President Spurs Drive for House to Act on Rights,” New York Times, Dec. 4, 1963.
10.Johnson and McDonald, telephone conversation, Nov. 29, 1963, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
11.Caro, Passage of Power, 498.
12.Richard L. Lyons, “Liberal Democrats Aim for Reforms in House,” Washington Post, Dec. 15, 1963.
13.Caro, Passage of Power, 495–500.
14.Johnson and Anderson, telephone conversation, Nov. 30, 1963, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
15.Johnson and Graham, telephone conversation, Dec. 2, 1963, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
16.“Tyrant in the House,” Washington Post, Dec. 6, 1963.
17.“‘Work on’ Congressmen During Holidays, Rights Group Urges,” Atlanta Daily World, Dec. 26, 1963; “Clergy Backs Discharge Petition on Rights Bill,” Chicago Daily Defender, Dec. 24, 1963.
18.“Mass Protests Resuming,” Afro-American, Dec. 28, 1963.
19.Caro, Passage of Power, 496–97.
20.Don Oberdorfer, “‘Judge’ Smith Moves with Deliberate Drag,” New York Times, Jan. 12, 1964.
21.Bernstein, Guns or Butter, 44.
22.E. W. Kenworthy, “Quips Mark Start of Rights Hearing,” New York Times, Jan. 10, 1964.
23.Kotz, Judgment Days, 92; William Knighton Jr., “Johnson Asks Negroes’ Aid,” Baltimore Sun, Jan. 19, 1964.
24.Thomas Jackson, From Civil Rights to Human Rights (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).
25.“LBJ Meets with Negro Leaders; All Five Worry About Poverty,” Chicago Daily Defender, Jan. 20, 1964.
26.Bruce J. Dierenfield, Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1987), 192–93.
27.Joseph W. Sullivan, “Civil Rights Coup? Tough Bill Likely Will Zip Through Congress as Opposition Crumbles,” Wall Street Journal, Feb. 3, 1964.
28.Denton L. Watson, Lion in the Lobby: Clarence Mitchell Jr.’s Struggle for the Passage of Civil Rights Laws (New York: William Morrow, 1990), 592–93.
29.James F. Findlay, “Religion and Politics in the Sixties: The Churches and the Civil Rights Act of 1964,” Journal of American History 77, no. 1 (1990): 79–86.
30.JV to the President, Jan. 21, 1964, Presidential Files, Legislative Background, Civil Rights Act 1964, box 1, file: Legislative Relations, LBJL; Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–65 (New York: Simon & Schuster 1998), 592.
31.Caro, Passage of Power, 559–60.
32.Gerald Griffin, “Rights Push Bipartisan,” Baltimore Sun, Feb. 9, 1964.
33.Branch, Pillar of Fire, 231.
34.Jo Freeman, “How ‘Sex’ Got into Title VII; Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy,” Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 9, no. 2 (March 1991): 163–84.
35.Dorothy Sue Cobble, The Other Women’s Movement: Workplace Justice and Social Rights in Modern America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003), 168–71.
36.E. W. Kenworthy, “Jobs Issue Blocks Attempt in House to Vote on Rights,” New York Times, Feb. 9, 1964.
37.Dennis Hevesi, “Ex-rep. Edith Green, 77, Is Dead; Early Opponent of Vietnam War,” New York Times, April 23, 1987.
38.Branch, Pillar of Fire, 233.
39.Jerry Landauer, “Southern Senators Fight to Divide Forces Backing Rights Bill, Block Passage Intact,” Wall Street Journal, March 24, 1964.
40.Robert C. Albright, “A Rights Bill ‘If It Takes All Summer,’” Washington Post, March 8, 1964.
41.Donald A. Ritchie, Reporting from Washington: The History of the Washington Press Corps (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 200–201.
42.“Debate in the Senate; a Meeting in Birmingham,” Time, April 10, 1964.
43.Mann, Walls of Jericho, 400.
44.John H. Averill, “Dixie Foes to Renew Fight on Rights Bill,” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 20, 1964.
45.“The Filibuster Before the Filibuster,” Time, April 3, 1964.
46.E. W. Kenworthy, “Pressures Mount for Civil Rights Bill,” New York Times, April 5, 1964.
47.Finley, Delaying the Dream, 257–58.
48.Mann, Walls of Jericho, 403–4.
49.Arthur Krock, “A Pilot Ruling on Equal Employment Opportunity,” New York Times, March 13, 1964.
50.Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 150.
51.Joseph Hearst, “Senators Eye Wallace Vote,” Chicago Tribune, April 9, 1964.
52.Nicholas deB. Katzenbach, Some of It Was Fun: Working with RFK and LBJ (New York: Norton, 2008), 142.
53.Tom Wicker, “Johnson, in Debut, Lasts Nine Innings of Baseball and Two of Politics,” New York Times, April 14, 1964; John H. Averill, “Senators Rush from Ball Game,” Los Angeles Times, April 14, 1964.
54.Maire McNair, “The Real Senators Lost Game First,” Washington Post, April 15, 1964.
55.Wicker, “Johnson, in Debut, Lasts Nine Innings of Baseball and Two of Politics.”
56.William Moore, “Dirksen Defies Civil Rights Picket Threat,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 18, 1964.
57.Nicholas Chriss, “St. Augustine ‘Hot Place’: Mother of Mass. Gov. in Florida Rights Battle,” New Journal and Guide, April 4, 1964; Fred Powledge, “88 More Seized in St. Augustine,” New York Times, April 2, 1964; “Debate in the Senate; a Meeting in Birmingham.”
58.Baker E. Morten, “King Warns Senate Dixiecrats,” Afro-American, April 4, 1964.
59.E. W. Kenworthy, “Churches Termed Key to Rights Bill,” New York Times, March 21, 1964.
60.Mann, Walls of Jericho, 412.
61.Findlay, “Religion and Politics in the Sixties,” 79–80.
62.Mann, Walls of Jericho, 413.
63.Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 165.
64.Risen, Bill of the Century, 195.
65.Whalen and Whalen, Longest Debate, 164; Jerry Doolittle, “Rain Fails to Deter Start of Prayer Vigil on Rights,” Washington Post, April 20, 1964.
66.Caro, Passage of Power, 565–66.
67.Louis Harris, “South Joins Opposition to Rights Bill Filibuster,” Washington Post, April 27, 1964.
68.Dallek, Flawed Giant, 114.
69.Joseph A. Califano Jr., The Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 54.
70.Woods, LBJ, 477.
71.Risen, Bill of the Century, 204.
72.Roscoe Drummond, “Johnson’s Leadership,” Washington Post, May 13, 1964.
73.Woods, LBJ, 476.
74.Marjorie Hunter, “President Hailed on 5-State Tour of Poverty Areas,” New York Times, April 25, 1964.
75.Branch, Pillar of Fire, 304; “The Whirlwind President,” Time, April 1964.
76.Jack Valenti, A Very Human President (New York: Norton, 1975), 182–83.
77.Bernstein, Guns or Butter, 67.
78.Hubert Humphrey, interview by Michael Gillette, June 21, 1977, interview 3, 6, White House Oral History Collection, LBJL.
79.Dallek, Flawed Giant, 118–19.
80.Hulsey, Everett Dirksen and His Presidents, 188.
81.Robert Mann, When Freedom Would Triumph: The Civil Rights Struggle in Congress, 1954–1968 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), 195.
82.Humphrey, interview by Gillette, 6.
83.Katzenbach, Some of It Was Fun, 141.
84.Ibid., 142–43.
85.Mann, Walls of Jericho, 419–20; Timothy N. Thurber, The Politics of Equality: Hubert H. Humphrey and the African American Freedom Struggle (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 141. I also discussed this with Nicholas Katzenbach in 2012 during a visit to Princeton.
86.Johnson and Kennedy, telephone conversation, May 13, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
87.Johnson and Dirksen, telephone conversation, May 13, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
88.John G. Stewart, “Tactics II,” in The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation, ed. Robert D. Loevy (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997), 279.
89.Ibid., 280.
90.Johnson and Humphrey, telephone conversation, May 13, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
91.Richard B. Stolley, “Eve and Hubert, Heroes of the Historic Session,” Life, June 19, 1964, 36–37.
92.“Everett McKinley Dirksen’s Finest Hour,” Peoria Journal Star, June 10, 1964.
93.Marjorie Hunter, “Packed Senate Galleries Tense; 10-Minute Vote Makes History,” New York Times, June 11, 1964.
94.Elmer Lammi, “Senate Spectators Gasp in Relief,” Washington Post, June 11, 1964.
95.Ernest B. Furguson, “Quiet Drama Quickly Over,” Baltimore Sun, June 11, 1964.
96.“The Covenant,” Time, June 19, 1964.
97.Edward G. McGrath, “Johnson Tells Holy Cross End of Racial Injustice in Sight,” Boston Globe, June 11, 1964.
98.“The Final Vote,” Time, June 26, 1964.
99.Branch, Pillar of Fire, 359.
CHAPTER 5: HOW BARRY GOLDWATER BUILT THE GREAT SOCIETY
1.“Johnson Sights ‘Creative Period,’” Christian Science Monitor, July 7, 1964.
2.Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America (New York: Vintage, 1991), 142.
3.For the best history of this issue, see Michael B. Katz, The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare (New York: Pantheon, 1990).
4.Michael Gillette, Launching the War on Poverty: An Oral History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 15.
5.Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York: Harper, 1984), 97–127.
6.Johnson and Mahon, telephone conversation, Aug. 1, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
7.Lewis L. Gould, Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans (New York: Random House, 2003), 365.
8.Rick Perlstein, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001).
9.Laurence H. Burd, “Outlook for ’64: A War on Poverty,” Washington Post, Jan. 1, 1964. (Emphasis in original.)
10.“Barry Assails ‘Madison Av.’ Poverty Bill,” Chicago Tribune, July 22, 1964.
11.Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott, “Anti-poverty Plan Under Attack,” Los Angeles Times, July 30, 1964.
12.“Hits Centralized Rule: Eisenhower Explains Why He’s Republican,” Los Angeles Times, April 5, 1964.
13.Johnson and Larry O’Brien, telephone conversation, July 31, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
14.Daley and Johnson, telephone conversation, Jan. 20, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
15.Michael D. Brown, Race, Money, and the Welfare State (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999), 224–32.
16.Gareth Davies, From Opportunity to Entitlement: The Transformation and Decline of Great Society Liberalism (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996).
17.Johnson and George Meany, telephone conversation, July 28, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
18.Johnson and Mahon, telephone conversation, July 29, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
19.Nichole Mellow, The State of Disunion: Regional Sources of Modern American Partisanship (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 93.
20.Deborah Ward, The White Welfare State: The Racialization of U.S. Welfare Policy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005), 135.
21.David Torstensson, “Beyond the City: Lyndon Johnson’s War on Poverty in Rural America,” Journal of Policy History 25, no. 4 (2013): 593.
22.Robert C. Albright, “Goldwater Hits Poverty Legislation as Worthless,” Los Angeles Times, July 22, 1964.
23.Sargent Shriver, interview by Michael Gillette, in Launching the War on Poverty, 170–71.
24.For some examples of his tactics, see Andrée E. Reeves, Congressional Committee Chairmen: Three Who Made an Evolution (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993), 126.
25.O’Brien and Johnson, telephone conversation, Feb. 10, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
26.Marjorie Hunter, “Landrum Defies G.O.P. on Poverty,” New York Times, April 10, 1964.
27.Gillette, Launching the War on Poverty, 150–65.
28.Johnson and Teague, telephone conversation, Aug. 5, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
29.Johnson and O’Brien, telephone conversation, July 29, 1964, and Johnson and Joseph Barr, telephone conversation, July 30, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
30.Scott Stossel, Sarge: The Life and Times of Sargent Shriver (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 2004), 385–87.
31.Ibid.; James Adler, interview by Michael Gillette, Feb. 23, 1983, 30, 38, White House Oral History Collection, LBJL; Norbert Schlei, interview by Michael Gillette, May 15, 1980, interview 1, 38, White House Oral History Collection, LBJL.
32.The following account about the meeting comes from Stossel, Sarge, 386–91.
33.Dallek, Flawed Giant, 110.
34.Julian E. Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National Security from World War II to the War on Terrorism (New York: Basic Books, 2010), 178.
35.Dallek, Flawed Giant, 149.
36.Joseph R. L. Sterne, “Attackers ‘Destroyed’; Goldwater Questions Policy,” Baltimore Sun, Aug. 4, 1964.
37.Johnson and McNamara, telephone conversation, Aug. 3, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
38.George Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern (New York: Norton, 1978), 379.
39.Woods, LBJ, 516.
40.Dallek, Flawed Giant, 150.
41.Woods, LBJ, 516–17.
42.Don Oberdorfer, Senator Mansfield: The Extraordinary Life of a Great American Statesman and Diplomat (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 2003), 247.
43.Gary Stone, Elites for Peace: The Senate and the Vietnam War, 1964–1968 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2007), 39–40.
44.David Farber, The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994).
45.“Pastore Hits G.O.P. in Keynote Talk,” Chicago Tribune, Aug. 25, 1964; “Text of Pastore Keynote Speech,” Los Angeles Times, Aug. 25, 1964; “Keynoter Pastore Heaps Scorn on ‘Captive’ GOP,” Hartford Courant, Aug. 25, 1964.
46.“LBJ Says GOP Faces ‘Frontlash,’” Hartford Courant, Aug. 28, 1964. See also Johnson and Richard Daley, telephone conversation, Aug. 17, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
47.Robert David Johnson, All the Way with LBJ: The 1964 Presidential Election (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 191–99.
48.“Polls Show Huge Johnson Lead,” Los Angeles Times, Aug. 28, 1964; “27% GOP ‘Frontlash’ Hits Barry,” Boston Globe, Sept. 6, 1964.
49.Valenti to Johnson, Sept. 7, 1964, White House Central File (WHCF) Ex PL2, box 84, file: PL 2 9/6/64–9/14/64, LBJL.
50.Johnson, All the Way with LBJ, 203.
51.For a detailed acc
ount of the ad, see Robert Mann, Daisy Petals and Mushroom Clouds: LBJ, Goldwater, and the Ad That Changed American Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011).
52.Valenti to Johnson, Sept. 7, 1964.
53.These ads can be seen on the Web site www.livingroomcandidate.org.
54.E. W. Kenworthy, “Johnson Exhorts South on Rights,” New York Times, Oct. 10, 1964. See also Carroll Kirkpatrick, “Miller Criticizes Medicare Program,” Washington Post, Sept. 12, 1964; William Knighton, “Midwest Throngs Hear Johnson Stress Prosperity,” Baltimore Sun, Oct. 8, 1965.
55.“Goldwater Mocks ‘War’ on Poverty,” Baltimore Sun, Sept. 19, 1964.
56.Bernstein, Guns or Butter, 155.
57.Roger H. Davidson, David M. Kovenock, and Michael K. O’Leary, Congress in Crisis: Politics and Congressional Reform (New York: Hawthorn, 1966), 131.
58.“Results of the 1964 Election,” 1964 Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 23–24.
59.Philip E. Converse, Aage R. Clausen, and Warren E. Miller, “Electoral Myth and Reality: The 1964 Election,” American Political Science Review 59, no. 2 (June 1965): 327–30.
60.Johnson, All the Way with LBJ, 293.
61.Kabaservice, Rule and Ruin, 121.
62.Fred Panzer to Hayes Redmon, Jan. 21, 1966, Aides, Office Files of Frederick Panzer, box 407, file: Memos to Hayes Redmon (2 of 2), LBJL.
63.“Johnson Landslide Buries Slightest Trace of ‘White Backlash’: Cities Report,” Christian Science Monitor, Nov. 7, 1964.
64.“‘Frontlash’ Defeats 14 Congressmen,” New Journal and Guide, Nov. 14, 1964.
65.Alan L. Otten, “Whither the GOP?,” Wall Street Journal, Nov. 5, 1964.
CHAPTER 6: THE FABULOUS EIGHTY-NINTH CONGRESS
1.Robert Remini, The House: The History of the House of Representatives (New York: Harper, 2006), 403.
2.Gallup Poll, press release, Jan. 22, 1965, DNC, ser. 1, box 50, file: Republican Party—Future of the GOP, 1965, LBJL.
3.Patterson, Grand Expectations, 564.
4.Lawrence O’Brien, interview by Michael Gillette, July 24, 1986, 1, 6, White House Oral History Collection, LBJL; “Congress—Mathematics of the 89th,” New York Times, Jan. 3, 1965.
5.David Kraslow, “Southern Power Fades in Current Congress,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 6, 1965.
The Fierce Urgency of Now Page 36