6.Wilbur Cohen, interview by James Sargent, March 18, 1974, 130–31, Columbia University Oral History Project.
7.Woods, LBJ, 559.
8.Johnson and Reuther, telephone conversation, Nov. 24, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
9.George Meany, interview by Paige Mulhollan, Aug. 4, 1969, 14–15, White House Oral History Collection, LBJL; 1965 Congressional Quarterly Almanac.
10.Johnson and Reuther, telephone conversation, Jan. 14, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
11.Robert C. Albright, “89th Congress Will Open in Fighting Mood,” Washington Post, Jan. 3, 1965.
12.“Study Group Hits Demo ‘Turncoats,’” Spokesman Review, Jan. 2, 1965.
13.Johnson and Boggs, telephone conversation, Nov. 4, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
14.Johnson and McCormack, telephone conversation, Nov. 5, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
15.Davidson, Kovenock, and O’Leary, Congress in Crisis, 134.
16.Richard L. Strout, “Liberals to Push for Congressional Rule Reforms,” Christian Science Monitor, Nov. 12, 1964.
17.Johnson and McCormack, telephone conversation, Nov. 5, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
18.“An Adequate Number of Democrats,” Time, Jan. 15, 1965.
19.Dallek, Flawed Giant, 194.
20.Johnson and Albert, telephone conversation, Nov. 9, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
21.Fred M. Hechinger, “Schools Reopen; Rolls Up 19,618,” New York Times, Sept. 11, 1962.
22.Dallek, Flawed Giant, 196.
23.“The Head of the Class,” Time, Oct. 15, 1965.
24.Hugh Davis Graham, The Uncertain Triumph: Federal Education Policy in the Kennedy and Johnson Years (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), xvii.
25.Gareth Davies, See Government Grow: Education Politics from Johnson to Reagan (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), 9–13.
26.Edward Berkowitz, “The Great Society,” in The American Congress, ed. Julian E. Zelizer (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 573.
27.Francis Keppell, interview by John Singerhoff, July 18, 1968, Administrative History, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, box 3A, file: Appendices: The History of the Office of Education, 14, LBJL; James L. Sundquist, Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1968), 210–11; Davies, See Government Grow, 36–37.
28.Johnson and King, telephone conversation, Jan. 15, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
29.Marjorie Hunter, “Catholics Favor Education Plans,” New York Times, Jan. 13, 1965.
30.Carl Perkins, interview by Michael Gillette, May 12, 1983, interview 1, 2, White House Oral History Collection, LBJL; Reeves, Congressional Committee Chairmen, 180–81.
31.Bernstein, Guns or Butter, 194.
32.Elsie Carper, “School Aid Bill Passes House Unit,” Washington Post, February 6, 1965.
33.“House Okays Contested $1.3 Billion Education Bill,” Garden City Telegram, March 27, 1965.
34.Samuel Halperin, interview by Steve Trachtenberg, July 24, 1968, Administrative History, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, box 3A, file: Appendices: The History of the Office of Education, 4, LBJL.
35.O’Brien to Johnson, March 3, 1965, Office Files of White House Aides, Henry H. Wilson, box 7, file: Education (2 of 2), LBJL.
36.Harry McPherson to Mr. Watson, March 22, 1965, Office Files of White House Aides, Harry McPherson, box 7, file: Education Bill 1965, LBJL.
37.Douglas Cater to Johnson, March 2, 1965, Office Files of White House Aides, Bill Moyers, box 1, file: Education (2 of 2), LBJL.
38.“LBJ: History’s Wildest Spending Economizer,” Republican Congressional Committee Newsletter, Feb. 1, 1965; “GOP Leaders Rap LBJ Grab for Federal Power,” Republican Congressional Committee Newsletter, March 22, 1965, DNC series 1, box 52, file: Republican Party Publication Congressional Committee Newsletters, LBJL.
39.Barbara Sinclair, “Can a Polarized Congress Legislate Responsibly?” (paper presented to the Congress and History Conference, Columbia University, June 2013).
40.Johnson and Morse, telephone conversation, Jan. 12, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
41.Davies, See Government Grow, 44.
42.Johnson and George Meany, telephone conversation, April 1, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
43.Jonathan Zimmerman, “Uncle Sam at the Blackboard: The Federal Government and American Education,” in To Promote the General Welfare: The Case for Big Government, ed. Steven Conn (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 54–55.
44.James T. Patterson, The Eve of Destruction: How 1965 Transformed America (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 61–63; Matusow, Unraveling of America, 224–26.
45.Davies, See Government Grow.
46.Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York: Basic Books, 1983).
47.Robert Stevens and Rosemary Stevens, Welfare Medicine in America: A Case Study in Medicaid, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 2003), 38.
48.John N. Wilford, “More Doctors Devote Full Time to the Aged; Research Outlays Rise,” Wall Street Journal, Jan. 12, 1961.
49.Sundquist, Politics and Policy, 309.
50.David Leonhardt, “When Medicare Was Defeated (Again and Again),” New York Times, Sept. 2, 2009; Larry Dewitt, “Operation Coffeecup: Ronald Reagan’s Effort to Prevent the Enactment of Medicare” (unpublished paper).
51.“AMA President Elect Asks All to Fight Medicare,” Atlanta Daily World, Jan. 18, 1963.
52.Henry Wilson to Larry O’Brien, June 8 and April 20, 1964, Office Files of White House Aides, Henry H. Wilson, box 3, file: Medicare, LBJL.
53.Social Security History online, www.ssa.gov/history/.
54.Nelson Cruikshank, interview by Peter A. Corning, Feb. 15, 1966, interview 2, 96–97, Columbia University Oral History Project.
55.Herbert Black, “Did A.M.A. Lose the Election?” Boston Globe, Nov. 7, 1964.
56.Bernstein, Guns or Butter, 170.
57.Larry O’Brien, interview by Michael Gillette, July 24, 1986, White House Oral History Collection, LBJL.
58.Peter Swenson, “From Medicare to Obamacare: Business Interests and the Building of the Health Care State,” Clio, forthcoming.
59.David Blumenthal and James A. Morone, The Heart of Power: Health and Politics in the Oval Office (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 188–90.
60.Johnson and Cohen, telephone conversation, March 21, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL. See also Blumenthal and Morone, Heart of Power.
61.Blumenthal and Morone, Heart of Power, 179–81.
62.Arlen J. Large, “Mills and Medicare,” Wall Street Journal, Aug. 2, 1965.
63.Julian E. Zelizer, Taxing America: Wilbur D. Mills, Congress, and the State, 1945–1975 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 241. Notwithstanding speculative conversations that had taken place between Mills and Johnson about the possibility of combining the various programs, there is not much evidence that Johnson actually foresaw, let alone coordinated, the combination package that Mills proposed. For an alternative view, see Blumenthal and Morone, Heart of Power.
64.Cohen to Johnson, March 2, 1965, WHCF, Legislation, box 75, file: LE/IS 1 3/1/65–5/31/65 (2 of 2), LBJL.
65.Zelizer, Taxing America, 242. See also Cohen to Johnson, March 2, 1965.
66.Louis Harris, “Public Feels Deeply About Need to Get Health Plan Started,” Washington Post, March 8, 1965.
67.Bernstein, Guns or Butter, 172.
68.Johnson and McCormack
, Mills, and Cohen, telephone conversation, March 23, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
69.Sinclair, “Can a Polarized Congress Legislate Responsibly?”
70.Carl M. Cobb, “Accept Medicare, New AMA Head Says,” Boston Globe, June 21, 1965.
71.Ezra Klein, “This Is Not Lyndon Johnson’s Senate,” Washington Post, May 8, 2012.
72.Larry O’Brien, interview by Michael Gillette, July 24, 1986, XI, 28, White House Oral History Collection, LBJL.
73.Patterson, Eve of Destruction, 52–54; Paul Starr, Remedy and Reaction: The Peculiar American Struggle over Health Care Reform (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2011), 46–48.
74.Woods, LBJ, 573.
75.Starr, Remedy and Reaction, 46–48.
76.Jonathan Oberlander, The Political Life of Medicare (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 33.
77.U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, The Voting Rights Act: The First Months (Nov. 1965); Michal R. Belknap, The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953–1969 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005), 110.
78.Johnson and King, telephone conversation, Jan. 15, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
79.“Birth of a Bill,” New Republic, May 15, 1965, 13.
80.Johnson and Katzenbach, telephone conversation, Dec. 14, 1964, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
81.Roy Wilkins, “Excerpt from Annual Report at Annual Meeting of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,” Jan. 4, 1965, President Legislative Background, Voting Rights Act of 1965, box 1, file: Preparation of Voting Rights Bill, LBJL.
82.Johnson and King, telephone conversation, Jan. 15, 1965.
83.John Herbers, “Alabama Vote Drive Opened by Dr. King,” New York Times, Jan. 3, 1965.
84.Paul Good, “Dr. King to Open 1965 Rights Drive with Speech in Selma, Ala., Today,” Washington Post, Jan. 2, 1965.
85.David J. Garrow, Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979), 45.
86.Denton L. Watson, Lion in the Lobby: Clarence Mitchell Jr.’s Struggle for the Passage of Civil Rights Laws (New York: Morrow, 1990), 643.
87.Everett Dirksen, “The Old Problem of Voting Rights,” March 15, 1965, Radio-TV Weekly Reports, Dirksen Papers, Dirksen Congressional Center, Pekin, Ill.
88.Graham, Civil Rights Era, 166–70.
89.Hulsey, Everett Dirksen and His Presidents, 212.
90.Adam Clymer, “Dirksen Asks Vote Rights Legislation,” Baltimore Sun, March 3, 1965.
91.Taylor Branch, At Canaan’s Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–1968 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 53.
92.“Negro Marchers Gassed, Beaten,” Boston Globe, March 8, 1965; “Negroes Routed by Tear Gas,” Chicago Tribune, March 8, 1965; “Negro Marchers Clubbed: Melee in Selma,” Los Angeles Times, March 8, 1965; Roy Reed, “Alabama Police Use Gas and Clubs to Rout Negroes,” New York Times, March 8, 1965.
93.“Negro Marchers Gassed, Beaten.”
94.Woods, LBJ, 581; Patterson, Eve of Destruction, 79.
95.Nan Robertson, “Johnson Pressed for a Voting Law,” New York Times, March 9, 1965; E. W. Kenworthy, “House G.O.P. Unit Says Johnson Lags on Selma,” New York Times, March 10, 1965.
96.Woods, LBJ, 582.
97.Patterson, Eve of Destruction, 79–80.
98.Johnson and Ellington, telephone conversation, March 8, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
99.Johnson and Moyers, telephone conversation, March 9, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
100.Katzenbach, Some of It Was Fun, 164.
101.Wilbur Cohen to Johnson, March 2, 1965, WHCF, Legislation, box 75, file: LE/IS 1 3/1/65–5/31/65 (2 of 2), LBJL.
102.Bernstein, Guns or Butter, 235.
103.“Accord Is Reached on Voting Rights,” New York Times, March 12, 1965.
104.Gary May, Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 2013).
105.McPherson to Johnson, March 12, 1965, Legislative Background, Voting Rights Act of 1965, box 2, file: March 12, 1965-Fauntroy et al., LBJL.
106.Jack Valenti, Notes from White House meeting with congressional leaders, March 14, 1965, President’s Appointment File (Diary Backup), box 15, file: March 14, 1965, LBJL.
107.Richard B. Stolley, “Inside the White House: Pressures Build Up to the Momentous Speech,” Life, March 26, 1965.
108.Richard Goodwin, Remembering America: A Voice from the Sixties (Boston: Little, Brown, 1988), 334.
109.Johnson and Katzenbach, telephone conversation, March 25, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
110.Patterson, Eve of Destruction, 84.
111.Graham, Civil Rights Era, 172.
112.Dan Day, “Wilkins Calls for Stronger Voting Rights Legislation,” Call and Post, April 3, 1965.
113.Adam Clymer, Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography (New York: Morrow, 1999), 66.
114.Johnson and Vance Hartke, telephone conversation, May 7, 1965, and Johnson and Katzenbach, telephone conversation, May 7, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
115.E. W. Kenworthy, “Senate, 70 to 30, Invokes Closure on Voting Rights,” New York Times, May 26, 1965.
116.Johnson and Albert, telephone conversation, May 18, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
117.Dierenfield, Keeper of the Rules, 204.
118.Johnson and King, telephone conversation, July 7, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
119.Jack Nelson, “Massive Rights Rallies Predicted If Bills Fails,” Los Angeles Times, July 24, 1965.
120.U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Voting Rights Act.
121.Mark K. Updegrove, Indomitable Will: LBJ in the Presidency (New York: Crown, 2012), 170.
122.Sundquist, Politics and Policy, 3.
123.Richard L. Strout, “Johnson’s Treadmill Spins,” Christian Science Monitor, April 5, 1965.
124.Dan Cordtz, “Immigration Reform,” Wall Street Journal, Oct. 4, 1965.
125.John Morton Blum, Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961–1972 (New York: Norton, 1992), 172; Matusow, Unraveling of America, 243–71.
126.Humphrey to Johnson, Feb. 17, 1965, University of California, Santa Barbara, The American Presidency Project online.
127.Patterson, Eve of Destruction, 171.
CHAPTER 7: CONGRESSIONAL CONSERVATISM REVIVED
1.Wilson to Johnson, Feb. 24, 1966, Legislative Background: Tax Increase, box 1, file: Tax Increase—January–August 1966, LBJL.
2.Johnson and Wilkins, telephone conversation, Oct. 30, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
3.Timothy Minchin and John A. Salmond, After the Dream: Black and White Southerners Since 1965 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011), 23.
4.Ibid., 26–27.
5.Dave Smith, “Los Angeles Area Tense After Riot,” Washington Post, Aug. 13, 1965; Peter Bart, “2,000 Troops Enter Los Angeles on Third Day of Negro Rioting; 4 Die as Fires and Looting Grow,” New York Times, Aug. 14, 1965; Gladwin Hill, “Los Angeles Rioting Is Checked; Troops Hunt Snipers; 31 Are Dead; Policeman Is Slain in Long Beach,” New York Times, Aug. 16, 1965.
6.Johnson and John McCone, telephone conversation, Aug. 18, 1965, White House presidential tapes, LBJL.
7.David Reynolds, America, Empire of Liberty: A New History of the United States (New York: Basic Books, 2009), 347.
8.Thomas J. Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North (New York: Random House, 2009), 422.
9.Barefoot Sanders to Charles Roche, July 26, 1966, Aides, WHCF, Office Files of Charles Roche, box 1, file: Civ
il Rights, LBJL.
10.Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty, 204.
11.Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996).
12.Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, “Trends in the Residential Segregation of Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians, 1970–1980,” American Sociological Review 6 (Dec. 1987): 802–25.
13.Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993), 57.
14.Ibid., 56–57.
15.Paul S. Rothenberg, Race, Class, and Gender in the United States, 7th ed. (New York: St. Martin’s, 2007), 49.
16.Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty, 424.
17.Sugrue, Origins of the Urban Crisis, 194–97.
18.Alexander von Hoffman, “Let Us Continue: Housing Policy in the Great Society, Part One” (paper published for the Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University, April 2009), 13–24.
19.Bernstein, Guns or Butter, 368.
20.Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty, 420.
21.Ibid.; Charles Johnson to George Reedy, April 22, 1964, Confidential File, box 80, file: Public Opinion Polls (April 1964–June 1965) (4 of 4), LBJL.
22.Markman to Larry O’Brien, March 11, 1966, Aides, Office Files of Charles Roche, box 1, file: Civil Rights, LBJL.
23.Katzenbach to Joseph Califano, March 12, 1966, “Summary of the Congressional Contacts,” 1966, and Katzenbach to Califano, March 9, 1966, Aides, WHCF, Office Files of Charles Roche, box 1, file: Civil Rights, LBJL.
24.Russell Freeburg, “Dirksen Hits Bid for Fair Housing Law,” Chicago Tribune, May 3, 1966; Robert C. Albright, “Rights Bill’s Housing Attacked by Dirksen,” Washington Post, May 3, 1966.
25.Hulsey, Everett Dirksen and His Presidents, 223.
26.Henry Wilson to Johnson, March 11, 1966, and Katzenbach to Califano, March 9, 1966, Aides, Office Files of Charles Roche, box 1, file: Civil Rights, LBJL; Wilson to Johnson, March 11, 1966, Office Files of White House Aides, Henry H. Wilson, box 11, file: Civil Rights, LBJL.
27.Joseph Hearst, “Open Housing Called Bar to Race Harmony,” Chicago Tribune, May 25, 1966.
The Fierce Urgency of Now Page 37