2. Red Man, April 1900, 8.
3. Originally in the Red Man and Helper, 22 August 1902. Reproduced in Zitkala-Ša, American Indian Stories, 235–38. Editorial comment characterizes the Indian dance as “savage,” “unwholesome,” and a “hindrance to Indian progress.” At the same time it seeks to discredit Bonnin’s defense of the dance.
Laura Cornelius Kellogg
1. Zitkala-Ša’s “A Protest Against the Abolition of the Indian Dance” and Carlos Montezuma’s “The Indian Dance” are reprinted in this volume.
2. Red Man and Helper, 10 October 1902. This essay appears with Kellogg’s book, short stories, essays, public speeches and congressional testimonies, and poem in Laura Cornelius Kellogg, edited by Kristina Ackley and Cristina Stanciu. I thank Cristina Stanciu for sharing her copy of the 10 October 1902 issue of the Red Man and Helper with me.
John Milton Oskison
1. All the writings reprinted here, with the exception of “An Indian Animal Story,” are reprinted in Larré, ed., John Milton Oskison: Talks of the Old Indian Territory and Essays on the Indian Condition (2012).
2. The Sherman Institute was an off-reservation boarding school that opened in 1902.
3. Southern Workman, June 1903, 270–72.
4. Reprinted in Peyer, Singing Spirit, 128–35; in Allen, Voice of the Turtle, 136–44; in Littlefield and Parins, Native American Writing, 80–86; and Larré, John Milton Oskison, 248–54.
5. According to Larré, the “certain statesman” Oskison refers to is Reed Smoot, and the “wagonload of protests that the Senate had been asked to read” refers to the Reed Smoot case. Smoot, an apostle of the Mormon Church and accused polygamist, was elected senator of Utah in 1903, and many petitions were subsequently filed for his expulsion from the Senate (Larré, John Milton Oskison, 559–61).
6. Southern Workman, April 1907, 235–41.
7. Charles D. Carter (Chickasaw) was a congressman from Oklahoma and a member of the Society of American Indians. Charles Curtis, of Kaw ancestry, was a senator from Kansas. He was elected vice-president of the United States in the Hoover administration in 1929.
8. Elizabeth Bender (White Earth Chippewa) was a Hampton graduate and member of the SAI. Select essays by Bender are reprinted in this book. Eli Beardsley (Pueblo) attended Hampton on and off from 1906 to 1910. Jacob Morgan graduated from Hampton in 1900 and then completed post-graduate work there in 1903. He later became president of the Navajo Progressive Association, Navajo tribal chairman (1938–42), and vice-chairman of the American Indian Federation (Brudvig, Hampton).
9. Dennis Wolfe Bushyhead was a principal chief of the Cherokees from 1879 to 1887.
10. Red Man, January 1912, 201–4.
11. Red Man, May 1912, 396–98.
12. Indian School Journal, January 1914, 213.
Arthur Caswell Parker
1. Word Carrier of Santee Normal Training School, September–October 1911, 20.
2. Southern Workman, November 1912, 628–35.
3. Word Carrier of Santee Normal Training School, November–December 1912, 22.
Henry Roe Cloud
1. As an undergraduate at Yale, Roe Cloud befriended Walter and Mary Roe and assisted the couple in their missionary efforts among the Southern Cheyennes and Arapahos in Oklahoma. He took “Roe” as his middle name as a sign of respect for them. For more on Roe Cloud’s relationship with Walter and Mary Roe, see Pfister, Yale Indian.
2. Southern Workman, January 1915, 12–16. Roe Cloud published essays on his missionary experiences and on Indian education in the Word Carrier and Word Carrier of Santee Normal Training School, which are available online through the Minnesota Digital Library’s Minnesota Newspapers Collection at mndigital.org.
Elizabeth Bender
1. Red Man, January 1916, 154–56.
2. Southern Workman, February 1916, 109–12.
Bibliography
Ackley, Kristina, and Cristina Stanciu, eds. Laura Cornelius Kellogg: Our Democracy and the American Indian and Other Works. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2015.
Adams, David Wallace. Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875–1928. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995.
Alexie, Sherman. The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2007.
Allen, Paula Gunn, ed. Voice of the Turtle: American Indian Literature, 1900–1979. New York: Ballantine–One World, 1996.
Allred, Christine Edwards. “‘Real Indian Art’: Charles Eastman’s Search for an Authenticating Culture Concept.” In True West: Authenticity and the American West, ed. William R. Handley and Nathaniel Lewis, 117–39. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior. Washington DC: GPO, 1891.
Barrett, Carole A., Harvey J. Markowitz, and R. Kent Rasmussen, eds. American Indian Biographies. Pasadena CA: Salem Press, 2005.
Batker, Carol J. Reforming Fictions: Native, African, and Jewish American Women’s Literature and Journalism in the Progressive Era. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
Bender, Elizabeth. “The Land of Hiawatha.” Talks and Thoughts, June 1907, 1, 4.
Berkhofer, Robert F. White Man’s Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present. New York: Knopf, 1978.
Bieloh, Christina. “Bad Water and Epidemics: The Wages of Neglect at the Seneca Indian School.” Chronicles of Oklahoma 87 (2009): 56–75.
Blaeser, Kimberly. “Learning ‘The Language the Presidents Speak’: Images and Issues of Literacy in American Indian Literature.” World Literature Today 66, no. 2 (1992): 230–35.
Bonnin, Gertrude. Editorial Comment, American Indian Magazine, Summer 1919, 61–63.
Brooks, Joanna, ed. The Collected Writings of Samson Occom, Mohegan: Leadership and Literature in Eighteenth-Century Native America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Brooks, Lisa. The Common Pot: The Recovery of Native Space in the Northeast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
Brudvig, Jon L. Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute’s American Indian Students, 1878–1923. 1996. http://www.twofrog.com/hampton.html.
Brumble, H. David, III. American Indian Autobiography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center. 2015. http://carlisleindian.dickinson.edu.
“Cheers for the Indian Maiden.” Earlhamite, March 1896, 187.
Child, Brenda. Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900–1940. 1998. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012.
Cohen, Matt. The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010.
Coleman, Robert C. American Indian Children at School, 1850–1930. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993.
Coskan-Johnson, Gale P. “What Writer Would Not Be an Indian for a While?: Charles Alexander Eastman, Critical Memory, and Audience.” Studies in American Indian Literatures 18, no. 2 (Summer 2006): 105–31.
Cox, James H. “‘Yours for the Indian Cause’: Gertrude Bonnin’s Activist Editing at The American Indian Magazine, 1915–1919.” In Blue Pencils and Hidden Hands: Women Editing Periodicals, 1830–1910, ed. Sharon M. Harris, 173–97. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2004.
Deloria, Philip J. Playing Indian. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
Dippie, Brian W. The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy. Middletown CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1982.
Earlham College Bulletin. Richmond, Indiana: Earlham College, 1916. Earlham College Libraries, Friends Collection and College Archives, September 10, 2015. http://library.earlham.edu/c.php?g=82612&p=533775.
Eastman, Charles Alexander. Indian Boyhood. 1902. Reprint, New York: D
over, 1971.
—. From the Deep Woods to Civilization. 1913. Reprint, New York: Dover, 2003.
—. “The Indian’s View of the Indian in Literature.” Reader: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine, May 1903, 539–42.
—. The Soul of the Indian. 1911. Reprint, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1971.
“Educated Indians.” New York Times, February 5, 1887, 5.
Engs, Robert Francis. Educating the Disfranchised and Disinherited: Samuel Chapman Armstrong and Hampton Institute, 1839–1893. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1999.
Enoch, Jessica. “Resisting the Script of Indian Education: Zitkala-Ša and the Carlisle Indian School.” College English 65, no. 2 (2002): 117–41.
Fagg, John, Matthew Pethers, and Robin Vandome. “Introduction: Networks and the Nineteenth-Century Periodical.” American Periodicals 23, no. 2 (2013): 93–104.
Fear-Segal, Jacqueline. “The Man on the Bandstand at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School.” In Boarding School Blues: Revisiting American Indian Educational Experiences, ed. Clifford E. Trafzer, Jean A. Keller, and Lorene Sisquoc, 99–122. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
—. White Man’s Club: Schools, Race, and the Struggle of Indian Acculturation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007.
Fisher, Dexter. “Zitkala-Ša: The Evolution of a Writer.” American Indian Quarterly 5, no. 3 (1979): 229–38.
Fitzgerald, Michael Oren, ed. The Essential Charles Eastman (Ohiyesa): Light on the Indian World. Bloomington IN: World Wisdom, 2007.
Gaul, Theresa Strouth. Cherokee Sister: The Collected Writings of Catharine Brown, 1818–1823. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2014.
Gere, Anne Ruggles. “An Art of Survivance: Angel De Cora at Carlisle.” American Indian Quarterly 28, nos. 3 and 4 (2004): 649–84.
Gibson, A. M. “Wyandotte Mission: The Early Years, 1871–1900.” Chronicles of Oklahoma 36, no. 2 (1958): 137–54.
Glancy, Diane. Fort Marion Prisoners and the Trauma of Native Education. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2014.
Hafen, Jane P. Dreams and Thunder: Stories, Poems, and the Sun Dance Opera. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001.
Hale, Frederick. “Acceptance and Rejection of Assimilation in the Works of Luther Standing Bear.” SAIL 5, no. 4 (1993): 25–41.
Hertzberg, Hazel W. The Search for an American Indian Identity: Modern Pan-Indian Movements. 1971. Reprint, Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981.
Hoxie, Frederick E., ed. Talking Back to Civilization: Indian Voices from the Progressive Era. Boston: Bedford–St. Martin’s, 2001.
“Indian School Commencement.” Sentinel, June 1891, 2.
Jaskoski, Helen, ed. Early Native American Writing: New Critical Essays. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Katanski, Amelia V. Learning to Write “Indian”: The Boarding-School Experience and American Indian Literature. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005.
Kilcup, Karen, ed. Native American Women’s Writing, 1800–1924: An Anthology. Malden MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000.
La Flesche, Francis. Ke-ma-ha: The Omaha Stories of Francis La Flesche. Ed. James W. Parins and Daniel F. Littlefield Jr. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995.
Larré, Lionel, ed. John Milton Oskison: Talks of the Old Indian Territory and Essays on the Indian Condition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012.
—. “John Milton Oskison and Assimilation.” American Indian Quarterly 37, nos. 1–2 (2013): 3–33.
Littlefield, Daniel F., and James W. Parins. American Indian and Alaska Native Newspapers and Periodicals, 1826–1924. Vol 1. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1984.
—. A Biobibliography of Native American Writers, 1772–1924: A Supplement. Metuchen NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1985.
—. “Introduction.” In Tales of the Bark Lodges, by Bertrand N. O. Walker, vii–xvi. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1995.
Littlefield, Daniel F. Jr. and James W. Parins, eds. Native American Writing in the Southeast: An Anthology, 1875–1935. Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 1995.
Lomawaima, K. Tsianina. They Called It Prairie Light: The Story of the Chilocco Indian School. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.
Lukens, Margaret A. “The American Indian Story of Zitkala-Ša.” In In Her Own Voice: Nineteenth-Century American Women Essayists, ed. Sherry Lee Linkon, 141–55. New York: Garland, 1997.
Lyons, Scott Richard. X-Marks: Native Signatures of Assent. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010.
Maddox, Lucy. Citizen Indians: Native American Intellectuals, Race, and Reform. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
Martínez, David. Dakota Philosopher: Charles Eastman and American Indian Thought. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2009.
Molin, Paulette Fairbanks. “‘Training the Hand, the Head, and the Heart’: Indian Education at Hampton Institute.” Minnesota History 51 (Fall 1988): 82–98.
Parker, Arthur C. “Editorial Comment: The Permanent Value of Indian School Papers.” Quarterly Journal of the Society of American Indians, January–March 1915, 5–6.
Parker, Robert Dale. Changing Is Not Vanishing: A Collection of American Indian Poetry to 1930. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
Peyer, Bernd C., ed. American Indian Nonfiction: An Anthology of Writings, 1760s–1930s. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007.
—, ed. The Singing Spirit: Early Short Stories by North American Indians. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989.
Pfister, Joel. Individuality Incorporated: Indians and the Multicultural Modern. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.
—. The Yale Indian: The Education of Henry Roe Cloud. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
Pratt, Richard Henry. Battlefield and Classroom: An Autobiography by Richard Henry Pratt.1964. Ed. Robert M. Utley. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003.
Prucha, Francis Paul. Americanizing the American Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978.
Round, Phillip H. Removable Type: Histories of the Book in Indian Country, 1663–1880. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
Ruoff, A. Lavonne Brown. Foreword. In Early Native American Writing: New Critical Essays, ed. Helen Jaskoski, vii–x. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Smith, Dwight L. Indians of the United States and Canada: A Bibliography. Santa Barbara: ABC–Clio, 1974.
Spack, Ruth. America’s Second Tongue: American Indian Education and the Ownership of English, 1860–1900. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
Stanciu, Cristina. “‘That Is Why I Sent You to Carlisle’: Carlisle Poetry and the Demands of Americanization Poetics and Politics.” American Indian Quarterly 37, nos. 1–2 (2013): 34–76.
Standing Bear, Luther. Land of the Spotted Eagle. 1933. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
—. My People the Sioux. 1928. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1975.
Szasz, Margaret. Education and the American Indian: The Road to Self-Determination, 1928–1973. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1974.
Tetzloff, Lisa. “Elizabeth Bender Cloud: ‘Working for and with Our Indian People.’” Frontiers 30, no. 3 (2009): 77–115.
Trafzer, Clifford E., Jean A. Keller, and Lorene Sisquoc, eds. Boarding School Blues: Revisiting American Indian Educational Experiences. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
Trennert, Robert A. “Educating Indian Girls at Nonreservation Boarding Schools, 1878–1920.” Western Historical Quarterly 13, no. 3 (1982): 271–90.
Vigil, Kiara M. Indigenous Intellectuals: Sovereignty, Citizenship, and the American Imagination, 1880–1930. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Walker, Bertrand N. O. “A Personal Sketch of Bertrand Nicholas Oliver Walker.” Chronicles of Oklahoma 6, no. 1 (March 1928): 89–93.
Washburn, Kathleen. “New Indians and Indigenous Archives.” PMLA 127, no. 2 (2012): 380–8
3.
Warrior, Robert. The People and the Word: Reading Native Nonfiction. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005.
—. Tribal Secrets: Recovering American Indian Intellectual Traditions. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.
Weaver, Jace. That the People Might Live: Native American Literatures and Native American Community. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
What Hampton Graduates Are Doing in Land-Buying, in Home-Making, in Business, in Teaching, in Agriculture, in Establishing Schools, in the Trades, in Church and Missionary Work, in the Professions, 1868–1904. Hampton VA: Hampton Institute Press, 1904.
Wilson, Raymond. Ohiyesa: Charles Eastman, Santee Sioux. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983.
Wong, Hertha Dawn. Sending My Heart Back Across the Years: Tradition and Innovation in Native American Autobiography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Wyss, Hilary E. English Letters and Indian Literacies: Reading, Writing, and New England Missionary Schools, 1750–1830. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
Zitkala-Ša. American Indian Stories, Legends, and Other Writings. Ed. Cathy N. Davidson and Ada Norris. New York: Penguin, 2003.
Zink, Amanda J. “Carlisle’s Writing Circle: Boarding School Texts and the Decolonization of Domesticity.” Studies in American Indian Literatures 27, no. 4 (2015): 37–65.
Recovering Native American Writings in the Boarding School Press Page 33