85. Gewald, Herero Heroes, p. 173. For a contemporary German account, Bayer, Mit dem Hauptquartier, pp. 161–7.
86. Drechsler, Südwestafrika unter deutscher Kolonialherrschaft, pp. 251–79. Cf. Olusoga and Erichsen, Kaiser’s Holocaust, p. 235.
87. Ibid., p. 224.
88. Fischer, Rehobother Bastards, pp. 302f.
89. Eiermann, ‘The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly’.
90. Rohrbach, Aus Südwest-Afrikas schweren Tagen, pp. 177f.
91. For a good overview of a now large literature, see Madley, ‘From Africa to Auschwitz’.
92. The point is well made in Mazower, Dark Continent.
93. Strachan, First World War in Africa.
94. Strachan, To Arms, p. 95.
95. Conklin, Mission, pp. 146–59.
96. Lunn, Memoirs of the Maelstrom, p. 78.
97. Ibid., p. 69.
98. Ibid., p. 71.
99. Ibid., p. 139.
100. Eichacker, ‘Blacks Attack!’
101. Smith et al., France and the Great War, p. 128.
102. Lunn, Memoirs of the Maelstrom, p. 140.
103. Winter, Great War, p. 75; Beckett and Simpson (eds.), Nation in Arms, p. 11.
104. Kipling, ‘France at War’, pp. 341f.
105. See in general McCullum, Military Medicine.
106. Olusoga and Erichsen, Kaiser’s Holocaust, pp. 284f.
107. Evans, ‘Anthropology at War’.
108. Madley, ‘From Africa to Auschwitz’, pp. 453ff. See in general Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics.
109. Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, pp. 147, 584.
110. Levine, ‘Film and Colonial Memory’.
111. Riley, ‘Health Transitions’, table 4.
112. Iliffe, Africans, pp. 251–3.
113. Singer and Langdon, Cultured Force, p. 20.
114. Tai, ‘Politics of Compromise’.
115. Saxe, ‘Changing Economic Structure’.
116. Centre d’Informations Documentaires, Work of France, p. 17.
117. Hochschild, Leopold’s Ghost.
118. Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, p. 205.
119. Ibid., pp. 152, 286.
120. Ibid., p. 137.
121. Ibid., p. 149.
122. Ibid., p. 256.
123. Ibid., p. 248.
124. Fieldhouse, Black Africa.
CHAPTER 5: CONSUMPTION
1. Okuefuna, Wonderful World of Albert Kahn.
2. Galeano, Open Veins, p. 47.
3. Crafts, ‘British Economic Growth’, table 6.1.
4. Clark, Farewell to Alms, figure 9.2.
5. Gildea, Barricades and Borders, pp. 6, 145, 181.
6. Mokyr, Industrial Revolution, p. 109.
7. Esteban, ‘Factory Costs’, figure 1.
8. Allen, British Industrial Revolution, p. 156.
9. Morris, Why the West Rules, p. 497.
10. Jones, ‘Living the Enlightenment’.
11. Morris, Why the West Rules, p. 491.
12. See especially McKendrick et al., Birth of a Consumer Society.
13. Berg, ‘Pursuit of Luxury’.
14. Vries, ‘Purchasing Power’.
15. Berg, ‘Imitation to Invention’.
16. Findlay and O’Rourke, Power and Plenty, tables 6.2 and 6.4.
17. La Porta et al., ‘Law and Finance’, ‘Investor Protection’ and ‘Economic Consequences’.
18. O’Brien et al., ‘Political Components’. See also Leunig, ‘British Industrial Success’, p. 93.
19. Guinnane et al., ‘Putting the Corporation in its Place’; Lamoreaux, ‘Scylla or Charybdis?’
20. Allen, British Industrial Revolution.
21. Parthasarathi, ‘Rethinking Wages’.
22. Pollard, Peaceful Conquest.
23. See Fowler Mohanty, Labor and Laborers of the Loom, esp. p. 76. On the wider ramifications of cotton cultivation, see Dattel, Cotton and Race.
24. Clark, Farewell to Alms, p. 267.
25. Farnie, ‘Role of Merchants’, pp. 20ff.
26. Darwin, Origin, chs. 3, 4 and 14.
27. Ferguson, ‘Evolutionary Approach’.
28. Carlyle, Past and Present, Book I, chs. 1–4, Book IV, chs. 4, 8.
29. Kaelble, Industrialization and Social Inequality.
30. Evans, Death in Hamburg.
31. Grayling, Light of Liberty, pp. 189–93.
32. Wilde, De Profundis, pp. 21, 23, 33.
33. Berger and Spoerer, ‘Economic Crises’.
34. See e.g. Fowler, Lancashire Cotton Operatives.
35. Allen, ‘Great Divergence in European Wages’. I am grateful to Robert Allen for sharing his wage data with me.
36. Allen et al., ‘Wages, Prices, and Living Standards’.
37. Mazzini, ‘To the Italians’.
38. Bismarck, Reminiscences, Vol. I, ch. 13.
39. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna.
40. H. C. Martin, ‘Singer Memories’: http://www.singermemories.com/index.html.
41. Maddison, World Economy, tables B-10, B-21.
42. Kennedy, Rise and Fall, p. 190.
43. Bairoch, ‘International Industrialization Levels’.
44. Broadberry, ‘Total Factor Productivity’.
45. Fordham, ‘ “Revisionism” Reconsidered’.
46. Clark and Feenstra, ‘Technology in the Great Divergence’, table 8.
47. Dyos and Aldcroft, British Transport, table 4.
48. Maurer and Yu, Big Ditch, p. 145.
49. Clark and Feenstra, ‘Technology in the Great Divergence’.
50. Clark, Farewell to Alms, table 15.3.
51. McKeown, ‘Global Migration’, p. 156.
52. Carter et al. (eds.), Historical Statistics of the United States, tables Ad354–443.
53. Mitchell, Abstract of British Historical Statistics, pp. 333f.
54. I am grateful to Simon Cundey of Henry Poole for giving me sight of the firm’s old order books and other useful documents.
55. Beasley, Japan Encounters the Barbarian.
56. See Hirano, State and Cultural Transformation, p. 124.
57. Keene, Emperor of Japan, p. 12. See the 1873 photograph of the Emperor by Uchida Kyuichi: http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027j/throwing_off_asia_01/ emperor_02.html.
58. Malony, ‘Modernity, Gender and Empire’.
59. See Illustration of the Ceremony Promulgating the Constitution, unknown artist (1890).
60. Penn State University, Making Japanese online resource, http://www.east-asian-history.net/textbooks/MJ/ch3.htm.
61. Keene, Emperor of Japan, p. 295.
62. Gong, Standard of ‘Civilization’.
63. Keene, Emperor of Japan, p. 194.
64. Japan Cotton Spinners’ Association, Cotton Statistics of Japan: 1903–1924, table 1.
65. Wall, Japan’s Century, p. 17.
66. Kamisaka, Cotton Mills and Workers.
67. Moser, Cotton Textile Industry, p. 30.
68. Ibid.
69. Farnie, ‘Role of Cotton Textiles’.
70. Clark and Feenstra, ‘Technology in the Great Divergence’. On American productivity, see Copeland, ‘Technical Development’.
71. See e.g. Moser, Cotton Textile Industry, p. 102. See also Wolcott and Clark, ‘Why Nations Fail’.
72. Upadhyay, Existence, Identity and Mobilization.
73. A fine example is Mizono Toshikata’s woodblock print in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
74. Meech-Pekarik, World of the Meiji Print, p. 145.
75. From Lenin, The State and Revolution (1918).
76. Cole et al., ‘Deflation and the International Great Depression’.
77. Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History of the United States.
78. Keynes, Tract on Monetary Reform (1924).
79. Tooze, Wages of Destruction.
80. For further details, see Ferguson, War of the World.
81. Harrison, Economics of World War II.
82. Westad, Global Cold War.
83. Ferguson, War of the World, pp. 606–17.
84. Data from Singer and Small, Correlates of War.
85. Piketty and Saez, ‘Income Inequality’, esp. figure 20.
86. Hyman, ‘Debtor Nation’.
87. I am grateful to my colleague Diego Comin for these figures.
88. Sullivan, Jeans, pp. 9, 77.
89. Ibid., pp. 214f.
90. ‘Coca-Cola as Sold Throughout the World’, Red Barrel, 8, 3 (March 1929).
91. See Allen, Secret Formula, p. 325.
92. Interview with the author, 2009. See also Wolle, Traum von der Revolte, esp. pp. 56–61.
93. Debray, ‘The Third World’, http://www.digitalnpq.org/archive/1986_spring/kalashnikov.html
94. Suri, Power and Protest.
95. Kurlansky, 1968.
96. Marshall, Demanding the Impossible, pp. 551ff.
97. For 1968 graffiti, see http://www.bopsecrets.org/CF/graffiti.htm.
98. Greer, Female Eunuch, p. 322.
99. Sullivan, Jeans, p. 131.
100. Interview with author, 2009.
101. Interview with author, 2009.
102. Ramet, ‘Rock Music in Czechoslovakia’, pp. 59, 63.
103. Poiger, Jazz, Rock and Rebels, pp. 62ff.
104. Safanov, ‘Revolution’.
105. Siefert, ‘From Cold War to Wary Peace’.
106. Interview with author, 2009.
107. Bergson, ‘How Big was the Soviet GDP?’ See in general Cox (ed.), Rethinking the Soviet Collapse.
108. Fukuyama, End of History.
109. Gaddis, Cold War.
110. Charlotte Sector, ‘Belarusians Wear Jeans in Silent Protest’, ABC News, 13 January 2006.
111. Interview with author, 2009.
112. Ferdows, ‘Women and the Islamic Revolution’; Nashat, ‘Women in the Islamic Republic’.
113. Ebadi, Iran Awakening, pp. 41f.
CHAPTER 6: WORK
1. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ch. 31, Parts III and IV.
2. Scaff, ‘Remnants of Romanticism’.
3. Weber, Max Weber, p. 292.
4. Weber, Protestant Ethic, pp. 112, 154.
5. Ibid., p. 119.
6. Ibid., p. 24. For a modern restatement, see Koch and Smith, Suicide of the West, pp. 184f.
7. Weber, Protestant Ethic, p. 180.
8. Ibid., pp. 70f.
9. Ibid., p. 166. See Chiswick, ‘Economic Progress’.
10. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism.
11. Cantoni, ‘Economic Effects’.
12. Delacroix and Nielsen, ‘Beloved Myth’. See also Iannaccone, ‘Introduction’.
13. Young, ‘Religion and Economic Growth’.
14. Grier, ‘Effect of Religion on Economic Development’.
15. Becker and Wössmann, ‘Was Weber Wrong?’
16. Trevor-Roper, ‘Religion, the Reformation and Social Change’.
17. Woodberry, ‘Shadow of Empire’.
18. Guiso et al., ‘People’s Opium?’
19. Barro and McCleary, ‘Religion and Economic Growth’.
20. World Bank, World Development Indicators online.
21. Ferguson, ‘Economics, Religion and the Decline of Europe’.
22. Data from the Conference Board Total Economy Database, September 2010, http://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/. See also OECD.Stat and various OECD publications.
23. World Values Survey Association, World Values Survey.
24. Chesterton, Short History, p. 104.
25. Bruce, God is Dead, p. 67.
26. Data from http://www.cofe.anglican.org/news/pr2009.html.
27. See Brown, Death of Christian Britain, esp. p. 191. See also the essays in McLeod and Ustorf (eds.), Decline of Christendom.
28. Bruce, God is Dead, p. 65.
29. Davie, Religion in Britain, pp. 119, 121.
30. Davie, Europe: The Exceptional Case, pp. 6f.
31. The celebrated interview quoted in the first epigraph was by Maureen Cleave, ‘How Does a Beatle Live? John Lennon Lives Like This’, Evening Standard, 4 March 1966.
32. See Barro and McCleary, ‘Religion and Political Economy’.
33. Tolstoy, Kingdom of God, p. 301.
34. Freud, Future of an Illusion, p. 25.
35. Ibid., p. 30.
36. Ibid., p. 34.
37. Ibid., p. 84.
38. Freud, Civilization, pp. 55, 59, 69.
39. Szasz, Anti-Freud: Karl Kraus’s Criticism of Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry.
40. Attendance is down from 25–55 per cent in the 1970s to 18–22 per cent today, but religion is clearly consumed in myriad ways (television and internet evangelists) undreamt of forty years ago: Putnam and Campbell, American Grace, pp. 74, 105.
41. Sheehan, ‘Liberation and Redemption’, p. 301.
42. Putnam and Campbell, American Grace, p. 326.
43. Barro and McCleary, ‘Which Countries Have State Religions?’
44. Iannaconne, ‘Introduction’; Davie, Europe: The Exceptional Case, pp. 43ff. For a popular account, see Micklethwait and Wooldridge, God is Back, esp. p. 175.
45. Smith, Wealth of Nations, Book V, ch. I.
46. Micklethwait and Wooldridge, God is Back, p. 175.
47. Zakaria, Future of Freedom, pp. 199ff.
48. Putnam and Campbell, American Grace, p. 137.
49. Weber, Protestant Ethic, pp. 115, 117.
50. For an historically informed account of the crisis, see Ferguson, Ascent of Money.
51. Different estimates in Aikman, Beijing Factor, pp. 7f.
52. Bays, ‘Chinese Protestant Christianity’, p. 182.
53. Aikman, Beijing Factor, pp. 141f.
54. Ibid., p. 285.
55. Ibid., pp. 20–34.
56. Morrison, Memoirs, pp. 77f., 288f.
57. Ibid., pp. 335ff.
58. Cohen, China and Christianity.
59. Taylor, Hudson Taylor, pp. 144f.
60. Stott, Twenty-six Years, pp. 26–54.
61. Austin, China’s Millions, pp. 4–10, 86–90, 167–9.
62. Ng, ‘Timothy Richard’, p. 78.
63. Austin, China’s Millions, p. 192. See also Steer, J. Hudson Taylor.
64. See in general Kuang-sheng, Antiforeignism.
65. Thompson, Reluctant Exodus, esp. pp. 45–50.
66. Aikman, Beijing Factor, pp. 53f.
67. Dikötter, Mao’s Great Famine.
68. Zuo, ‘Political Religion’, p. 101.
69. Aikman, Beijing Factor, pp. 159, 162, 215.
70. See Chen and Huang, ‘Emergence’, pp. 189, 196; Bays, ‘Chinese Protestant Christianity’, pp. 194–6.
71. Interview with the author, 2010. See also Fenggang, ‘Lost in the Market’, p. 425.
72. Jianbo and Fenggang, ‘The Cross Faces the Loudspeakers’.
73. Jiwei, Dialectic of the Chinese Revolution, pp. 150ff.
74. Simon Elegant, ‘The War for China’s Soul’, Time, 20 August 2006. See also Bays, ‘Chinese Protestant Christianity’.
75. Aikman, Beijing Factor, pp. 73–89.
76. Fenggang, ‘Cultural Dynamics’, p. 49. See also Sheila Melvin, ‘Modern Gloss on China’s Golden Age’, New York Times, 3 September 2007; Timothy Garton Ash, ‘Confucius Can Speak to Us Still – And Not Just about China’, Guardian, 9 April 2009.
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