State of Emergency: the Way We Were

by Dominic Sandbrook

  11. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 77; Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London, 2009), pp. 528–9; Milligan, The New Barons, p. 25; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, p. 230; John McIlroy, ‘Notes on the Communist Party and Industrial Politics’, in McIlroy, Fishman and Campbell (eds.), The High Tide of British Trade Unionism, pp. 237–8, 240.

  12. Ferris, The New Militants, pp. 80–81, 84; Milligan, The New Barons, p. 26; Andrew, The Defence of the Realm, pp. 594–5; Edmund Dell, A Strange Eventful History: Democratic Socialism in Britain (London, 2000), pp. 26–8; McIlroy, ‘Notes on the Communist Party and Industrial Politics’, p. 222.

  13. Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 231–2, 310 (fn. 8).

  14. Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, pp. 639–40; McIlroy and Campbell, ‘The High Tide of Trade Unionism’, pp. 100, 106; Milligan, The New Barons, p. 82; Ferris, The New Militants, pp. 14, 48, 55.

  15. Ibid., pp. 16–17, 22, 38, 32; Sunday Times, 23 April 1972; Drabble, The Middle Ground (Harmondsworth, 1980), p. 142.

  16. Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, pp. 628–9; Milligan, The New Barons, pp. 87–8, 189; Guardian, 21 May 2004.

  17. Ferris, The New Militants, pp. 8–9, 55; Milligan, The New Barons, p. 130; Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (London, 1989), p. 396.

  18. Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, p. 632; Milligan, The New Barons, pp. 97–8; Andy Beckett, When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies (London, 2009), pp. 294–5; Daily Telegraph, 22 April 2009.

  19. Daily Telegraph, 22 April 2009; Andrew, The Defence of the Realm, pp. 535–6, 588–9; Milligan, The New Barons, p. 99; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, pp. 299–300.

  20. Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, pp. 625, 629; McIlroy and Campbell, ‘The High Tide of Trade Unionism’, p. 101; Taylor, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Social Contract’, pp. 83–4, 99.

  21. Edward Heath, Travels: People and Places in My Life (London, 1977), p. 39; Jack Jones, Union Man (London, 1986), pp. 70, 215.

  22. Edward Heath, The Course of My Life (London, 1998), pp. 329, 338; Robert Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations: Myth and Reality,’ in Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, 1970–1974: A Reappraisal (Harlow, 1996), pp. 162–3; John Cole, As It Seemed To Me: Political Memoirs (London, 1995), p. 85; Jones, Union Man, p. 259.

  23. Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 29, 34; The Times, letters pages for 2, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 10 December 1970; Daily Mail, 8 November 1971; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 82.

  24. Ibid., pp. 78–9; Richard Webber, Fifty Years of Carry On (London, 2008), pp. 121–2; Steve Gerrard, ‘What a Carry On! The Decline and Fall of a Great British Institution’, in Robert Shail (ed.), Seventies British Cinema (London, 2008), pp. 39–41; Morning Star, 17 December 1971.

  25. Heath, The Course of My Life, pp. 336–7; Andrew Taylor, ‘The Conservative Party and the Trade Unions’, in McIlroy, Fishman and Campbell (eds.), The High Tide of British Trade Unionism, pp. 151–3; Ferris, The New Militants, p. 14; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, p. 35; John Campbell, Edward Heath: A Biography (London, 1993), pp. 218–19, 229; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations’, pp. 164–9.

  26. Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 27, 42, 47; Gerald A. Dorfman, Government Versus Trade Unionism in British Politics Since 1968 (London, 1979), p. 53; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations’, pp. 164–71; Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies (London, 1985), p. 70; Lewis Baston, Reggie: The Life of Reginald Maudling (Stroud, 2004), p. 409; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 220, 364; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 12, 3 September 1970.

  27. PRO CAB 129/152, CP (70) 63, ‘Industrial Relations Bill: Consultative Document’, 25 September 1970; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 45–6; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 365–6; Hansard, 15 December 1970; Taylor, ‘The Conservative Party and the Trade Unions’, p. 179; Milligan, The New Barons, p. 219; Dorfman, Government Versus Trade Unionism, p. 58.

  28. Taylor, ‘The Conservative Party and the Trade Unions’, p. 157; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 71; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations’, pp 169–71; Jim Prior, A Balance of Power (London, 1986), p. 72; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 364–6; The Economist, 4 July 1970.

  29. Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 39, 44; Dorfman, Government Versus Trade Unionism, pp. 53–4; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 365, 367; Taylor, ‘The Conservative Party and the Trade Unions’, p. 157; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations’, p. 169.

  30. Hansard, 21 January 1971, 25 January 1971; The Times, 22 January 1971; Mark Garnett and Ian Aitken, Splendid! Splendid! The Authorized Biography of Willie Whitelaw (London, 2003), p. 95.

  31. Hansard, 28 January 1971; Tony Benn, Office Without Power: Diaries 1968–72 (London, 1988), pp. 327–8.

  32. Dorfman, Government Versus Trade Unionism, pp. 55–7; The Times, 22 February 1971; Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, p. 650; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 368; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations’, pp. 173–4.

  33. Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 93; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government and Industrial Relations’, pp. 172–3; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, p. 47; Milligan, The New Barons, pp. 68–9; PRO CAB 129/60, CP (71) 147, ‘Trade Union Attitudes to the Implementation of the Industrial Relations Act’, 1 December 1971; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 368–9.

  34. Stuart Ball, ‘The Conservative Party and the Heath Government’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, p. 321; John Lahr (ed.), The Diaries of Kenneth Tynan (London, 2001), p. 22; The Times, 6 January 1972, 8 January 1972.

  35. Ferris, The New Militants, p. 39; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, p. 56; Milligan, The New Barons, pp. 104–6; Michael Crick, Scargill and the Miners (Harmondsworth, 1985), pp. 12–14.

  36. Milligan, The New Barons, pp. 106–7; Crick, Scargill and the Miners, pp. 47–9; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 32, 26 October 1970.

  37. Milligan, The New Barons, pp. 116–18; Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock (Oxford, 1992), pp. 291–2; Nick Clarke, The Shadow of a Nation: The Changing Face of Britain (London, 2003), p. 168; Andrew, The Defence of the Realm, pp. 592–3; Ferris, The New Militants, pp. 41, 44–7; The Times, 1 February 1999.

  38. Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, p. 57; Paul Routledge, Scargill: The Unauthorized Biography (London, 1993), p. 64; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 412–13; The Times, 2 December 1971, 3 December 1971, 6 January 1972, 8 January 1972.

  39. Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 63; The Times, 6 January 1972; Sunday Times, 9 January 1972; Sunday Express, 9 January 1972; Daily Telegraph, 10 January 1972; New Statesman, 19 January 1972.

  40. PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 1, 11 January 1972; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 413.

  41. Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 74; Routledge, Scargill, pp. 5, 21; Milligan, The New Barons, p. 120; David Childs, Britain Since 1945: A Political History (London, 1979), p. 238; Sunday Times, 29 April 1973; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 60.

  42. Milligan, The New Barons, p. 120; The Times, 19 February 1972; Robert Colls, Identity of England (Oxford, 2002), p. 313; Sun, 7 January 1972, 27 January 1972; Daily Express, 7 February 1972; Daily Mail, 7 January 1972, 27 January 1972, 2 February 1972, 7 February 1972; Greenslade, Press Gang, pp. 286–8.

  43. Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 414; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 64; Ferris, The New Militants, p. 42.

  44. New Left Review 92 (July–August 1975), pp. 11–12; Crick, Scargill and the Miners, pp. 55–6; Routledge, Scargill, pp. 67–8.

  45. Crick, Scargill and the Miners, pp. 26–33, 47, 141; Routledge, Scargill, pp. 13–51; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 53.

  46. New Left Review 92 (July–August 1975), p. 13; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 57–9; Crick, Scargill and the Miners, pp. 45–6.

  47. Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 61–2; Crick, Scargill and the Miners, pp. 53–5; V. L. Al
len, The Militancy of British Miners (Shipley, 1981), pp. 189, 200; Dave Lyddon, ‘ “Glorious Summer”, 1972: The High Tide of Rank and File Militancy’, in McIlroy, Fishman and Campbell (eds.), The High Tide of British Trade Unionism, pp. 330–31; The Times, 25 January 1972, 2 August 1972; New Society, 27 January 1972.

  48. Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 62–3; The Times, 2 February 1972, 4 February 1972, 5 February 1972; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 414; Lyddon, ‘ “Glorious Summer”, 1972’, p. 331; Routledge, Scargill, p. 66; Russell Davies (ed.), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (London, 1993), p. 417.

  49. Birmingham Evening Mail, 3 February 1972, 4 February 1972; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 64–5; Crick, Scargill and the Miners, pp. 56–7.

  50. New Left Review 92 (July–August 1975), p. 15; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, p. 65; Crick, Scargill and the Miners, p. 58; Routledge, Scargill, pp. 74–5.

  51. Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 66–7; Crick, Scargill and the Miners, p. 59; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, pp. 73–4.

  52. Birmingham Evening Mail, 7 February 1972; The Times, 8 February 1972; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 66–7; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, pp. 75–7.

  53. Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 68–71; Crick, Scargill and the Miners, pp. 59–60; Alan Law, ‘The Miners are Coming’, Miner (April 1972); New Left Review 92 (July–August 1975), pp. 18–19; Routledge, Scargill, p. 71.

  54. Prior, A Balance of Power, p. 73; PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 6, 10 February 1972; Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony, pp. 71–2, 74; Crick, Scargill and the Miners, pp. 61, 67; Routledge, Scargill, pp. 78–9; Harper’s and Queen, October 1974.

  55. The Times, 9 February 1970, 10 February 1970; PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 6, 10 February 1972; Garnett and Aitken, Splendid! Splendid!, p. 102.

  56. Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 417; The Times, 12 February 1972; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 76; Brendan Sewill and Ralph Harris, British Economic Policy 1970–1974 (London, 1975), p. 50; Douglas Hurd, An End to Promises (London, 1978), p. 103.

  57. Daily Mail, 12 February 1972; The Times, 12 February 1972; Hansard, 12 February 1972.

  58. Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 65; Hansard, 14 February 1972; The Times, 15 February 1972.

  59. The Times, 15 February 1972; Daily Telegraph, 15 February 1972; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 12; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, pp. 65–6.

  60. James Lees-Milne, Diaries, 1971–1983 (London, 2008), p. 42; Janie Hampton (ed.), Joycie and Ginnie: The Letters of Joyce Grenfell and Virginia Graham (London, 1997), p. 422; Roger Geary, Policing Industrial Disputes, 1893 to 1985 (London, 1986), p. 121.

  61. The Times, 18 February 1972, 19 February 1972; PRO COAL 26/1110, ‘Report on the Miners’ Wage Claim,’ 18 February 1972; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 418.

  62. The Times, 19 February 1972; PRO CAB 128/50, 72 (8), 18 February 1972; Joe Gormley, Battered Cherub (London, 1982), pp. 113–14; Sunday Times, 20 February 1972; Routledge, Scargill, p. 82; Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 353.

  63. The Times, 22 February 1972; Sheffield Star, 28 February 1972; Routledge, Scargill, p. 80.

  64. The Times, 28 February 1972; Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 353; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 420–21.

  65. Guardian, 18 January 1974; The Times, 21 February 1972, 8 March 1972; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 420, 422; Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87: A Social History as Seen Through the Gallup Data (London, 1989), p. 100; Greenslade, Press Gang, p. 288; Benn, Office Without Power, p. 405; Sunday Express, 6 February 1972; Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (Basingstoke, 1978), p. 300.

  66. New Statesman, 24 February 1972; Lees-Milne, Diaries, p. 71; Ferris, The New Militants, pp. 10, 43; PRO PREM 15/986, note signed ‘E,’ 23 February 1972; Richard Vinen, Thatcher’s Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the 1980s (London, 2009), p. 39.

  CHAPTER 4. FANFARE FOR EUROPE

  1. See the town council’s history page at http//www.broadstairs.gov.uk/Core/Broadstairs/Pages/History_1.aspx.

  2. Edward Heath, Travels: People and Places in My Life (London, 1977), p. 10; Edward Heath, The Course of My Life (London, 1998), p. 14.

  3. Ibid., pp. 40–44, 68–71, 100–106.

  4. Hansard, 26 June 1950; John Campbell, Edward Heath: A Biography (London, 1993), pp, 121–2, 130–31; Heath, The Course of My Life, pp. 147, 234–5.

  5. Dominic Sandbrook, White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties (London, 2006), pp. 387–91; Private Eye, 12 May 1967; David Smith, From Boom to Bust: Trial and Error in British Economic Policy (Harmondsworth, 1992), p. 8; J. F. Wright, Britain in the Age of Economic Management: An Economic History Since 1939 (Oxford, 1979), pp. 21–2; Andrew Gamble, Britain in Decline: Economic Policy, Political Strategy and the British State (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 17–19.

  6. John W. Young, ‘The Heath Government and British Entry into the European Community’, in Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, 1970–1974: A Reappraisal (Harlow, 1996), pp. 261–2; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 352–3; Time, 8 November 1971; Hugo Young, This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair (London, 1998), pp. 223–5.

  7. Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London, 1992), p. 659; Bernard Donoughue, ‘Harold Wilson and the Renegotiation of the EEC Terms of Membership, 1974–5: A Witness Account’, in Brian Brivati and Harriet Jones (eds.), From Reconstruction to Integration: Britain and Europe Since 1945 (Leicester, 1993), p. 204; Bernard Donoughue, Downing Street Diary: With Harold Wilson in No. 10 (London, 2005), p. 60.

  8. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 336–7, 342; Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (London, 1982), pp. 140–41; Peter Hennessy, The Prime Minister: The Office and its Holders Since 1945 (London, 2000), pp. 350–51.

  9. See John Kennedy O’Connor, The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History (London, 2006).

  10. Alwyn W. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis? Britain in the 1970s (London, 2008), p. 164.

  11. Miriam Akhtar and Steve Humphries, Some Liked It Hot: The British on Holiday at Home and Abroad (London, 2000), pp. 33–6, 73, 76; Edward Heath, ‘Introduction’, in Anthony Gishford and Victor Caudery (eds.), Fanfare for Europe: Official Programme Book (London, 1973), p. 23; Steve Gerrard, ‘What a Carry On!’, in Robert Shail (ed.), Seventies British Cinema (London, 2008), p. 39.

  12. Alan Clark, Diaries: Into Politics 1972–1982, ed. Ion Trewin (London, 2001). p. 33; Akhtar and Humphries, Some Liked It Hot, p. 113.

  13. Roger Bray and Vladimir Raitz, Flight to the Sun: The Story of the Holiday Revolution (London, 2001); Independent, 10 January 2004; Akhtar and Humphries, Some Liked It Hot, pp. 102, 105–9, 115; Daily Mirror, 1 June 1970, 5 June 1970: Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 165.

  14. Paul Routledge, Arthur Scargill: The Unauthorized Biography (London, 1993), p. 96; Akhtar and Humphries, Some Liked It Hot, pp. 115–7; Richard Webber, Fifty Years of Carry On (London, 2008), p. 125.

  15. Akhtar and Humphries, Some Liked It Hot, pp. 121–4; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 174; John Benson, The Rise of Consumer Society in Britain 1880–1980 (Harlow, 1994), pp. 100–101; Louis Turner and John Ash, The Golden Hordes: International Tourism and the Pleasure Periphery (London, 1975); the Monty Python sketch, first broadcast on 16 November 1972, is now all over the Internet.

  16. Akhtar and Humphries, Some Liked It Hot, pp. 124–5; Hunter Davies, The Glory Game (London, 1972), p. 141.

  17. Lawrence James, The Middle Class: A History (London, 2006), p. 436; Jonathan Raban, Soft City (London, 1975), p. 35. The MacDonald interview is reprinted in Barney Ronay (ed.), Studs!: The Greatest Retro Football Annual the World Has Ever Seen (London, 2006); the Vesta advert is in Alison Pressley, The Seventies: Good Times, Bad Taste (London, 2002), p. 69.

  18. Davies, The Glory Game, p. 78; John Burnett, Liquid Pleasures: A Social History of Drinks in Modern Britain (London, 1999), pp. 154–5; Gishford and Caudery (eds.), Fanfare for Europe, pp. 152–3; John Cleese and Connie Booth,
The Complete Fawlty Towers (London, 1989), p. 97.

  19. Young, ‘The Heath Government and British Entry into the European Community’, pp. 266–74; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 354–5, 361; Hugo Young, This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair (London, 1998), pp. 226–9, 232.

  20. Douglas Hurd, An End to Promises (London, 1978), p. 58; Young, This Blessed Plot, pp. 235–6.

  21. Hurd, An End to Promises, pp. 62–3; The Times, 18 May 1971, 20 May 1971; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 358; Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies (London, 1985), p. 61.

  22. The Times, 20 May 1971, 21 May 1971; Hurd, An End to Promises, pp. 63–4; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 359–60; Young, This Blessed Plot, pp. 237–8; Heath, The Course of My Life, pp. 371–2.

  23. The Times, 23 June 1971, 24 June 1971, 8 July 1971, 9 July 1971; PRO CAB 128/49, CM (71) 33, 24 June 1971; PRO CAB 129/158, CP (71) 76, ‘European Economic Communities: Draft White Paper’, 29 June 1971; and see Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, pp. 62–3; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 361–2, 397–8.

  24. The Times, 9 July 1971; Campbell Edward Heath, pp. 334–5, 401; Young, This Blessed Plot, pp. 246–7, 251–2; Young, ‘The Heath Government and British Entry into the European Community’, p. 274; Richard Weight, Patriots: National Identity in Britain 1940–2000 (London, 2002), pp. 482–3.

  25. Pimlott, Harold Wilson, pp. 568, 577; Philip Ziegler, Wilson: The Authorized Life (London, 1993), pp. 355–6, 369, 370, 372; Anthony Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain (London, 1971), p. 46.

  26. Sandbrook, White Heat, pp. 641–2; Pimlott, Harold Wilson, p. 574; David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British General Election of October 1974 (London, 1975), pp. 214–16.

  27. Tony Benn, Office Without Power (London, 1988), pp. 295–459, esp. p. 443; on Benn, see Michael Hatfield, The House the Left Built: Inside Labour Party Policy Making 1970–1975 (London, 1978), pp. 67–90; Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock (Oxford, 1992), pp. 301–13; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 39.