Accosta, Theresa Paloma. “Mexican Circuses.” Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
Bang, Herman. Four Devils, in Great Short Novels of the World. Edited by Barrett H. Clark. Translated from Danish to English by Marie Heyl. New York: Robert M. McBade & Company, 1927.
Barnum & Bailey Circus official programs, 1909–1912.
Beal, George Brinton, Through the Back Door of the Circus. Springfield, MA: McLoughlin Bros., 1938.
Beekman, Bernice. “La Belle Victoria.” Palm Springs Villager, April 1956.
Bergstrom, Janet. “Murnau in America: Chronicle of Lost Films.” Film History 14 (2002): 2. Copyright John Libbey, 2002.
Bradna, Fred, and Hartzell Spence. The Big Top: My Forty Years with the Greatest Show on Earth. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1952.
Bruce, Annie. “The Mad Love of Alfredo Codona.” True Story Magazine, May 1938.
Bull, Los. “Leitzel, Famed Aerialist, Hurls Her Body from Illness to Health.” New York Evening Graphic Magazine, April 27, 1929.
Burke, Billie. With a Feather on My Nose. New York: Appleton-Century, 1946.
Codona, Alfredo, as told to Courtney Ryley Cooper. “Split Seconds.” Saturday Evening Post, December 6, 1930.
Cooper, Courtney Ryley. “Little Lily Leitzel.” Literary Digest, April 14, 1931.
Cosmopolite. “Alfredo Codona and the Art of Aerial Acrobatics.” The Sawdust Ring, official periodical of Circus Fans Association of England. Winter 1937–38.
Davis, Charles Belmont. “Vanishing Day at the Circus.” Metropolitan Magazine, June 1910.
Donovan, Fitzpatrick. “The Flying Codonas.” Argosy, September 1957.
Eisner, Lotte H. Murnau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.
Farmer, Patsi. “Codona at the Coliseum.” Shreveport (LA) Magazine, August 1958.
Fellows, Dexter. This Way to the Big Show. New York: Viking Press, 1936.
Forbes, Camille F. Introducing Bert Williams: Burnt Cork, Broadway and the Story of America’s First Black Star. New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2008.
Foster, Frank. Pink Coat, Spangles and Sawdust: Reminiscenes with Sanger’s Bertram Mills and Other Circuses. London: Stanley Paul & Co., 1948.
Fox, Charles Philip. A Ticket to the Circus: A Pictorial History of the Incredible Ringlings. New York: Bramhall House, 1959.
Hayter-Menzies, Grant, and Erik Myers. Mrs. Ziegfeld: The Public and Private Lives of Billie Burke. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009.
Hillenbrand, Laura. Seabiscuit: The True Story of Three Men and a Racehorse. New York: HarperCollins, 2002.
Jando, Dominque, with Noel Daniel, Fred Dahlinger Jr., and Linda Granfield. The Circus Book, 1870–1950. Taschen, 2010.
Jensen, Dean. Center Ring: The Artist; Two Centuries of Circus Art. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Art Museum, 1981. Published in conjunction with the exhibitions shown at the Corcoran Gallery, Washington, D.C., Columbus (Ohio) Museum of Art, and the New York State Museum, Albany.
Junker, Patricia. John Steuart Curry: Inventing the Middle West. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1998.
Kelley, F. Beverly. It Was Better Than Work. Gerald, MO: Patrice Press, 1982.
Liebling, A. J. “Here Comes the Clown.” New Yorker, April 15, 1938. Profile of Bluch Landolf.
“Lillian Leitzel.” Saturday Evening Post, July 17, 1920.
Milde, Erna. “Mistress of the Air, Abolisher of Gravitation.” Ekstra-Bladet, Copenhagen, Denmark, February 13, 1931. Translated from Danish by Ole Simonsen, Copenhagen.
Moffet, Cleveland. Careers of Danger and Daring. New York: The Century Co., 1926.
Murnau, F. W. “Films of the Future.” McCall’s, September 1925.
____. Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (Limited Edition), a 2012 20th Century Fox DVD release of the 1927 F. W. Murnau film, which also includes a forty-minute featurette on Murnau’s 4 Devils, for which Alfredo Codona did the trapeze sequences. The featurette is narrated by Janet Bergstrom and was brilliantly assembled by her from parts of the original script, along with production drawings, photographs, and advertising materials. No copies of 4 Devils exist in Fox’s archives today, nor are any known to exist anywhere in the world. Because it was a motion picture by Murnau, and also because it included flying scenes by Codona, its disappearance is lamented today by film and circus scholars alike.
National Cyclopedia of American Biography. Chicago: Stanley Paul & Co., Ltd., ca. 1930s.
North, Henry Ringling, with Alden Hatch. The Circus Kings. New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1960.
Parkinson, Greg. “Poster Princess—Victoria Codona.” Bandwagon, vol. 29 (Dec./Jan.) 1980–81, 11–14.
Pfening Jr., Fred D. “Sisters La Rague,” Bandwagon, vol. 3 (May–June): 1969.
____. “Tom Mix: His Life, His Movies, and His Circus.” Bandwagon, November–December, 2002.
Ringling Circus official programs, 1915–1918.
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus official programs, 1919–1930.
Russell, Stephen Mims, and Gayle Moran. The Birds of Sonora. Tucson: Arizona University Press, 1998. Illustrated by Ray Harm.
St. Leon, Mark. The Circus in Australia. Richmond, Victoria, Australia: Greenhouse Publications, 1983.
Saxburger, Heinz. Verden rundt med flagrende kjoleskoder/[Around the world in a fluttering frock coat]. Denmark: Toptryk Grafisk, 2002.
Scholl, Walter C. “Mrs. Hortense Buislay Codona.” The White Tops, November 31, 1931. Obituary.
Sells-Floto Circus official programs, 1919–1922.
Sheean, Victor. Oscar Hammerstein I: The Life and Exploits of an Impresario. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1956.
Slout, William. “Olympians of the Circus.” Bandwagon online. Circus Historical Society.
Sturtevant, C. G. “The Clarke Family.” The White Tops, December 1938.
Tait, Peta. “Re/Membering Muscular Circus Bodies: Triple Somersaults, The Flying Jordans and Clarke Brothers.” Nineteenth Century Theatre and Film (Manchester University Press) 33, no. 1 (June 2006): 26–38.
Taylor, Robert Lewis. Center Ring: The People of the Circus. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956.
____. “Profiles, Star I (Leitzel).” New Yorker, April 21, 1956, 45–66.
____. “Profiles, Star II” (Leitzel). New Yorker, April 28, 1956, 47–69.
Weeks, David C. Ringling: The Florida Years. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1993.
Willett, Philip. “Blackpool Tower: The Dream of John Bickerstaff.” http://ezinearticles.com/?Blackpool-Tower—The-Dream-of-John-Bickerstaffe&id=3031042.
Willson, Dixie. Where the World Folds up at Night. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1932.
SELECTED INTERVIEWS
Antes, Edna, by phone to her home in DeLand, FL, the date of which was not recorded but is believed to have occurred in the 1980s when she was secretary-treasurer of Universal Circuses, Inc., a production company in Sarasota, FL.
Arley, Paul, at his home in Sarasota, FL, March 1977.
Brann, Francis “Butch,” at his home in Sarasota, FL, February 1977.
Codona, Anita, at her home in Long Beach, CA, July 1 and 2, 1976.
Codona, Victoria, by phone to her home in Palm Springs, CA, July, August, October 1976.
Copeland, Dolly Jahn, at her home in Sarasota, FL, February 1977.
Concello, Art M., at John Ringling Towers Hotel in Sarasota, FL, March 17, 1977.
Evans, Merle, with contributions from his wife, Neva, at their Sarasota, FL, home, March 1975; also at the Circus World Museum in Baraboo, WI, spring of 1977.
Feld, Irwin, by phone to Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus corporate offices in Washington, D.C., August 27, 1974.
Fox, Charles Philip. Dozens of times, sometimes by phone, but mostly in face-to-face either at the Circus World Museum in Baraboo, WI, where he was director from 1960 to 1972, or at his home in Baraboo, where he died in 2003.
Freeman, Freddie, at his home, and also the Brann home in Sarasota, FL, February 1977.
/> Jahn, Gretchen, at the home of her daughter, Dolly Jahn Copeland, in Sarasota, FL, February 1977.
Kelley, F. Beverly “Bev,” conducted mostly by phone to his home in Philadelphia, but also at the Circus World Museum, in the 1980s.
Kelly, Emmett, at his home in Sarasota, FL, March 3, 1978.
Leontini, Jack, at the Sarasota (FL) Nursing Home, March 17, 1978.
McCloskey, Fanny, at her home in Sarasota, FL, in March 1977 and 1978, and also occasionally by phone during this same period.
Pelikan, Alfred, numerous interviews, all of them at his Milwaukee home, the first of them April 18, 1976, and continuing into the 1980s.
Rosen, Lew, at John Ringling Towers Hotel, Sarasota, FL, March 17, 1977.
Saxburger, Heinz, by phone to his home in Copenhagen, Denmark, December 2011.
Scaperlanda, Georgia, by phone to her home in San Antonio, TX, February 25, 1975.
Shives, Charlotte, at her home St. Petersburg, FL, March 21, 1978.
Siegrest, Joe, at Brann home in Sarasota, FL, February 1976.
Wallenda, Karl, by phone, July 2, 1974, and at his home in Sarasota, FL, March 1975.
Wirth, May, at her home in Sarasota, FL, March 1975.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dean Jensen is the author of The Lives and Loves of Daisy and Violet Hilton: A True Story of Conjoined Twins, published in 2006. He has been a dealer of contemporary art for twenty-five years and is the operator of the Dean Jensen Gallery in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he and his wife also make their home. Previously, he was an art critic and feature writer for the Milwaukee Sentinel (now the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel). He has received numerous writing awards.
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