SPQR

Home > Other > SPQR > Page 57
SPQR Page 57

by Mary Beard

on Conflict of the Orders 146–7

  on the death of Romulus 73–4

  on foundation story 58–62

  on human sacrifice at Rome 180

  on the rape of Lucretia 121–2

  on the regal period 93, 97, 98, 110, 123–4, 125

  on relationship of Romulus and Aeneas 77

  on the early Republic 128, 131, 132, 142, 152

  on Scipio Barbatus 139

  on Second Punic War 181–2, 183–4

  Lollius Urbicus, Quintus, governor of Britain 509, 521

  Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) 423

  Lucceius, Lucius 40, 51

  Lucian, satirist 480, 490

  Lucius Verus, Emperor (joint ruler with Marcus Aurelius) 388, 401, 439–40

  Lucretia 93, 121–3, 132, Pl. 4

  Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus): On the Nature of Things (De rerum natura) 298–9

  Lupercalia festival 103, 293

  M

  Maccari, Cesare 31, 31–4, 40, 49, Pl. 1

  Macedon, Roman conflict with 176, 179, 194, 196

  Macrinus, Marcus Opellius, Emperor 528–9, 531

  magic 139, 145, 465

  maps and ancient images of the world 163, 364, Pl. 21

  Marcus Aurelius, Emperor (joint ruler with Lucius Verus to 169 CE) 401, 402–3, 402, 411, 420, 480, 528, 534

  philosophical writing and image 387, 399, 412

  wars on the Danube 402, 486, Pl. 10

  Marius, Gaius 256, 266–9

  army recruitment 267–8

  marriage and weddings 303–13, 304

  age of girls at 311–13

  arranged 309–310, 379

  banned between patricians and plebeians 149, 150, 151

  first Roman 61–2, 64, 303–4

  see also intermarriage

  Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis) 123

  Masada, siege of, Judaea 511–12, 514

  Mastarna (possibly Servius Tullius) 115–6, Pl. 7

  Mesopotamia 483

  Metellus, Quintus Caecilius, Marius’ commander 266

  Metellus Scipio (Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica), opponent of Caesar 290, 294

  midwives 314, 315, 409

  ‘military tribunes with consular power’ (‘colonels’) 132, 138, 152

  militias see private armies

  Mithradates VI, King of Pontus Cicero’s speech supporting Pompey’s command against him 269–73

  long-standing war with Rome 214, 242–3, 244, 269, 270, 279, 283, 287, 321, 475

  Pompey’s victory of 63 BCE, triumph 61 BCE 214, 273–4

  suicide after Pharnaces’ coup 273

  Mons Claudianus (‘Mountain of Claudius’), Egypt 505–6, 506

  Monte Testaccio (‘Broken Pot Mountain’), Rome 507, 508

  Mummius Achaicus, Lucius 210–12, 213, 487

  N

  Nero, Emperor 330, 334, 358, 387, 388, 397, 401, 404–5, 415, 416, 418, 422, 423, 432, 469

  death of his wife 428–9

  extravagance and building 399, 405, 407–8, 413

  ‘false Neros’ 404

  Fire of Rome 398

  modern rehabilitations 404

  murder of his mother 398, 400–401, 404, 422

  and Otho 489

  scapegoats Christians 398, 518

  and Tiridates 485–6

  Nerva, Emperor 387, 388, 401, 418–20, 426

  Nicolaus of Damascus 337

  Numa Pompilius, King of Rome 95, 100, 453

  and religion 93, 101, 102, 103–4

  Roman calendar 104–6

  Numitor, king of Alba Longa 58, 59

  O

  Octavia, sister of Octavian, wife of Marcus Antonius 346, 347

  Octavian

  adopted by Caesar in his will 339–40

  brutality and excess 340–41, 352

  known as Augustus after 27 BCE 340, 354

  ‘son of a god’ 340, 355, 368

  talking ravens 352–3, 359

  triumph of 29 BCE 348–9, 351

  triumvirate and civil war 341–9

  see also Augustus, Emperor

  Opimius, Lucius, murderer of Gaius Gracchus 128, 232–3, 236, 267, 441

  optimates 227, 256

  Oracles of Astrampsychus, The 465–7

  Oscans and Oscan language 85, 172, 212, 239, 249

  Ostia, port of Rome 93, 315, 447, 451, 455

  Bar of the Seven Sages 471–3, Pl. 15

  Otho, Marcus Salvius, Emperor 388, 489

  Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) Ars Amatoria (Love Lessons) 63, 359

  Miseries (Tristia) 376

  P

  Pantheon, Rome see Hadrian’s Pantheon

  Parthian Empire, conflicts with Rome 238, 279–80, 280, 291, 339, 347, 363

  patricians see Conflict of the Orders

  Pausanias: Guidebook to Greece (Periegesis) 500–501

  peasant farmers 74, 221, 309, 343, 442–3

  see also Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, land reform

  Perpetua, Vibia (Christian martyr) 518–19

  Perseus, King of Macedon (defeated by Aemilius Paullus) 176, 184, 194, 196, 199, 201

  Perusia (Perugia)

  siege of (40 BCE) 342, 380

  small sling bullets unearthed 344–5, 345

  Peticius, Gaius, and family 287, 288

  Petronius (Gaius Petronius Arbiter): Satyricon 334, 441–2, 453

  Phaedrus: Fables 467–8

  Pharnaces, son of Mithradates VI 273, 287, 290

  Pharsalus, Battle of (48 BCE) 287, 294, 300

  Philippi, Battle of (42 BCE) 342

  Pictor, Quintus Fabius 98

  History 138, 171

  pileus (cap of liberty) 295, 296

  pirates 176, 271, 325, 523

  Plautus (Titus Maccius Plautus) 171, 197

  cultural diversity 202–3

  plebeians see Conflict of the Orders

  Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) 120

  on the Augustan world map 364

  on Caesar’s crime in Gaul 285

  on Cloaca Maxima 120

  criticism of extravagance 274, 319, 435–6

  on the succession of Tiberius 380

  Pliny the Younger (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus) 419, 424–8, 475–80

  on Christians 476–7, 517–18

  on his properties 435–6, 437, 507

  as provincial governor 475–80, 487, 488

  relations with dissidents 427–8

  Plutarch (Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus) 230–31, 289, 349, 500, 501–2

  Pollio, Gaius Asinius 286–7

  Polybius 172–3, 184–93, 185, 196, 211

  hostage in Rome 184–6

  observer and analyst of Roman power 153, 172–3, 186–9, 192–3, 213, 502

  Pompeii 249, 503, Pls. 14 and 17

  bars in 456–7, 457, 456, 461

  House of the Faun 406–7

  laundries 454–5, 470–71, Pl. 18

  life in the local Forum 444, 444

  literate culture 470–71

  Social War and aftermath 237, 241, 251

  statue plinth in Temple of Apollo precinct 211–12

  Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) 215, 276

  in ‘Gang of Three’ 218, 278–9, 309

  image under emperors 384, 423

  imperial-style honours and prerogatives 274–7, 285

  military victories 214, 271–4

  murdered in Egypt 219, 287, 289–90

  rivalry and civil war with Caesar 219, 256, 278, 287–9

  sole-consul 282

  Pompey, Sextus, son of Pompey the Great 291, 346

  Pomponia, Atticus’ sister 310–11

  poor, poverty 442–73

  and Christianity 473

  land distributions 45, 216, 222

  living conditions 33, 46, 442–8

  poor voters 191–2

  Poppaea Sabina, wife of Nero 428–9, 489

  populares 227, 256

  population estimates 36, 97–8, 119, 135, 229,
329, 362–3, 440, 457, 521

  Porsenna, Lars, King of Clusium 123–4, 125

  Praeneste, Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia 234, 235, 235

  Praetorian Guard 371, 391, 392, 393–4, 417, 419, 420, 528

  praetors, ‘chief praetors’, propraetors 131, 136, 272

  private armies 26, 98, 99, 114–17, 141, 245, 256, 281, 340, 370

  procurator (specialist financial officer) 488, 490, 518

  Propertius 154

  ‘proscriptions’ (‘notices’ or pogroms) 217, 243–4, 253, 340, 341–2, 343–4

  publicani (‘public service providers’; ‘publicans’) 263, 328, 488

  Publicola, Publius Valerius 98, 129

  Publilia, second wife of Cicero 302, 303, 311, 313

  pudicitia (‘chastity’) 122, 122, 123

  Punic War, First (264 – 241 BCE) 174, 175, 181, 186, 192, 193, 199, Pl. 8

  Punic War, Second (218 – 201 BCE) 175–7, 179, 180, 183–4, 200, 201, 206, 245, 257

  see also Hannibal

  Punic War, Third (149 – 146 BCE) 175

  Pyrrhus 173–5, 173, 194

  ‘Pyrrhic victory’ 174

  Pythagoras 104, 465, 466

  Q

  Quadratilla, Ummidia 436, 458

  quaestors 32, 136, 246, Pl. 8

  R

  rape, in myths of early Rome 60–63, 93, 121–3, 137, 148–50, 308

  regal period 91–130

  end of monarchy 121–5

  inscription under the black stone 88–9, 91, 93, 99

  interactions with Etruscans 109–17

  later institutions projected back to kings 101–9, 105

  modern scepticism about kings 93–4

  sequence and character of early monarchs 93–9

  urban development 117–20

  Regina (‘Queenie’), wife of Barates 509–10, 510

  religion

  basic characteristics of Roman religion 102–3

  festivals 103, 104–6, 105, 275, 293, 281, 429

  incorporation of new deities 179, 205–7, 206, 519

  mythical role of Numa in foundation of religion 101–6, 105

  permeable boundary between humans and gods 73, 275–7, 318, 384, 428–34

  piety of Roman state and support of gods for Rome 101–2, 186, 193, 275, 282–3, 365

  priests and priesthoods 103–4, 103, 147, 148, 179, 206, 207, 292, 368–9, 455, 519

  see also Christianity; Great Mother goddess; Druids; Judaism

  Remus see Romulus and Remus

  Romana princeps (of Livia, ‘first lady’) 378

  Romulus and Remus 54–6, 55, 71

  death or apotheosis of Romulus 73–4

  legacy and implications of the myth 68–9, 73–4, 215–6, 238, 527

  monuments to Romulus (and Remus) 66, 66, 69–70, 369, 408

  myth of birth and upbringing 57, 58–9, 63, 70, 72

  myth of foundation of Rome and murder of Remus 59–60, 64–5

  Rape of Sabines 60–64, 61, Pl. 3

  Romulus and Augustus 354, 384

  Romulus declares Rome an asylum 60, 66–7, 68

  ‘second Romulus’s 53–4, 56, 138

  tomb 87–8, 92

  Rubicon River 219, 286–7

  S

  Sabines 53, 80, 85, 202

  joint Roman-Sabine community 64, 80–81

  rape of 60–64, 61, 303–4, Pl. 3

  Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus) 38

  History of Rome 62–3

  on the faults and corruption of the Republic 38–9, 213, 265–6, 306, 516

  The War against Catiline (Bellum Catilinae) 38–9, 42, 47, 176, 267

  The War against Jugurtha 213, 264–7

  Samnites and Samnite Wars (343 – 290 BCE) 85, 134, 137, 157–8, 159, 160, Pl. 6

  Sardinia 175, 196, 229, 257, 259

  Scipio family, tomb of see Barbatus, Lucius Cornelius Scipio, his tomb and epitaph

  Scipio Nasica, Publius, insults plebeian voter 191–2

  Scipio Nasica Serapio, Publius Cornelius, murderer of Tiberius Gracchus 224–7

  senate

  analysis of Polybius 188–9

  attacks on senatorial competence to govern 264–7

  attempts to police, or bypass, senate 223, 230–31, 262–4, 268–9

  character and power at time of Cicero 32–3, 285–6

  early history 70, 96–7, 99, 136, 152

  fails to take effective control at regime change 393–4, 423

  recruitment further afield 67, 156–7, 521–2

  reforms of Augustus 354–5, 370, 373

  reforms of Sulla 245–6

  senators

  debarred from large-scale trade 262, 326

  distinctive clothing 32

  privileges given by Augustus 373

  relations between senators and emperor 375–6, 421–8

  Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, skit on the deification of Claudius 432

  Sentinum, Battle of (295 BCE) 134–5, 158, 159, 160

  Septimius Severus, Emperor 67, 521, 522, 528, Pl. 11

  Septimontium (‘Seven hills’) ritual 80–81, 86

  Servian Wall, Rome 118, 156, 157

  Servius Tullius, King of Rome

  Etruscan versions of his story (as Mastarna) 95–6, 114–17

  murdered 100–101, 110

  mythical founding father of political institutions 93, 106–9

  Roman myths of his birth and succession 95, 97, 100, 110

  temples attributed to him 110, 111, 141

  see also Servian Wall

  Sestius, Publius and family 326

  Sicily 85, 119, 171, 175, 196, 204, 229, 292, Pl. 8

  governorship of Verres 253–5

  slavery 328–33

  Cicero’s slave household 328–9, 331–3, 341

  ex-slaves 68, 199, 295, 296, 330, 332–3, 441–2, 451–2, 523

  Livia’s slave household 408–9

  motives of slave ‘rebels’ 248–9, 332, 472

  number of slaves in Italy 199, 329

  other sources of slaves 316, 329

  relations between master and slave 332–3, 469, Pl. 17

  runaways 331–2, Pl. 16

  slave trade 329, 503, 523

  slavery for debt 145, 147–8

  slaves as profit of war 154, 170, 178, 211, 328, 329

  Spartacus’ ‘slave war’ 217–18, 248–50, 249

  treatment 319, 329–30, 333, 344

  Social War (90 – 88 BCE) 217, 241, 251–2

  causes and aims of war 234–9, 239

  consequences 239–41, 251

  Spain

  military conflict 176, 181, 197, 272, 291

  olive oil export trade 507–8, 508

  silver mines 195–6

  Sparta, population 98

  Spartacus see slavery, Spartacus ‘slave war’

  succession to imperial throne 97, 377–81, 414–20

  Suetonius (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus) 352, 405

  mistranslation 396

  personal anecdotes 359, 366, 370, 378, 380, 432, 458

  The Twelve Caesars 400

  Sulla Felix, Lucius Cornelius

  campaign against Mithradates 243, 270

  consulship 88 BCE and command in Social War 241

  death 245

  dictator 245

  invasions of Rome 217, 219, 241–3, 269

  proscriptions 217, 243–4

  reform programme 245–7

  Sulla, Publius (defended by Cicero) 328

  T

  Tacitus, Publius Cornelius on adopting a successor 419

  analysis of autocracy and corruption 203, 400, 421

  career under Domitian 426

  on imperialism and provincial rule 494–7, 515–16, 535–6

  on reign of Nero 403, 404, 416–17, 422, 432

  Tanaquil, wife of Tarquinius Priscus 97, 110, 115

  Tarquinius Priscus (‘Tarquin the Elder’), King of Rome 93, 109

  Etruscan and Greek connections 100, 110, 11
3

  murder of 97, 100, 110

  Tarquinius, Sextus, assaults Lucretia 121–2

  Tarquinius Superbus (‘Tarquin the Proud’), King of Rome 93, 109–10

  Etruscan connection 110, 113

  expulsion of 100, 123–5, 126, 132, 339

  fanatical building projects 93, 120

  murder of Servius Tullius 100–101, 110

  taxation

  direct taxation of Roman citizens suspended (167 BCE) 179, 201

  provincial taxation through publicani in Republic 263

  provincial taxation under emperors 488

  provincial taxes raised through local elites 488, 492

  varied taxation arrangements abroad 195–6

  Teos, Turkey

  letter of Roman official 102

  Tean delegates to Rome 194–5, 197–8, 321

  Terence (Publius Terentius Afer) 171, 172

  theme of rape in comedies 202

  Terentia, first wife of Cicero 302, 303, 310, 312, 319, 327

  Teutoburg Forest, Battle of (9 CE) 480–81, 512

  theatres

  first stone theatre in Rome (Pompey’s) 214, 276, 338, 486

  temporary theatre on Palatine, context of Gaius’ assassination 391, 393

  theatre at Asculum, disruption 251–2, 298

  theatre audience in Rome 202

  Thrasea Paetus, Publius Clodius 41, 422, 427, 428

  Tiber island, and origins of Republic 126–7, 128

  Tiberius, Emperor 388, Pl. 20

  at Augustus’ death 381, 384

  honoured at Gytheum, Greece 431

  lurid anecdotes 398–9

  quip on provincial exploitation 488

  relations with senate 421

  retirement to Capri 390, 405

  succession 378–80

  Tiddis, Algeria 509

  Timgad, Algeria 436–7, 438, 460, 462

  Tiridates, King of Armenia 485–6

  Tiro (Cicero’s slave secretary; later Marcus Tullius Tiro) 332–3

  Titus, Emperor 388, 413, 415, 512

  Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines 61, 64

  Togidubnus (or Cogidubnus), Tiberius Claudius 493, 497, 513, 521

  Trajan, Emperor 388, 440–41, 498, 521, 534

  column 367, 483, 483

  correspondence with Pliny 424–5, 475–80, 488, 489, 517–18

  first ‘adopted’ emperor 418, 419–20,

  first ‘provincial’ emperor 67, 418, 521

  imperial expansion, death and triumph 483

  tribunes of the people (tribuni plebis)

  emperors claim ‘power’ of tribunes 247

  origins 147

  re-election 226, 232

  right of veto 223, 247

  Sulla’s attack 246–8

  tribunes in the late Republic 216, 223, 281

  Trimalchio 334, 441, 459

  triumph ceremony

  Cicero’s ambitions for triumph 300–301

  claims of Antony’s triumph at Alexandria 347

  display of conquest 201–2, 214, 290–91

 

‹ Prev