Agudath Yisrael of America 172
AIPAC (American Israel Public Affairs Committee) 1, 109, 159, 167, 169, 170, 172, 173, 176, 177, 181
conferences 100, 114, 151, 159, 174, 178
influence 3, 85
J-Street and 159
membership 151, 185
opposed to linkage between settlements and Soviet Jewish immigration 168
relationship to Likud 156, 157
support for Disengagement 174
support for Oslo 174
Aliyah 153
Allen, Woody 142
Almark, Per 25
Almond, Gabriel 5
Al Qaida 52, 66, 74
America First Committee 36
American Christian Palestinian Committee 123
American Conservative 34, 36, 37, 47, 52
American Council for Judaism 141, 176
American creed 15–16, 18, 28, 182, 185
classical liberalism of 10, 13, 25, 59
universal values of 34
American Enterprise Institute 40
American exceptionalism 10, 13
American Friends of Likud 168, 170
American Friends of the Middle East 122, 123
American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) 128, 129
American Jewish Committee (AJC) 132, 144, 145, 160, 161, 162
polls 161, 163
surveys 151, 154, 156, 163, 164, 250n26, 252n50, 254n12, 256n39
American Jews, alienation from Israel 148(Figure)
attachment to Israel 145–149, 146(Table), 147(Tables), 148(Table), 151–154
attitudes towards the peace process 164–167
caring about Israel 152(Figure)
close to Israel by age 153(Figure)
closeness to Israel by religious denomination 146(Figure)
distancing from Israel 149–151
intermarriage 143, 144, 146
opinion on the peace process 160–164, 161(Tables), 162(Table)
party identification and attachment to Israel 149(Table)
pro-Israel advocacy 157–158
religious denomination 143(Table)
synagogue membership 144(Table)
travel to Israel 154–155
voting 155–157
American Left 60–61
liberalism of 200n116
American political culture, American creed and 25
Arab-Israeli conflict and 184
exceptionalism 10, 13
hostility to Israel 18–19
Israeli paradox in 1, 4, 6, 181
key subdivisions 6
pro-Israel 185, 187
public sympathy for Israel 28
role of Protestantism 6, 12
role of the Bible 11
support for human rights and democracy 15
sympathy for Zionism and Israel 9–10.
see also Political culture
American Prospect 70, 73, 75
American Protestantism 6, 96, 122
American Revolutionary Army 14
American Spectator 47, 49
American University of Beirut (AUB) 122
Americans for a Safe Israel 168, 170
Americans for Peace Now 55, 152, 168, 170
Anglican Church 135
Anglo-American Commission of Enquiry 14
Annapolis Peace Conference 51, 56, 106, 111, 175
Anti/Post-Zionism Left 176
Anti-Defamation League (ADL) 22, 113, 144, 167
polls 199n115
Anti-Semitism 2, 10, 15, 18, 25, 26, 33, 37, 44, 45, 48(Table), 49, 70, 71(Table), 74, 76, 82, 102, 122, 123, 130, 132, 140, 142, 144, 158, 165, 182, 186
Anti-Zionism 25, 27, 44, 140, 176, 182
mainline 121–122
Anti-Zionist lobby 33
Antonius, George 123
Arab Awakening (book) 122
Arab-Israeli conflict, Democratic administration policy towards 3, 58, 59, 62, 67, 80–82
elite conservative approaches to 48(Table)
elite liberal approaches to 71(Table)
Evangelicals, Christian Zionists and approaches to 104–106
“evenhanded” perspective of 229n197
historical roots of mainline approaches to 120–122
Israel and 53–56
mainline public and 119–120
Middle East and 77–80
public opinion towards 19–21
Republican administration policy towards 3, 54–56
transatlantic divide over 22–28
U.S. policy towards 3, 5, 54–56
Arab League 74, 76
Arab nationalism 37, 121, 122, 129, 134
Arabist Realism 34, 38
Arafat, Yasir 17, 43, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 58, 61, 64, 72, 73, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 86, 108, 111, 112, 127, 163, 166, 169
Arens, Moshe 46
“Armageddon,” 2, 95, 96, 97, 102–103, 104, 115
Armey, Dick 40, 44, 100
Armoni, Avi 176, 259n117
Assad, Bashar 37, 49, 73
Association of Reform Zionists of America 153
Ateek, Naim 128–129, 130, 131
Atlantic 70, 73
AWCS 110
Ayalon, Danny 112, 240n124
Aydelotte, Frank 14
Aznar, José Maria 24, 25
Ba'athist regime 42, 49
Baker, James 35
Baker-Hamilton Commission 56
Baker-Hamilton Report 35
Balfour Declaration 60, 122
Barak, Ehud 75, 81, 82, 163, 173, 174, 175
Bauer, Gary 100, 101, 111, 112, 114
BDS (Boycotts, divestment, and sanctions) 26, 69, 71(Table), 126, 132, 133, 134, 136, 179, 201n128, n129, 260n137.
see also Divestment; Presbyterian divestment resolution (2004)
Beck, Glenn 40
Begin, Menachem 99
Beilin, Yossi 172, 174
Beinart, Peter 77, 86, 150, 165–166
Ben-Ami, Jeremy 177, 178
Bennett, William 44
Berman, Paul 62, 63, 182
Beyond Iraq: The Next Move (book) 106–107
Biden, Joe 14, 159, 178
Billy Graham Evangelistic Association 239n92
Bin Laden, Osama 67
Birthright Israel (aka Taglit) 154, 156–157, 158
Blackstone, William 12, 13, 98, 99, 101
Blair, Tony 24, 25
Blaising, Craig 238n91
Bliss, Daniel 122
Bliss, Howard 122
Bloomfield, Doug 173
Blowback 35, 48(Table), 69, 71(Table)
Blunt, Roy 55
Bosnian Muslims 63
Boycotts, divestment, and sanctions. See BDS
Brand Israel Group 220n64
Brandeis, Louis 140, 141
Breira 167–168
Bridges for Peace 99
Brit Tzedek v'Shalom 170, 172, 179
Brooks, David 50
Brooks, Matt 156
Brown, Robert McAfee 118, 129–130, 131
Brownback, Sam 100
Bruckner, Pascal 28
Brzezinski, Zbigniew 65
Buchanan, Patrick 33, 34, 35, 36, 47, 49, 52, 110
Buchenwald 41
Buckley, William F. 33, 39, 49, 51
Bureau for Near Eastern Affairs, U.S. State Department 33, 122
Burgen, Gary 108
Burnham, James 33
Bush, George (Prof.) 11
Bush, George H. W. 20, 33, 35, 37, 54, 56, 110, 168, 178
Bush, George W. 3, 21, 31, 40, 42, 45, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 63, 66, 76, 77, 79, 82, 100, 101, 105–106, 107, 108, 109, 183, 187
faith as a factor in attitude towards Israel 110–113, 115
Butler, Judith 70
Buxton, Frank 14
Camp David II (2000) 51, 75, 81, 175
Campolo, Tony 97
Cantor, Eric 55
Cardin, Shoshanna 168
Carmichael, Stokely 69
Carter, Jimmy 40, 58, 65, 69, 70, 97, 109
Cato In
stitute 34
CBS polls 21
Center for American Progress 65, 67
Center for Responsive Politics 3
Center for Security Policy 40
Central Conference of American Reform Rabbis (CCAR) 171
Chamberlain, Neville 111
Chevez, Hugo 185
Chesteron, G. E. 10
Cheney, Richard (Dick) 10, 40, 112
Chicago Council on Global Affairs 16, 21
Chicago Tribune 13, 27, 201n137
Chomsky, Noam 68, 176
Christian Century 121, 122, 124
Christian Coalition 97, 99, 106, 110, 111, 114
Christian Council for Palestine 122
Christian Friends of Israeli Communities 107
Christian Israel Public Action Campaign (CIPAC) 109
Christian Realism 131
Christian Right 77, 96, 97, 99, 100, 110, 111, 113
Christian Zionism 95, 97, 99, 102, 103, 107, 109, 110, 115, 126
Christianity Today 99, 105, 109
Christians for Fare Witness on the Middle East 133
Christians United for Israel (CUFI) 100
Chronicles 34, 52
Churches for Mideast Peace 129
“A Clean Break,” 44
Clifford, Clark 11, 12
Clinton Parameters (2000) 73, 81, 86, 127, 161
Clinton, Bill 11, 12, 20, 49, 55, 59, 62, 64, 67, 80, 81, 97, 110, 168, 174
Clinton, Hillary 63
Coalition for Jerusalem 172
Coffin, Henry Sloan 122
Cohen, Nick 28
Cohen, Richard 70, 72, 73, 86
Cohen, Steven 149
Cold War 4, 15, 26, 31, 33, 35, 38, 39, 41, 43, 61, 62, 66, 69, 186
Columbus Platform 141
Commentary 40, 42, 44, 47, 49, 50
Concerned Christians 103
Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations 167, 173, 174, 175, 178
Conservative Judaism/Jews 139, 140, 141, 143, 143(Table), 144, 145, 164, 266, 269, 173, 178, 187
attachment to Israel 146(Table)
closeness to Israel 146(Table)
issue of settlements and Israeli security 165 (Table)
synagogue membership 144(Table)
Conservatives 6, 28, 58, 59, 88, 118, 133
Israel and (1949–1991) 33
neo- 39–40, 41, 44, 46–47, 48(Table), 49–50, 52, 61, 62, 77, 113
old-establishment 34–38
public opinion 52–54
Republican Party and 32–33
support for Israel 1, 31, 32, 33, 40, 51, 53, 56, 57, 84, 89, 90, 106, 108, 110, 112, 164, 175, 182, 189, 203n10
Constructivism 4
CounterPunch 68
Crane, Charles R. 122
Daily Kos 70, 221n78
Daily Telegraph 27, 201n137
Daniel 98
Darby, John 98
David Project 152
De Gaulle, Charles 74
Dean, Howard 65
DeLay, Tom 45, 100n112
Democracy 10, 15, 31, 34, 61, 62, 135
Israel as a 14, 15, 18, 25, 36, 43, 63, 72, 102, 141, 165, 167, 182, 184
lack of in the Middle East 42
Lebanon 56
Democratic Party 40, 58, 68, 85
American Jewish identification with 147, 155, 184, 187
anti-Israel within 84
Daily Kos is a discussion forum and 221n78
evangelicals and 97
Jerusalem and 85
liberalism and 59–60, 62
Realists within 65
Democratization 41, 47, 51, 186
Depression 42
Deuteronomy, Book of 12
Disengagement 46, 50, 52, 74, 76, 107, 108, 111, 112, 124, 135, 162, 164, 171, 172, 174
Dispensationalism (Premillennial) 12, 97–98, 109, 111
Dissent 62, 62–63, 70, 71, 73
Divestment 1, 26, 69, 116, 120, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 176, 179, 248n92, 260n137.
see also BDS; Presbyterian divestment resolution (2004)
Dole, Robert 174, 175
Dulles Allen 37, 122
Dulles, John Foster 37
Eagles Wing 102
Eckhardt, Roy 121, 123
Elazar, Daniel 142
Electoral College 155
Elon, Benny 107, 112
Emergency Committee for Israel 57
End Divestment Now 133
Episcopal Church 127, 129, 130
Episcopal Peace Fellowship Award 129
Europe 2, 6, 8
attitudes toward the Arab-Israeli conflict 9
compared to American support for Israel 22–28, 184, 185, 187
favorable opinion of Israel 22(Table)
political culture 24–28, 184
sympathy with Israel over the Palestinians 23(Table)
Evangelical Lutheran Church of America 127, 129
Evangelicals 33, 45, 110
agree that U.S. should support Israel over the Palestinians 106(Table)
apocalyptic 6
approaches to Arab-Israeli conflict 104–105
Christian Zionism and 106–109
conservative 45, 96, 97, 99, 106, 115, 126
Democrat Party 97
demography and politics 96–97
difference from mainline 117, 119, 119–120(Tables)
dispensationalism 98
even-handed and pro-Palestinian 108–109
fundamentalists and 95–96
missionary activities among Jews 99
populist nationalists 44, 45, 48(Table)
protestant 12
public opinion 104–106
reasons for supporting Israel 101–104
relation to Begin government 99
Republican Party 33, 97, 183
support for Israel 6, 95, 97, 99, 100, 10, 111, 113, 114–115, 127, 134, 135, 182, 185
white 40, 45, 60, 102, 103, 104, 104(Table), 105(Tables), 114
Evans, Mike 106
Ekstein, Yechiel 99, 100, 113
Exodus 15
Falk, Richard 70
Falwell, Jerry 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 110, 112
Fascism, apologists for 35
European 42
fight against 62
Islamic 42, 102
Jews as victims of 26, 69
Fayyad, Salam 51, 63, 74
Federal Council of Churches 123
Fein, Leonard 149, 176
Feith, Doug 40, 46, 55, 56
Fellowship of Reconciliation 123
Final Dawn Over Jerusalem (book) 101
Financial Times 27, 201n137
Finklestein, Norman 176
First intifada (1987–1991) 19, 61, 73, 124, 127, 129, 130, 142, 149, 159, 168, 169, 186.
see also Second intifada
First Lebanon War (1982) 61, 142, 149, 149, 150, 168, 169.
see also Second Lebanon War
Flesher, Dan 173
Fourteen Points 13
Foxman, Abe 114, 167, 168, 174, 175
Franklin, Benjamin 11
Freedom House 18, 125
Friedman, Harvey 174
Friedman, Thomas 58, 70, 72, 73, 85, 142
Frum, David 112
Fuller Theological Seminary 108
Fundamentalism, origins of 96
Gallup 17, 20, 21, 22, 32, 60, 78, 90, 91
Gates, Robert 35, 56, 65
Gaza War (2008–2009) 21, 23, 51, 54, 70, 75, 78(Table), 79, 79(Table), 86, 90(Table), 172, 177
pro-Israel margin 79(Table)
Geneva Draft Peace Agreement (2003) 46, 74, 76, 172
Gingrich, Newt 42, 55
Global Evangelism Television 100
God's Covenant with Israel: Establishing Biblical Boundaries in Today's World (book) 107
Golan Heights 72, 106, 109, 127, 169, 174
Goldberg, Jeffrey 73, 86
Goldstone Report 84
Goldwater, Barry 43
Gore, Al 62
/>
Graham, Billy 96
Graham, Franklin 239n92
Grand strategy, anti-Israel left approach 68–69
defensive approach 35–36, 37, 88, 182
definition 3
dovish Democrat approach 54–66, 82, 183
first Obama administration 82
liberal internationalist approach 88, 185
Liberal and Democrat 61–62, 71(Table), 77
offensive interventionist approach 40, 41–43, 47, 56, 57
old conservative establishment approach 35–36, 48(Table)
Republican approach 52–53
Great Tribulation 98, 99
Grossman, Steve 174
Guardian 27, 201–202n137, n138
Gulf War (1991) 19, 62, 65, 162
Haaretz 100, 166
Hadassah 151, 157
Haganah 14
Hagee, John 96, 100, 101, 103–104, 107, 112, 114, 238n82
Hagel, Chuck 65
Haggard, Ted 101, 108
Hale, Dennis 130
Halkin, Hillel 50
Hamas 21, 24, 35, 43, 49, 51, 52, 56, 63, 64, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 80, 83, 84, 111, 124, 128, 132, 135, 160, 163, 172, 173, 177, 181, 186
Hamas Charter 132
Hamas-Fatah coalition 76
Hamilton, Lee 82–83
Harris polls 196n82
Harrison, Benjamin 13
Hayford, Jack 108
Hebrew Bible 10–11, 98, 104
Hebrew Union College 141
Helms, Jesse 55, 100, 215n179
Heritage Foundation 40
Hezbollah 124, 186
Hispanics 10, 12, 40, 60, 85, 185, 187
sympathy for Israel over the Palestinians 86 (Table)
Hispanic Catholics 85, 86(Table)
Hitler, Adolf 16, 41, 122, 124, 131, 141, 166, 169
Hoenlein, Malcolm 173, 175
Holbrooke, Richard 63
Holly Spirit 98
Holocaust 15–16, 25, 26, 27, 33, 41, 44, 61, 68, 69, 82, 87, 122, 123, 124, 125, 130, 131, 141, 149, 170, 199n114
remembrance in Europe 199n114
Holocaust (NBC miniseries) 15
Honest Reporting 152
Hoover, Herbert 13
Howe, Irving 62
Hoyer, Steny 84
Huckabee, Mike 45, 100
Hudson Institute 40
Huffington Post 68
Human Rights and Racial Justice in Mission Contexts and Relationships at the United Methodist General Board of Global Ministries 129
Human Rights Watch 70
Humanitarian of the Year Award 114
Huntington, Samuel 185
Hurricane Katrina 107
Hussein, Saddam 17, 19
Identity, American 5, 9, 10, 17, 18, 28, 45, 182, 184, 185
anti-Israel Left 68–69
Christian American 33
collective 4
definition 191n22
dovish Democrats 65
impact of 7
Israeli national 24
Israel's 182
Jewish 44, 141–142, 143, 144, 147, 149, 13, 177, 180
The Arab_Israeli Conflict Page 46