by Jack Lindsay
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If you enjoyed reading Helen of Troy by Jack Lindsay, you might be interested in Joan of Arc by Edward Lucie-Smith, also published by Endeavour Press.
Extract from Joan of Arc by Edward Lucie-Smith
I
On the morning of 30 May 1431 Joan of Arc was burnt in the Place du Vieux-Marche in Rouen. Her end was witnessed by ‘an almost innumerable throng of spectators’, (1) perhaps as many as ten thousand people. They included not only most of the citizens of the town, but others drawn from the surrounding countryside. A contemporary historian says that many people came to Rouen for this purpose as if to a public show. (2)
Though exec
utions were, at this time, always a form of public entertainment, the size of the crowd indicated not only the curiosity aroused by the personality of Joan herself, self-styled or styled as she claimed by her voices ‘Jeanne la Pucelle, fille de Dieu’, (3) but the efficiency of the English occupying power. Tried as a heretic, Joan had made a public abjuration of her errors in the cemetery of the church of Saint Ouen on 24 May. She had then been condemned to perpetual imprisonment. On the following Sunday, 28 May, she was found to have relapsed, and the next day the ecclesiastical court responsible for her trial had met again to condemn her.
The authorities concerned must have made certain that the news of her condemnation and impending execution spread quickly. They wanted Joan’s death to be witnessed by as many people as possible — the ignominous end of the supposed miracle-worker who had raised the siege of Orleans, who was held to be responsible for the rout of an English army at Patay, and who had led their enemy, Charles of Valois, to the anointing and crowning at Rheims which seemed to legitimize his claim to the French throne.
Even though ten thousand pairs of eyes saw the flames envelop Joan where she stood chained to the stake on the high plaster scaffold, this was not enough. When her cries ceased ‘the fire was raked back and her naked body shown to all the people ... to take away any doubts from people’s minds. When they had stared long enough at her dead body bound to the stake, the executioner got a big fire going about her carcass, which was soon burned up.’ (4) Afterwards her ashes were thrown into the Seine.
It ought to have been, as it was meant to be, consignment to oblivion. Joan had excited popular wonder since her arrival at Charles VII’s court at Chinon, in the spring of 1429. Her reputation had been a little tarnished by her failure to take Paris, as she promised to do. It had been further dimmed by her capture at Compiègne, while it was being besieged by the armies of the Duke of Burgundy. For just over a year before her death she had been a prisoner, first in Burgundian, then in English hands. During the early part of her captivity, she had made several attempts to escape, all of which had failed.
When she was transferred to English custody, in return for a substantial sum of money, her fate became inevitable, though both she and her judges sometimes seemed reluctant to recognize this. The position was summed up by the Earl of Warwick’s remark to her doctors, at a time when she was sick in prison: ‘The King does not wish, for anything in the world, that she die a natural death; for he holds her dear, having dearly bought her.’ (5) Yet, even on the day of her execution, there were signs that the English plan had misfired. The majority of the spectators were greatly moved. Even if they had not approved of Joan before, they now felt, a movement of sympathy towards her. Some of her judges wept. One said, as she died, to the man standing next to him: ‘Please God that my soul be in the place where I believe this woman to be.’ (6) And it was afterwards reported that the executioner, Geoffrey Thérage, who had been plying his gruesome trade in the city since the year 1407, went that afternoon to the convent of the Friars’ Preacher, where he saw two monks who had been amongst the most sympathetic members of the ecclesiastical tribunal. ‘I greatly fear that I am damned,’ he said to them, ‘for I have burned a holy woman.’ (7) An English soldier, heard in confession at the same time, claimed that he had ‘seemed to see’, at the moment when Joan expired, a white dove come out of the pyre and fly towards France. (8) Other witnesses alleged that they had seen the name Jesus written in the flames. (9)