44.FDR, “A Further Account of an Unsentimental Journey of Two Politicians and an Undergraduate,” April 18, 1912, FDRL.
45.Timothy Egan, The Worst Hard Time: The Untold Story of Those Who Survived the American Dustbowl (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005), pp. 6–7.
46.Kristie Miller, “A Volume of Friendship: The Correspondence of Isabella Greenway and Eleanor Roosevelt,” Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 40, no. 2 (Summer 1999), pp. 121–56.
47.Harold L. Ickes, Autobiography of a Curmudgeon (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1943), pp. 6–7.
48.Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order: 1919–1933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), p. 26.
49.Ickes, quoted in Tom H. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold L. Ickes, 1874–1952 (New York: Henry Holt, 1990), p. 470.
50.Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior, pp. 282–84.
51.Gifford Pinchot, The Fight for Conservation (New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1910).
52.Rachel Clothier, Corinth (Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia, 2009), p. 25.
53.Kneeland, “Pre-Presidential Career,” p. 41.
CHAPTER 4: “WISE USE”
1.“Pinchot to Inspect Adirondack Forests,” New York Times, July 21, 1911, p. 8.
2.“Protection of Adirondack Forests,” American Lumberman, February 24, 1912, p. 39.
3.Douglas H. Strong, Dreamers and Defenders: American Conservationists (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988), p. 83.
4.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” October 9, 1946.
5.William Edward Coffin, “Wild Life Protection,” Proceedings of the Third National Conservation Congress, at Kansas City, Missouri, September 25–27, 1911 (Kansas City, MO: National Conservation Congress, 1912), p. 266.
6.“Pinchot to Inspect Adirondack Forests.”
7.“Sees Peril to Adirondacks,” New York Times, February 21, 1912.
8.FDR, Speech to Yale University School of Forestry, June 20, 1934.
9.FDR, “A Debt We Owe,” June 1930, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 1, p. 72.
10.FDR, Speech to Yale University School of Forestry, June 20, 1934, FDRL.
11.FDR, “Remarks at the Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of State Conservation at Lake Placid,” September 14, 1935. Online at American Presidency Project.
12.FDR, Speech to the Troy, New York, People’s Forum, March 3, 1912, FDRL.
13.FDR to Dexter Blagden, February 21, 1912, FDRL.
14.“A Statement on the Roosevelt-Jones Conservation Bill by the Camp-Fire Club of America, February 1, 1912,” in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 1, Part 1, State Senator to the Presidency, 1911–1933, http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/cany/fdr/part1. htm.
15.FDR quoted in “Franklin D. Roosevelt,” in Kathleen A. Brosnan, ed., The Encyclopedia of American Environmental Policy, Vol. 4 (New York: Facts on File, 2010), p. 1140.
16.Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, p. 336; Jean Edward Smith, FDR (New York: Random House, 2007), p. 84.
17.Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, p. 31.
18.Ibid., p. 27.
19.Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, Vol. 1, p. 198.
20.Julie M. Fenster, FDR’s Shadow: Louis Howe, The Force That Shaped Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), pp. 92–93.
21.Louis Howe, “Behind the Scenes of the National Campaign,” Jeffersonian, Vol. 2, no. 8 (November 1932), p. 18.
22.Ottomar H. Van Norden, Protection of Migratory Birds: Hearings before the Committee on Forest Reservations and the Protection of Game, March 6, 1912 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1912), p. 32.
23.Robert Rosenbluth, M.F., Woodlot Forestry (Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon, 1913), p. 9.
24.Ibid., pp. 9–10.
25.Ibid., p. 41.
26.Ward, A First-Class Temperament, pp. 202–3.
27.James Srodes, On Dupont Circle: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt and the Progressives Who Shaped Our World (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2012), p. 37.
28.FDR to A. S. Houghton, April 3, 1913, FDRL.
29.Fenster, FDR’s Shadow: Louis Howe.
30.Mrs. Josephus Daniels, Recollections of a Cabinet Minister’s Wife (Raleigh, NC: Mitchell Printing, 1945), pp. 3–5.
31.William L. Neuman, “Franklin Delano Roosevelt: A Disciple of Admiral Mahan,” U.S. Naval Proceedings, Vol. 78 (July 1952), pp. 713–19.
32.Gifford Pinchot, Fishing Talk (Harrisburg: Stockpile, 1993), pp. 123–25; John F. Reiger, Two Essays in Conservation History (Milford, PA: Grey Towers, 1994), pp. 19–21; and Char Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism, pp. 241–44.
33.Elliott Roosevelt, FDR: His Personal Letters: 1905–1928, p. 210.
34.Susan R. Schrepfer, The Fight to Save the Redwoods: A History of Environmental Reform, 1917–1978 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), p. 72.
35.J. D. Grant, “California Redwood Wonderland,” Western Woman (December 1929–January 1930), p. 28.
36.Susan R. Schrepfer, “Sierra Club,” in Brosnan, Encyclopedia of American Environmental History, Vol. 4, p. 1187.
37.“Timeline of the San Francisco Earthquake,” Virtual Museum of San Francisco, accessed March 24, 2014, http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist10/06timeline.html.
38.Tom Turner, Sierra Club: 100 Years of Protecting Nature (New York: Harry Abrams, 1991), pp. 74–77.
39.John Muir, The Yosemite (New York: Century, 1912), pp. 255–57, 260–62. Reprinted in Roderick Nash, The American Environment: Readings in The History of Conservation (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1968).
40.Robert U. Johnson to FDR, October 30, 1913, FDRL
41.Michael Branch, “Robert Underwood Johnson,” in George A. Cevasco and Richard P. Harmond, eds., Modern American Environmentalists (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), pp. 229–31.
42.Ibid.
43.FDR to Robert U. Johnson, October 31, 1913, FDRL.
44.Robert U. Johnson to FDR, November 11, 1913, FDRL.
45.Ibid.
46.Johnson was right in his assertion that Wilson was no TR when it came to preserving America’s wilderness. TR had established Olympic National Monument just forty-eight hours before leaving the White House in 1909 in order to protect the Roosevelt elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti) from being overhunted, and to save majestic groves of Sitka spruce, red alder, and western hemlock. Six years later, President Wilson, partially short-circuiting TR’s legacy, reduced the size of the magnificent monument by 50 percent to appease the lumber industry.
47.Kevin Roderick, “The Waters Flowed: ‘There It Is. Take It,’” Los Angeles Times, October 3, 1999.
48.Robert W. Righter, The Battle of Hetch Hetchy: America’s Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 6.
49.Horace M. Albright and Marian Albright Schenk, Creating the National Park Service: The Missing Years (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), p. 23.
50.Ibid., p. 21.
51.Anne Lane and Louise Wall, eds., The Letters of Franklin K. Lane (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1922), p. 258.
52.FDR to Franklin Moon, December 20, 1915, FDRL.
53.Weintraub, Young Mr. Roosevelt, p. 35.
54.Harold K. Steen, The U.S. Forest Service: A History (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), p. 123.
55.Curtis Townsend, “Flood Control of the Mississippi River,” address before the National Drainage Congress in Saint Louis, Missouri, April 11, 1913.
56.FDR to John F. Coleman, January 26, 1914, FDRL.
57.Dows, Franklin Roosevelt, p. 19.
58.Robert Cross, Sailor in the White House: The Seafaring Life of FDR (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003), p. 67.
59.FDR to F. F. Moon, October 22, 1915, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Papers, Box 97, FDRL.
60.Ernest Thompson Seton, Boy Scouts of America: A Handbook of Woodcraft, Scouting, and Lifecraft (New York: Doubled
ay, 1910); “Roosevelt Sees Problem of Boys Aided by Scouts,” New York City Evening World, March 2, 1929. See also Neil M. Maher, Nature’s New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 34.
61.Steven Beissinger, “The Next Century of ‘America’s Best Idea,’” Breakthroughs (Fall 2014), p. 23.
62.FDR, “Radio Address from Two Medicine Chalet, Glacier National Park,” August 5, 1934. Online at the American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14733.
63.Robin W. Winks, “The National Park Service Act of 1916: ‘A Contradictory Mandate’?” Denver University Law Review, Vol. 74 (1997), p. 575.
64.Linda Flint McClelland, Building the National Parks: The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 1–8.
65.FDR, “Trip to Haiti and Santo Domingo, 1917,” pp. 10–11, FDRL. Available online at University of Florida, http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00082927/00001/1x.
66.Eleanor Roosevelt, This Is My Story, p. 245.
67.Donald A. Ritchie, Electing FDR: The New Deal Campaign of 1932 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), p. 9.
68.Gaddis Smith, “Roosevelt, the Sea, and International Security,” in Douglas Brinkley and David R. Facey-Crowther, eds., The Atlantic Charter (New York: St. Martin’s, 1994), p. 37.
69.Scott Berg, Wilson (New York: Putnam, 2013), p. 20.
70.Philip L. Kennicott, “World War One: An Inconsistent Memory,” Amon Carter Lecture at University of Texas at Austin, April 8, 2014. Kennicott also shared with me his Commission of Fine Arts research notes (June 6, 1919) from the Commission of Fine Arts Archive in Washington, D.C.
71.FDR to Henry Heymann, December 2, 1919, Group X, FDRL.
72.FDR, speech accepting the Democratic vice presidential nomination, August 9, 1920, Hyde Park, New York.
73.Governor Thomas Riggs to FDR, August 20, 1916, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 1, p. 41.
74.FDR to Jessie Adams (Secretary of the Lewiston Commercial Club), October 23, 1920, FDRL.
75.FDR to Henry Morgenthau, May 15, 1942, presidential diary, Henry Morgenthau Papers, FDRL. See also Warren F. Kimball, The Juggler (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), p. 7.
76.Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958).
77.Weintraub, Young Mr. Roosevelt, pp. 243–44.
78.John D. Leshy, “Legal Wilderness: Its Past and Some Speculations on Its Future,” Environmental Law, Vol. 44, no. 2 (2014), pp. 554–56.
79.FDR to Eleanor Roosevelt, November 27, 1920, FDRL.
80.FDR to Eleanor Roosevelt, November 28, 1920, FDRL.
81.Weintraub, Young Mr. Roosevelt, p. 243.
82.Sara Delano Roosevelt, diary entry for November 2, 1920, FDRL.
83.FDR, “A Debt We Owe,” Country Home, Vol. 54 (June 1934), pp. 12–14.
84.Norman T. Newton, Design on the Land: The Development of Landscape Architecture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 563.
CHAPTER 5: “NOTHING LIKE MOTHER NATURE”
1.Tobin, The Man He Became, pp. 13–20.
2.Maher, Nature’s New Deal, pp. 31–41.
3.David C. Scott, My Fellow Americans: Scouting, Diversity, and the U.S. Presidency (Dallas, TX: Windrush, 2014), pp. 84–85.
4.Ward, A First-Class Temperament, p. 575; and United States Geological Survey, “Geology of National Parks, 3D and Photographic Tours: Bear Mountain State Park,” last modified March 6, 2014, http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/parks/loc9.htm.
5.Douglas Brinkley, The Quiet World: Saving Alaska’s Wilderness Kingdom, 1879–1960 (New York: HarperCollins, 2011), pp. 16–19.
6.Tobin, The Man He Became, p. 27.
7.FDR, “How Boy Scout Work Aids Youth,” New York Times, August 12, 1928.
8.Scott, My Fellow Americans, p. 86.
9.FDR, “How Boy Scout Work Aids Youth.”
10.Annual Report of the Commissioners of the Palisades Interstate Park, 1921 (Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon, 1922); New York State Department of Health, Annual Report for the Year Ending December 31, 1921 (Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon, 1922), pp. 320–24.
11.Tobin, The Man He Became, pp. 28–29.
12.Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny (New York: Little, Brown, 1990).
13.Anna Roosevelt Boettiger, “My Life with FDR: How Polio Helped My Father,” Woman (July 1949), pp. 53–54.
14.Tobin, The Man He Became, p. 48.
15.According to more contemporary medical scholarship, at his age—thirty-nine at the onset of the paralysis—it was more likely that he had contracted Guillain-Barré syndrome.
16.Ward, First-Class Temperament, p. 600.
17.Kenneth Davis, FDR: The War President, 1940–1943 (New York: Random House, 2000), p. 4.
18.Eleanor Roosevelt, Foreword, in Elliott Roosevelt, F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1905–1928, p. xviii.
19.Ali Caron, “Margaret ‘Daisy’ Suckley,” FDRL, accessed August 21, 2014, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/aboutfdr/daisysuckley.html.
20.Barbara Ireland, “At the Home of FDR’s Secret Friend,” New York Times, September 7, 2007.
21.Dawn Merritt, “The Roaring 20s: A Call to Action,” Outdoor America (Winter 2012), pp. 24–33.
22.FDR to George Pratt, September 6, 1922, FDRL.
23.Maher, Nature’s New Deal, p. 38.
24.Van Valkenburgh and Olney, Catskill Park, p. 61.
25.Adirondack Mountain Club Records, 1922 to Present, New York State Library.
26.James A. Kehl and Samuel J. Astorino, “A Bull Moose Responds to the New Deal: Pennsylvania’s Gifford Pinchot,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 88, no. 1 (January 1964), pp. 37–51.
27.FDR to George D. Pratt, November 25, 1922, FDRL.
28.George D. Pratt to FDR, December 1, 1922, FDRL.
29.FDR quoted in Ward, First-Class Temperament, p. 660.
30.FDR to Sara Roosevelt, March 5, 1923, FDRL.
31.Ward, First-Class Temperament, p. 660.
32.William W. Rodgers, “The Paradoxical Twenties,” in Michael Gannon, ed., New History of Florida (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1996), p. 298.
33.Cross, Sailor in the White House.
34.FDR, “Florida Journal,” February 6, 1924, FDRL.
35.Ibid., February 19, 1924.
36.FDR to Sara Roosevelt, February 22, 1924, FDRL.
37.“Robert S. Yard, 84, Once Editor Here,” New York Times, May 19, 1945.
38.Robert Sterling Yard to FDR, February 21, 1924, FDRL. See also Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 1, p. 55.
39.FDR to Maunsell Crosby, October 13, 1924, FDRL.
40.Ibid.
41.FDR to H. M. Hickeson, October 19, 1923, FDRL.
42.FDR to Charles C. Adams, Director of the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station at Syracuse University, December 6, 1923, FDRL.
43.Robert Sterling Yard to FDR, February 2, 1924, FDRL.
44.Donald Culross Peattie, A Natural History of North American Trees (San Antonio, TX: University Press, 2013), p. 3.
45.James Roosevelt, My Parents: A Differing View (Chicago: Playboy Press, 1976), p. 93; Fenster, FDR’s Shadow, p. 206.
46.Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, p. 410.
47.James Roosevelt, My Parents, p. 207.
48.FDR to Sara Roosevelt, October 1924, FDRL.
49.Elliott Roosevelt, F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1905–1928, p. 566.
50.FDR to Margaret Suckley, December 22, 1934. Quoted in Geoffrey C. Ward, Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship Between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), p. 16.
51.“Franklin Roosevelt Will Swim to Health,” Atlanta Journal Sunday Magazine, October 26, 1924.
52.Sears, Historic Resource Study for the Roosevelt Estate, p. 8.
53.Ruth B. Stevens, Hi-Ya Neighbor (New York: Atlanta, Tupper, and Love, 1947), p. 30; Hugh Gregory Gallagher, FDR’s Splendid Deception (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1985), pp. 13–16.
54.From October 3 to 20, 1924; April 1 to May 15, 1925; March 27 to May 5, 1926; September 29 to November 10, 1926; February 11 to May 12, 1927; May 24 to June 11, 1927; June 19 to August 3, 1927; September 27 to December 5, 1927; January 20 to February 11, 1928; February 29 to May 3, 1928; mid-June (c. June 20) 1928; June 30 to July 9, 1928; and September 19 to October 5, 1928.
55.FDR to Herman Swift, October 11, 1926, Private Collection, Columbus, GA.
56.John C. Paige, The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 1933–1942 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1985), p. 116.
57.“Citizens Give Land for New York Parks,” New York Times, October 2, 1923.
58.Norman T. Newton, Design on the Land: The Development of Landscape Architecture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 575–78.
59.Caro, The Power Broker, pp. 288–89.
60.Don Miller, Supreme City: How Jazz Age Manhattan Gave Birth to Modern America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014).
61.Kathleen LaFrank, “Real and Ideal Landscapes Along the Taconic State Parkway,” in Alison K. Hoagland and Kenneth A. Breisch, eds., Constructing Image, Identity, and Place: Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture, Vol. 9 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2003), pp. 247–62.
62.“A Brief History of Taghkanic State Park: Roosevelt’s Gift to Columbia County,” Columbia County History and Heritage (Spring 2012), pp. 33–34.
63.FDR, Introduction, in Dutch Houses in the Hudson River Valley Before 1776.
64.Charles C. Adams, Director of the New York State Museum in Albany, to FDR, August 1, 1928, FDRL.
65.FDR to Charles C. Adams, August 10, 1928, FDRL.
66.“Roosevelt Held Out to the Last Minute,” New York Times, October 3, 1928.
67.Davis, FDR: The War President, p. 7.
68.Henry Morgenthau quoted in Herbert Levy, Henry Morgenthau, Jr.: The Remarkable Life of FDR’s Secretary of the Treasury (New York: Skyhorses, 2010), p. 84.
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