42.“Burning of CCC Equipment Draws Protests in House,” Washington Post, March 12, 1942, p. 13.
43.“Internees Hired by Ickes for Farm,” New York Times, April 16, 1943, p. 17.
44.Jacobus tenBroek, Edward N. Barnhart, and Floyd W. Matson, Prejudice, War, and the Constitution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1954), pp. 100–101.
45.Rutkow, American Canopy, p. 262.
46.FDR to Harold D. Smith of the Bureau of the Budget, June 17, 1942.
47.John Nielsen, Condor: To the Brink and Back—The Life and Times of One Giant Bird (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), pp. viii–x.
48.FDR to Harold Smith, June 17, 1942, FDRL.
49.Maher, Nature’s New Deal, p. 211.
50.R. Douglas Hurt, “Forestry on the Great Plains, 1902–1942,” http://www-personal.ksu.edu/~jsherow/hurt2.htm.
51.FDR to William O. Douglas (memo), February 18, 1942; Douglas to FDR, February 2, 1942, FDRL.
52.Ellen Bidel, “Happy 65th Birthday, Smokey Bear,” New York State Conservationist (October 2009), p. 19.
53.FDR, “A Proclamation,” August 5, 1942. Reprinted in American Forests, Vol. 48 (1942), p. 435.
54.“Wartime Forest Fire Prevention Campaign Launched,” American Forests, Vol. 48 (1942), p. 353. See also Rutkow, American Canopy, pp. 262–63.
55.Joseph M. Speakman, At Work in Penn’s Woods: The Civilian Conservation Corps in Pennsylvania (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006), pp. 161–62.
56.Paige, Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, p. 132.
57.Abraham F. Cohen, “A Tribute to the Civilian Conservation Corps,” Alaskan, April 20, 1942.
58.Cornebise, The CCC Chronicles, p. 241.
59.The Broadcast (November 1939) and Happy Days, October 26, 1940.
60.J. M. Burton, M. Farrell, F. B. Lord, and R. W. Lord, “Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of Japanese American Relocation Sites,” rev. ed., Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 74 (2000), n.p., http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/anthropology74/index.htm.
61.Heidi Ridgley, “P. O. Box 1142: World War II: The Lost Chapter,” National Parks: The Magazine of the National Park Conservation Association, Vol. 84, no. 1 (Winter 2010), pp. 42–48.
62.Tonya Bolden, FDR’s Alphabet Soup: New Deal America, 1932–1939 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), p. 109.
63.Thomas P. Campbell, “A Best Friend in the White House,” Scouting (March–April 2003).
64.Ibid.
65.“War Service Summary of the Boy Scouts of America, 1941 to 1945,” statistics culled from the 1942 to 1946 BSA Annual Reports to Congress.
66.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Victory Gardens: Reader’s Handbook (Washington, DC: USDA, 1944), pp. 1–4.
67.“Rediscovering the Victory Garden,” Leopold Outlook, Vol. 2 (Summer/Fall 2011), p. 27.
68.Stan DeOrsey and Barbara A. Butler, The Birds of Dutchess County, New York: Today and Yesterday (Poughkeepsie, NY: The Ralph T. Waterman Bird Club, 2006), p. 10.
69.William D. Hassett, “May 31, 1943,” in Off the Record with F.D.R. 1942–1945 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1958), pp. 172–73.
70.“J. N. ‘Ding’ Darling National Wildlife Refuge,” J. N. Ding Darling Foundation, http://www.ding-darling.org/wildlife.html (accessed May 5, 2012).
71.U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, J. N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge: Comprehensive Conservation Plan” (October 2010), http://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/Region_4/NWRS/Zone_2/JN_Ding_Darling_Complex/JN_Ding_Darling/Comprehensive%20Conservation%20Plan.pdf.
72.Lincoln A. Werden, “Wood, Field, and Stream,” New York Times, May 7, 1943, p. 26.
73.Albert M. Day, “Control of Waterfowl Depredations,” address at the North American Wildlife Conference at the LaSalle Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, April 26, 1944.
74.W. Dale Nelson, The President Is at Camp David, p. 6; Julie Eilperin, “For President Obama, Camp David Often Ranks as the Venue of Last Resort,” Washington Post, March 20, 2015.
75.Nelson, The President Is at Camp David, p. 6.
76.Barbara M. Kirkconnell, Catoctin Mountain Park: An Administrative History (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1988), pp. 74–76.
77.Rigdon, White House Sailor, p. 215.
78.FDR, USS Shangri-La logbook (1942), FDRL.
79.Nelson, The President Is at Camp David, pp. 4–21.
80.Winston S. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), pp. 795–97.
81.Douglas, Go East, Young Man, pp. 334–35.
82.Samuel Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952), pp. 349–50.
83.Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948), pp. 607–8.
84.DeOrsey and Butler, The Birds of Dutchess County, p. 10.
85.“Maunsell Crosby, Ornithologist Dies,” New York Times, February 13, 1931, p. 17.
86.Philip H. Melanson with Peter Stevens, The Secret Service (New York: MJF Books, 2002), pp. 294–97.
87.James Whitehead, “A President Goes Birding,” Conservationist (May–June 1977), pp. 20–23.
88.Ibid.
89.William E. Davis Jr., Dean of the Birdwatchers: A Biography of Ludlow Griscom (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994), p. 129.
90.Fox, The American Conservation Movement, p. 185.
91.Virginia Tanner, “Journeys with President Roosevelt,” Baltimore and Ohio Magazine (April 1946).
92.Winston Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), pp. 327–28.
93.John M. Findlay and Bruce Hevly, Atomic Frontier Days (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011).
94.Rachel Carson, Chincoteague: A National Wildlife Refuge (Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1947).
95.A. C. Elmer to Ira Gabrielson, August 12, 1938, Eastern Massachusetts NWR Complex Archive, Sudbury, MA. (Thanks to Libby Herland for the document.)
96.United States Code Congressional Service, Acts of 77th Congress, 1942 (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., and Brooklyn, NY: Edward Thompson Co., 1943), p. 1238.
97.J. Clark Salyer and Francis Gillett, Federal Refuges (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1964), p. 505.
98.Cecil Andrus and Joel Connelly, Cecil Andrus’s Western Style (Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1998), p. 121.
99.Nelson C. Brown, “The President Practices Forestry,” Journal of Forestry, Vol. 41, no. 2 (February 1943), pp. 92–93.
100.“U.S. at War: Fight at Jackson Hole,” Time, January 8, 1945.
101.Dyan Zaslowsky and T. H. Watkins, These American Lands: Parks, Wilderness, and the Public Lands (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1944), p. 31.
102.William Atherton DuPuy, “Jackson Hole: A Wonder in Dispute,” New York Times, August 20, 1933.
103.John D. Rockefeller Jr. to FDR, February 10, 1943, FDRL.
104.Harold Ickes to Pa Watson and FDR, February 27, 1943, FDRL.
105.John D. Rockefeller to FDR, March 17, 1943, FDRL.
106.Richard P. Harmond, “Franklin Delano Roosevelt,” in Cevasco and Harmond, Modern American Environmentalists, pp. 436–37.
107.Robert W. Righter, Crucible for Conservation: The Creation of Grand Teton National Park (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1982), pp. 113–17.
108.Ibid., pp. 114–17.
109.Zaslowsky and Watkins, These American Lands, p. 32.
110.George Washington Carver National Monument, H.R. 647, Public Law 148 (July 14, 1943); Harpers Ferry National Monument, Authorizing Legislation Public Law (P.L.) 78–386 (June 30, 1944).
CHAPTER 20: “CONSERVATION IS A BASIS OF PERMANENT PEACE”
1.Warren F. Kimball, Swords or Ploughshares? The Morgenthau Plan for Defeated Nazi Germany, 1943–1946 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1976), p. 26.
2.Mark Robbie Eaker, “Hans Morgenthau and German Post-War Planning,” MA thesis, Un
iversity of Texas at Austin, 2015, p. 15.
3.FDR, Christmas Tree Folder, FDRL.
4.FDR to William Plog, October 18, 1943, Christmas Tree Folder, FDRL.
5.Grace G. Tully to William Plog, October 20, 1943, Christmas Tree Folder, FDRL.
6.Douglas, Go East, Young Man, p. 332.
7.Memorandum from the White House to U.S. Navy and War Production Board, January 20, 1943; Memorandum by Donald Nelson, February 26, 1943.
8.FDR to Henry Wallace, March 14, 1944.
9.FDR to Harold Ickes, March 14, 1944.
10.FDR to Harold Ickes, April 10, 1943, FDRL.
11.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” March 26, 1941.
12.Jon Meacham, Franklin and Winston, p. 373.
13.Von Hardesty, Air Force One: The Aircraft that Shaped the Modern Presidency (New York: Quayside Press, 2005), p. 41.
14.FDR to Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi of Iran, September 2, 1944, FDRL.
15.FDR to King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, February 10, 1944.
16.King Ibn Saud to FDR, April 1, 1944.
17.Elizabeth Cohen, “Getting to Know FDR Through His Books,” FERI; N. H. Egleston, Handbook of Tree Plants; or Why to Plant, Where to Plant, What to Plant, How to Plant (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1884), p. 124.
18.Ray Bergman, Trout (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1938); J. Fletcher Street, Brief Bird Biographies: A Guide to Birds Through Habitat Association (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1933).
19.“General Watson Dead; Roosevelt’s Aide,” New York Times, February 28, 1945.
20.Henry R. Luce, ed., D-Day: Remembering the Battle That Won the War (New York: Life, 2014).
21.Douglas, Farewell to Texas, p. 39.
22.FDR to R. Ewing Thomason, August 9, 1939.
23.Douglas, Farewell to Texas, p. 41.
24.Richard Phelan, Texas Wild: The Land, Plants, and Animals of the Lone Star State (New York: Excalibur Books, 1976), pp. 29–33.
25.FDR to President Manuel Ávila Camacho, October 24, 1944, FDRL.
26.Nancy A. Fogel, ed., F.D.R. at Home (New York: Dutchess County Historical Society, 2005), p. 12.
27.FDR to Democratic Party, July 11, 1944, FDRL.
28.Quoted in “Editorial: ‘I Shall Accept . . . I Will Serve,’” Life, Vol. 17, no. 4 (July 24, 1944), p. 24.
29.Douglas, Go East, Young Man, p. 207.
30.Deuteronomy 20:19.
31.Zaslowsky and Watkins, These American Lands, p. 79.
32.Jay Winik, 1944: FDR and the Year That Changed History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015), p. 496.
33.Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1947), p. 370.
34.Steen, The Conservation Diaries of Gifford Pinchot, p. 166.
35.Conrad Black, Franklin D. Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom, pp. 11–30.
36.Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, p. 370.
37.FDR to Gifford Pinchot, October 24, 1944.
38.U.S. Department of State, The United Nations: Dumbarton Oaks Proposals for a General International Organization to Be the Subject of the United Nations Conference at San Francisco, April 25, 1945 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945).
39.FDR to Cordell Hull, quoted in Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, 371.
40.FDR to Sam Rayburn, June 2, 1944, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 2.
41.Saylor, Jackson Hole, p. 202.
42.“G.O.P. Wars on Collectivism, Dewey Asserts,” Chicago Tribune, September 15, 1944, p. 11.
43.“Dewey Strikes at Land Grabs in the West,” Washington Post, September 15, 1944.
44.Newton B. Drury, “The National Park Service: The First Thirty Years,” in Harlean James, ed., American Planning and Civic Annual (1946), pp. 32–33.
45.“Ickes Credits GOP for Jackson Hole,” New York Times, September 16, 1944. On September 14, 1950, the original 1929 Grand Teton National Park and the 1943 Jackson Hole National Monument, including Rockefeller’s donation, were united into the new Grand Teton National Park, under its present-day boundaries.
46.“President Vetoes Jackson Hole Bill,” New York Times, December 30, 1944, p. 1.
47.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” June 10, 1948.
48.FDR, remarks at Clarksburg, West Virginia, October 29, 1944.
49.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” October 28, 1944.
50.David B. Roosevelt, Grandmère, A Personal History of Eleanor Roosevelt (New York: Warner Books, 1982), p. 151.
51.Asbell, The F. D. R. Memoirs, p. 413.
52.David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 259.
53.Harold K. Steen, The U.S. Forest Service: A History (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), p. 255.
54.FDR to Edward R. Stettinius, November 22, 1944, FDRL.
55.Ibid.
56.Edward Stettinius to FDR, December 16, 1944, FDRL.
57.FDR to Edward R. Stettinius Jr., January 2, 1945, FDRL.
58.Johnna Rizzo, “Japan’s Secret WWII Weapon: Balloon Bombs,” National Geographic, May 27, 2013, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/05/130527-map-video-balloon-bomb-wwii-japanese-air-current-jet-stream/.
59.Lee Juillerat, “Japanese Balloon Bomb Killed 60 Years Ago Today,” Klamath Herald and News, May 5, 2005, http://www.heraldandnews.com/news/top_stories/article_3b8041b 6-5bed-5c1b-9b8c-a12baba734fd.html?mode=jqm; “War Memorial, Lake County,” The Oregon History Project, Oregon Historical Society, http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=148D9401-9F23-2285-AB2059A24134757B.
60.Hoai-Tran Bui, “Be Sure the Birthday Cake’s Candles Are Out,” USA Today, August 8, 2014.
61.Kristin Fawcett, “This Just In,” Smithsonian (July–August 2014), p. 122. In 1947 Smokey’s motto became “Only YOU Can Prevent Forest Fires!” Then, in the spring of 1950, in the Capitan Mountains of New Mexico, a young cub was found after getting caught in a burning forest. He took refuge in a tree and ultimately escaped the blaze, but was badly burned. The firefighters were so moved by what the bear had been through that they named him Smokey. News about the real, live Smokey’s heroism spread across America. He was soon given a home at the National Zoo in Washington, DC. The living Smokey became the symbol of woodlands conservation. Smokey died in 1976 and was buried in the Capitan Mountains in what is now known as Smokey Bear Historical Park.
62.Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, p. 368.
63.Harold L. Ickes, diary, April 29, 1942.
64.Gifford Pinchot to FDR, January 2, 1945, FDRL.
65.Forest History Society, “American Tree Farm History Timeline,” http://foresthistory.org/atfs/.
66.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” February 2, 1945.
67.William Souder, On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson (New York: Crown Publishers, 2012), pp. 7–10.
68.Clarence Cottam and Elmer Higgins, “DDT: Its Effect on Fish and Wildlife,” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Circular 11 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946).
69.Carson quoted in Souder, On a Farther Shore, p. 9.
70.Steen, Conservation Diaries of Gifford Pinchot, entry for January 20, 1945.
71.FDR, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1945. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16607.
72.Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, p. 574.
73.Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, p. 800.
74.FDR, press conference aboard the USS Quincy, February 23, 1945, FDRL.
75.Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, p. 584.
76.Gifford Pinchot to FDR, March 28, 1945, FDRL.
77.Douglas, Go East, Young Man, p. 254.
78.Quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917–1950 (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002), p. 430.
79.Robert H. Ferrell, The Dying President: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1944–1945 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998), p. 119.
80.Chris West, A History of America in Thirty-Si
x Postage Stamps (New York: Picador, 2014), p. 179.
81.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” April 20, 1945.
82.Steen, Conservation Diaries of Gifford Pinchot, entry for April 12, 1945.
83.Ralph McGill, “FDR,” Atlanta Constitution, April 14, 1945.
EPILOGUE: “WHERE THE SUNDIAL STANDS”
1.Merriman Smith, “Funeral Train Seen on Way by Silent Crowds,” New York Herald Tribune, April 14, 1945, p. 2.
2.Harold L. Ickes, unpublished diary, April 29, 1945.
3.Robert Klara, FDR’s Funeral Train: A Betrayed Widow, A Soviet Spy, and a Presidency in the Balance (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 152–53.
4.Harold L. Ickes, “Should Congress Vest Ownership of the Tidelands in the States?” Congressional Digest, October 1, 1948, p. 255.
5.Jill York O’Bright, The Perpetual March: An Administrative History of the Effigy Mounds National Monument (Omaha, NE: National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, 1990).
6.Eleanor Roosevelt, “Speech at the Opening of the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site,” April 12, 1946, FDRL.
7.Dayton Duncan and Ken Burns, The National Parks: America’s Best Idea (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), p. 290.
8.Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, p. 951.
9.Newton B. Drury, “The National Park Service: The First Thirty Years,” in Harlean James, ed., American Planning and Civic Annual (1946), pp. 29–35.
10.FDR, “A Message to the Congress on the Use of Our National Resources,” January 24, 1935, reprinted in The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. 4, 1935, (New York: Random House, 1938), p. 59.
11.The reforestation work the CCC did here led, in the end, to this picturesque part of Greater Cleveland becoming a national park—Cuyahoga Valley National Park—in 2000.
12.J. McEntee, Final Report of the Director of the Civilian Conservation Corps, April 1933 Through June 30, 1942 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1942), pp. 104–9.
13.Nonprofit president Joan Sharpe provided the author with files about the statue program honoring CCC veterans. CCC Legacy Archives, Edinburg, VA.
14.Lyndon B. Johnson, Johnson White House Tapes, August 7, 1964, LBJ Presidential Library, Austin, TX.
15.Douglas Brinkley, “Rachel Carson and JFK, an Environmental Tag Team,” Audubon (May–June 2012), p. 2.
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