16.Norman B. Lehde, “JFK’s Visit Thrills Thousands,” Union-Gazette (Port Jervis, NY), September 25, 1963, p. A1.
17.Douglas, My Wilderness.
18.Kate Raftery quoted in Harvey Chipkin, “Built to Last: Parks and Youth Conservation Corps,” Parks & Recreation, Vol. 46, no. 7 (July 2011), p. 47.
19.Salazar, quoted in “Federal Agencies Announce National Council to Build 21st Century Conservation Corps,” news release, U.S. Department of the Interior, January 10, 2013.
20.Bill McKibben, “A Green Corps,” Nation, April 7, 2008; also published as the foreword to Galusha, Another Day, Another Dollar, p. ix.
21.Owen A. Tomlinson, memorandum to custodian Muir Woods, May 5, 1945, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Park Archives and Records Center, Presidio, San Francisco.
22.Press release, quoted in John Auwaerter and John F. Sears, Historic Resource Study for Muir Woods National Monument: Golden Gate National Recreation Area (Boston: Olmsted Center for Landscape Conservation, 2006), p. 341.
23.California Department of Parks and Recreation, “Honoring Those Who Built the Foundation of California’s State Park System,” news release, April 10, 2008.
24.“Redwoods Gain Company of Another Giant; Plaque to Roosevelt is Placed in Grove,” New York Times May 20, 1945, p. 24.
25.Ibid.
26.Neal Maher, “The New Deal and Climate Change?” Solutions: For a Sustainable and Desirable Future, Vol. 1, no. 5 (October 7, 2010), pp. 72–75.
27.“Roosevelt Paid Honor by Delegates,” Los Angeles Times, May 20, 1945, p. 3.
28.Gifford Pinchot and Harold K. Steen, “Conservation as the Foundation for Permanent Peace,” Forest History Today (Spring–Fall 2001), p. 5.
29.John Auwaerter and John F. Sears, “Muir Woods, William Kent, and the American Conservation Movement,” in Historic Resource Study for Muir Woods National Monument; Golden Gate National Recreation Area (Boston: Olmstead Center for Landscape Preservation, National Park Service, 2006), pp. 341–42.
30.“Stories—Muir Woods,” National Park Service website, http://www.nps.gov/muwo/learn/historyculture/stories.htm.
INDEX
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
Page numbers of photographs appear in italics.
Abbreviatons used: ER = Eleanor Roosevelt; FDR = Franklin Delano Roosevelt; TR = Theodore Roosevelt; CCC = Civilian Conservation Corps; FWS = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; NPS = National Park Service; NWR = National Wildlife Refuge; RDA = Recreation Demonstration Area; WPA = Works Progress Administration
Acadia National Park, 82–83, 145; Homans House, 382–83
Adams, Ansel, 432, 450, 453, 454, 479, 531
Adams, John B., 250–51
Adams, Michael, 432
Addams, Jane, 62, 164, 317
Adirondack Mountain Club, 99, 138, 141
Adirondack Park, 91, 99–100
Adirondack Preserve, 46, 60, 99
Adirondacks, 3, 7, 15, 33, 65, 67–69, 159, 504; bobsled run, 124–25; CCC and, 180; Mount Marshall, 481; Pinchot report, 60–61, 65; Whiteface Memorial Highway, 125–26, 127
Admiralty Island National Monument, 249
Agricultural Adjustment Administration, (AAA), 168, 240, 314–15, 337, 496; Program Planning Division, 315
agriculture: abandoned farmland, 123, 131, 138, 149, 150, 162, 278, 582; Big Agriculture and, 310, 338; CCC and, 175, 197; drought and, 134, 153, 285–86; ecological destruction by, 234; farm foreclosures, 134, 155; FDR and animal husbandry, 110; FDR and farming practices, 53, 55, 71, 110, 117, 128, 139, 142, 143, 220, 232–33; FDR and Hyde Park, 9–10, 37, 54, 69; FDR and Squashco, 132; FDR’s brain trust for, 131; FDR’s demonstration plots, 143; FDR’s emergency acts, 168; FDR’s farm journal, 54; FDR’s new land ethic, 154; FDR’s reclamation policy, 150; FDR’s support for farmers, 53, 54, 55, 68–69, 70, 104, 120, 128, 129, 135, 140, 153–54, 234, 264–65, 310, 468; federal acquisition of fallow land, 477; forestry and, 59, 71, 118, 131; Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act, 264–65; in Georgia, 220, 232–33; government subsidies, 121, 337, 338; Hoover and, 121, 134, 143; in Kansas, 59, 153, 331; Leopold’s influence, 476; Morgenthau and, 118, 119, 131, 200; New Deal farm projects, 372; New Deal farming strategy, 200, 201–2, 337–38; New Deal irrigation projects, 397; NY State, 68–69, 114, 117, 120, 131; payments for land easements, 468; pesticide use, 143, 234, 570–71; resettlement programs, 200, 224; Shelterbelt Project, 287–92, 332; Soil Erosion Service, 201–2; Texas and, 149; Wallace and, 199–200; water resources and dams, 51, 59. See also soil
air pollution, 30–31, 52
Alabama, 143, 203, 205, 219, 231, 366, 420–21
Alaska, 86, 142, 702n17; bald eagle, 498; bears, 249, 250, 301; Bristol Bay area, 402; coastal protection, 402; federal marine preserve, 402; Gabrielson and birds of, 497–98; Kenai Peninsula, 517, 585; national forests, 429; national monuments, 249, 250; salmon, 401–2; wildlife refuges, 249, 351, 517
Albright, Horace, 77, 80–81, 82, 187–88, 191, 192, 194, 199, 378, 544–45, 546
Algonac estate, 8, 35, 41, 106
Allegheny National Forest, 59
American Agriculturist, 117, 118, 138
American Federation of Labor, 173, 174, 206
American Forestry Association, 101, 152, 288, 392–94
American Forests journal, 48, 57, 129, 131; influence on FDR, 129–30
American Friends Service Committee, 128
American Game Conference, 271, 277
American Museum of Natural History, 19, 21, 52, 106, 321, 369, 404, 435, 454; FDR lifetime membership, 16, 25–26
American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU), 21–22, 33, 513; FDR as member, 22–23, 29, 57, 105
American Wild Life Institute, 304–5, 385
Anacostia River, 425
Antiquities Act of 1906, 45–46, 190, 548, 563; FDR’s use of, 195, 236, 355, 408–9, 423, 546, 562–63
Anza-Borrego Desert Park, 91
Apache National Forest, 273
Apalachicola National Forest, 429
Appalachian Trail, 94, 119–20, 145, 150, 188–89, 223, 265, 319
Appalachian Trail Association, 112
Aransas NWR, 373, 388
Arches National Monument, 134, 449–50; Moab Canyon Wash Culvert, 449–50
Arctic NWR, 351
Arizona: bighorn sheep refuges, 455–56, 458–61; CCC and, 357, 461, 508–9, 580; FDR memorial gift, 580; federal acquisition of land, 458, 459; Game Protective Association, 459; Great Depression in, 458; national monuments, 355, 355–57, 407, 455
Arkansas, 134, 285, 301, 320, 335, 429
Arlington National Cemetery, 194, 481, 574
Armstrong Woods State Park, 218
Astor, Vincent, 162, 240
Audubon, John James, 22, 29, 129; preservation of his home, 510
Audubon and His Journals, 28–29
Audubon Society (National Audubon Society), 17, 56, 60, 296, 307, 333, 381, 404, 408, 448, 458, 466–67, 472; ban on feathers in fashion, 506; public-private partnership for bird refuges, 362
Auk magazine, 21, 22, 29, 298
Back Bay NWR, 375
Bad Nauheim, Germany, 15, 20, 109
Baker, John, 307, 335
Bald Eagle Protection Act, 498
Bankhead, John H., 486, 487, 489
Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act, 383
Bastedo, Paul H., 365, 368
Bastrop State Park, 218, 371, 372
Bear Mountain State Park, 92–95, 115, 180, 223, 256; Highlands of Hudson Forest Reservation, 93
Beck, Thomas H., 228–30, 268, 276, 277–78, 279, 386, 475, 485, 531
Beck Report, 278–80, 285, 295, 297
Beery, Wallace, 547–48
Bell, Daniel, 429, 433
Beltsville National Agricultural Research Center, 224, 464
Bennett, Hugh, 142, 143, 201–3, 312, 335
Bessey, C
harles, 138–39
Big Bend National Park, 315–17, 320, 326, 342–43, 371, 507, 542, 556–57, 585
Big Bend State Park, 266
Billitz, Emil, 583
Biltmore estate, 38
Biological Survey, 135, 226, 227, 235, 268, 271; arrests of poachers, 296; Atlantic Flyway refuges, 227–29; Beck’s reforms, 229, 230; bighorn sheep sanctuaries, 455–56, 460; bison and, 326; complaints about, 443, 444, 445–46; combined into FWS, 493, 705n31; Darling appointed, 280–81; Darling resigns, 320; Desert Game Range, 329, 341, 455; Division of Wildlife Refuges, 294; Division of Wildlife Research, 299; duck habitats, 292–93; famous mule, 329; FDR’s fight for Everglades and, 335; federal acquisition of land and, 293, 294, 296, 297, 308, 317–18, 388; funds for, 292–93, 309–10, 320; Gabrielson appointed, 321, 321–22; Gulf Coast bird refuges, 366; hunting regulations and, 276; interior wetlands saved by, 324–25; Limited-Interest Program, 468–69; in Louisiana, 361; Mississippi Flyway and, 362; NWR System and, 268, 320; Okefenokee and, 352–53, 443–44, 446; Patuxent and, 463; Pittman-Robertson Act and, 384; prairie potholes and, 416; recreational hunting and, 275; Salyer hired, 293; whooping crane sanctuary, 373; WPA and, 308
birds and ornithology: American black ducks, 380; American wigeon, 532, 538, 541; anhinga (snakebird), 227, 542; Anseriformes, 293; arrests of poachers, 296; Atlantic Flyway, 16, 53, 226, 227, 300, 540; Audubon Christmas count, 23, 52, 296 (see also Audubon Society); bald eagle, 300, 466, 471, 473, 498; Beck’s rescue plan, 228–30; Bicknell’s thrush, 19; Biological Survey refuges, 227–29, 292–93, 366, 373; bittern, 538; black-bellied whistling duck, 542; black-crowned night heron, 538; blue-winged teal, 49, 380, 542; botulism danger, 467; brant geese, 303; brown pelican, 307, 422–23; bufflehead, 303; California condor, 466, 524; Canada goose, 225, 301, 366; canvasback duck, 446–47, 541; Carolina parakeet, 323; cedar waxwing, 17; Central Flyway, 295, 469; Chapman doctrine, 30; cinnamon teal, 542; “citizen bird” movement, 296; coastal environments and, 424; Committee on Wildlife Restoration and, 268–80; Cooper’s hawk, 17, 472; crow, 17; Crumworld Forest and, 18; de-stigmatizing hawks, 472–73; double-crested cormorant, 49; Duck Stamp Act, 281–83, 282, 283; English sparrow, 22; Eskimo curlew, 323; FDR and, 16–24, 29–30, 33, 44, 49–50, 52–53, 72, 96, 103, 221, 424, 530, 536–38, 537; FDR and brown pelicans, 307, 422–23; FDR and federal study of, 462; FDR and Gulf South sanctuaries, 362–67; FDR and national refuge system, 105–6; FDR and protection of waterfowl, 56–57, 221, 225–30; FDR collecting texts about, 31–32; FDR emergency funds for, 284–85; FDR’s Bird Diaries, 21, 23; FDR’s bird list, 22–23; FDR’s practical joke, 83; federal acquisition of habitat, 226, 228, 229, 283, 296, 297, 299–300, 308–9, 310; federal refuges, 105, 126–27, 279, 285, 293, 295, 297, 299–301, 325, 344, 361, 366, 373, 380, 381, 388, 421, 540–42 (see also National Wildlife Refuges); federal regulations on hunting, 303, 346, 446–47; Foljambe and, 18–19; fulvous whistling duck, 542; global protection of, 498; goshawk, 472; great auk, 322; greater and lesser scaup, 303; greater snow goose, 380, 540; greater white-fronted goose, 366; great white heron (or great egret), 105, 421; green-winged teal, 542; in Hawaii, 253; heath hen, 323; hermit thrush, 12; indigo bunting, 23; ivory-billed woodpecker, 235, 242; Labrador duck, 323; land-grant colleges and, 304; least grebe, 542; Leopold and, 272; loons, 30; mallard duck, 301, 532; Migratory Bird Conservation Act, 126–27; Migratory Bird Conservation Commission of 1929, 141; Mississippi Flyway, 301, 304, 362; mottled duck, 542; North Dakota refuges, 468, 469–70; Okefenokee Swamp and, 147, 235–36, 309; Pacific Flyway, 275, 541; passenger pigeon, 33, 235, 322; pine grosbeak, 23; piping plover, 424; public-private partnerships, 362; red-cockaded woodpecker, 17, 353; redhead duck, 541; red-throated loon, 227; rehabilitation of habitat and, 353; revivification strategy, 299–301; roseate spoonbill, 105, 242; ruddy, 303; Salyer and, 293, 294–96; sandhill crane, 366; scarlet tanager, 22–23; sharp-shinned hawk, 472; Shea-White Plumage Act, 56; shorebirds and national seashores, 375; snow goose, 298–99; sora, 385–86, 538; tourist dollars and, 226; TR and, 226; tricolored heron, 542; trumpeter swan, 322, 397, 466, 513–15, 524; Virginia rail, 538; waterfowl endangerment, 105, 141, 142, 226–27, 235; waterfowl increase, 297, 380, 471, 532, 564; white ibis, 242; white pelican, 301, 541; whooping crane, 322, 366, 373, 388, 466, 524; winter wren, 17–18; woodcock, 532; wood duck, 227, 303; wood stork, 424; yellow-crowned night heron, 227
Birds of America, The (Audubon), 510
Birds of Eastern North America (Chapman), 22
Birds of the Hudson Highlands (Mearns), 31–32
Black Coulee NWR, 420
Blackwater NWR, 227, 228, 444, 541
Blagden, Dexter, 60, 68
Blue Ridge Parkway, 194
Bob Marshall Wilderness, 481
Boise, Idaho, 397, 398, 400, 686n36
Boise National Forest, 399
Bombay Hook NWR, 380, 388
Bonneville Dam, 216, 256–57, 257, 258, 395
Boone and Crockett Club, 31, 274, 288
Borglum, Gutzon, 341, 342, 499
Boulder (Hoover) Dam, 205, 402
Bourke-White, Margaret, 47–48, 153, 264
Boy Scouts of America (BSA), 6, 80; Bear Mountain jamboree, 92–94; Burnham and, 456, 457, 458; FDR and, 92, 94, 98–99, 459; Franklin D. Roosevelt Conservation Camps, 99; “Save the Bighorns” and, 458, 459; Theodore Roosevelt Boy Scout Council, 457; war effort, 529; William T. Hornaday Award, 346
Brandeis, Louis, 350, 406
Brant, Irving, 217, 342, 348, 375–76, 406–8, 409, 410, 413, 418–19, 433, 487, 494, 497, 505, 514, 515, 541; Audubon exposé by, 408; biography of James Madison, 453, 585, 693n107; book on FDR, 375–76, 497, 585; FDR hires, 418; global conservation and, 572; Porcupine Mountains report, 519–20; resigns as FDR’s speechwriter, 453
Brewster, William, 21–22, 33
Bridger, Jim, 433, 457
Briggs, Bill, 263–64
Brower, David, 450–51
Brown, Nelson C., 48, 130–31, 169, 390, 394, 543–44, 552
Bryan, William Jennings, 69, 129
Bryce Canyon National Park, 197, 198
Buescher State Park, 371
Buffalo Zoo, 308
Bureau of the Budget, 429, 433
Bureau of Fisheries, 228, 310, 467, 493, 705n31
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 166, 260, 405
Bureau of Land Management, 285, 296, 460
Bureau of Public Roads, 194
Bureau of Reclamation, 205, 285, 296
Burnham, Daniel, 25, 35
Burnham, Frederick Russell, 456, 456–58, 460–61
Burroughs, John, 12, 19, 31, 52, 61, 93, 98, 238, 393, 530; Slabsides, 108, 531
Butler, Ovid, 129, 152
Cabeza Prieta Game Range, 458, 459, 460
Cabeza Prietas, 455–56
Calaveres Sequoia Grove, 552
California: automobiles in, 210, 211; CCC and, 176, 181, 399; Channel Islands, 421–23; coastal environments, 421–23, 584; conservation corps, 582; conservation-reforestation programs, 170; hydroelectric power and dam building, 205–6; Joshua trees, 209; Kings Canyon fight, 430–33, 450–53; Morro Beach, 375; national monuments, 455, 580; national parks, 507; nature preserves, 129; New Deal funds for, 217; Ponderosa Way firebreak, 176; private drilling in tidelands, 580–81; RDAs, 223; redwoods, 255, 256, 312, 567, 588–89; river ecology, 426; state parks, 91, 218; wildlife refuges, 126, 285, 344, 542, 580
Cammerer, Arno B., 192, 266, 323, 376, 412, 500
Camp-Fire Club of America, 57, 60, 63, 66, 72; Camp Fire Girls, 338
Campobello Island, 14–15, 16, 49–50, 50, 72, 95, 214–15, 219, 220–21, 386, 511; Tyn-y-coed (House in the Woods), 14
Canada: FDR trip (1938), 441; forestry, 410; marine refuges, 402; Quetico-Superior wilderness sanctuary, 247; Waterton Lakes-Glacier International Peace Park, 260, 262, 267
Cape Cod National Seashore, 584
Cape Hatteras National Seashore, 376–80, 381, 388, 584
Cape Meares NWR, 423–24; “Oc
topus Tree,” 424
Capitol Reef National Monument, 196, 455, 585
Caribou-Targhee National Forest, 397, 514
Carlsbad Caverns National Park, 134, 454
Carmer, Carl, 426–27, 695n21
Carnegie, Andrew, 30–31
Carolina Sandhills NWR, 300
Carpenter, Farrington, 305–6
Carson, Rachel, 298, 300, 381, 384, 464, 467–68, 540, 571, 585, 701n42; books by, 468, 701n43, 701n44
Carter, Amon, 267, 371, 556, 556
Carter, Jimmy, 423, 445, 543, 687n8, 695n13, 698n80, 708n17
Carver, George Washington, 143
Catoctin Mountain Park RDA, 223, 534
Catskills, 5, 7, 33, 42, 47
Cedar Breaks National Monument, 195, 198, 212, 326
Channel Islands National Monument, 423, 424, 580, 695n12, 695n13
Chapman, Frank M., 21, 22, 29, 296, 321
Chassahowitzka NWR, 540
Chattahoochee National Forest, 429
Chequamegon National Forest, 677n67
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 246–47
Chicago: beautification of, 340–41; Field Museum of Natural History, 25; Frederic Delano and, 35, 194; Ickes and, 164–65, 519; Outer Drive Bridge, 216; sewage disposal and, 31; World’s Columbian Exposition, 24–25
Chickamauga Dam, 426
Chicot State Park, 218
Chihuahua Desert, 557
Chincoteague NWR, 540
Chopawamsic RDA, 535
Chugach National Forest, 142
Churchill, Winston, 506, 507, 536, 569; Atlantic Charter, 510–11; Cairo summit, 553; FDR Christmas tree, 551; at Hyde Park, 71–72, 539; Quebec Conference, 549–50; at Shangri-La, 533, 535; Yalta Conference, 569, 572
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 71, 152, 167, 169, 170–86, 227, 420; accomplishments, 474, 526–27, 582–84; African Americans and, 180, 181, 185, 259, 444, 524; American West and, 179; Arches National Monument and, 450; automobile tourism and, 197; bad forest policy and, 400; “camp beautiful” ideal, 178; Camp Cabeza de Vaca, 224; camp food, 186, 243; camp layouts, 186; camp map, 177; camp newspapers, 186, 221, 263, 372, 445; Camp Roosevelt, 176, 525; camps repurposed, 528; conservationists as critics, 444, 475; Copeland Report and, 161, 175; daily regimen and jobs, 182; dam building, 469; disbanding, 521–23, 525, 527–28; Douglas on, 348; Downing’s influence, 178; ecology enthusiasm, 198; ECW Act and, 172–73, 175; education, 182; enrollment quota (1933), 177; environmental protection and, 340; expansion, 183; famous sports figures in, 451; FDR cabinet members and, 170, 171; FDR’s desire to make permanent, 338, 380, 583; FDR’s third inaugural and, 507; Fechner heads, 173–74, 175, 185, 255, 261, 301, 308, 331, 474, 475; Fechner’s death and, 481; first enrollee, 176; forest fire protection and, 525; funding, 162, 474–75, 509, 520–21, 524–25; Great Smoky Mountains National Park and, 249; Hispanics in, 266–67; historic sites and, 510; idea for, 131, 150–51, 170–71; Indian Division, 261, 332, 398, 413, 416–17, 455, 461; juvenile delinquency and, 182; kudzu planting, 444; labor unions and, 173, 174, 206, 207; last camp closes, 526; legacy, 585–86; length of service, 183; Local Experienced Men in, 172; McEntee heads, 481, 495, 522; medical care, 232; military-related projects, 231–32, 509; mottos, 186; national forests/parks and, 217, 233, 249, 339–40, 353, 394, 395, 490, 509, 527, 528; number of men employed, 255, 509, 526; public response, 183; reconfiguring (1940), 495; recreation areas, 222–23; Red Rocks amphitheater and, 507–8, 508; road building, 179–80, 195, 197; rural recruitment, 181–82; salary paid, 175, 200; shoreline erosion and, 377; soil conservation, 175, 202; state parks and, 178, 180, 181, 184, 217, 218, 243, 308, 364, 371; transformation of recruits, 348; Tree Army/tree planting, 172, 173, 174, 175–76, 184, 205, 301, 318, 364, 392, 461, 474, 508, 521, 527, 528, 582, 585, 628; types of camps, 171; typical Missouri recruit, 184; uniform, 175; veterans (Bonus Army) in, 221–22, 668n29; wildlife habitats and, 250–51; wildlife protection and, 276; wildlife refuges and, 295, 388, 444; women and, 244, 255–56, 300, 338, 582. See also specific states
Rightful Heritage: The Renewal of America Page 79