by Tim McGrath
47 Pennsylvania Gazette, 3/10/63; Charles Biddle Autobiography; Clark, 7.
48 Charles Wilson Peale portrait of Nicholas Biddle; “Portfolio Biography,” Clark, 35; King, Sea of Words, 341.
49 American Philosophical Society (“APS”), Benjamin Franklin Papers (“BFP”), Joseph Galloway to Benjamin Franklin, 4/23/71; Clark, 36. HSP, Biddle Papers, Nicholas Biddle to Lydia McFunn, 10/20/72; Edward Biddle memoir; Clark, 51.
50 London Public Advertiser, 5/24/73; Constantine John Phipps, A Voyage Towards the North Pole Undertaken by his Majesty’s Command, 1773 (London, 1775); Clark, 53–54; Knight, 28–32.
51 HSP, Nicholas Biddle Letters, Biddle to Lydia McFunn, 10/18/73; Phipp’s Journal; Knight, 30–32; London Gazeteer and New Daily Advertiser, 3/19/74; Clark, 65–69.
52 JCC, 7/25/75, 8/1/75, and 12/22/75; NDAR, 1:992, John Adams to James Warren, 7/27/75; ibid., 1:1031–1032, Minutes of the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, 8/1/75; Commission of Nicholas Biddle as Captain in the Pennsylvania Navy, 8/1/75; Clark, 75.
53 JCC, 11/28/75.
54 NDAR, 4:134, Journal, Andrew Doria, 2/19–31/76.
55 Ibid., 133–134, “Journal Prepared for the King of France by John Paul Jones,” 735–76, Commodore Esek Hopkins to John Hancock, 4/9/76.
56 Beck, ed., The Letter Book of Esek Hopkins, 46–48; King, 396.
57 Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (“PMHB”) 49:361–66, Thomas Atwood to Lord Dartmouth, 3/22/76.
58 Ibid.; Morison, 68.
59 Pennsylvania Gazette, 4/17/76; NDAR, 4:748–752, “Extract of a Letter from the Captain of Marines [Samuel Nicholas] on Board the Ship Alfred, Dated at New–London, April 10, 1776.”
60 NDAR, 7:48–51, Governor Montfort Browne to Lord George Germain, 11/5/76.
61 PMHB, XVIX:361–366, Thomas Atwood to Lord Dartmouth, 3/22/76; NDAR, 4:173–175, Journal of H.M. Schooner St. John, Lieutenant William Gray, 3/2–4/76.
62 NDAR, 4:249–250, Lieutenant William Grant to Vice Admiral Molyneux Shuldham, 3/8/76.
63 Ibid., 4:175, Journal of Lieutenant John Trevett, 3/4/76.
64 Beck, 50; NDAR, 4:711–712, Hopkins to Governor John Trumbull, 4/8/76; ibid., 4:735–736, Hopkins to Hancock, 4/8/76; Morison, 69.
65 NDAR, 4:373, Andrew Doria journal, 3/6–16/76; Portfolio Magazine; Clark, 106.
66 NDAR, 4:711–712, Hopkins to Governor John Trumbull, 4/8/76.
67 Ibid., 4: 375, Quarters Stations for the Continental Schooner Wasp, 3/16/76; PMHB, XLIX:366, Governor Montford Browne to Lord Dartmouth, 3/17/76.
68 NDAR, 4:403, Commodore Esek Hopkins’ Sailing Orders from New Providence, 3/18/76; ibid., 4:516 and 543, Andrew Doria Journal, 3/25 and 3/27/76; ibid., 4:532–533, Journal of the Continental Ship Wasp, Captain William Hallock, 3/26/76.
69 Ibid., 4:56, Captain Andrew Snape Hamond, R.N., to Captain Alexander Graeme, R.N., 2/23/76; ibid., 4:662 and 669, Andrew Doria Journal, 4/4 and 4/5/76; University of Virginia Library (UVL), Hamond Letter Book, Hamond to Lord Dunmore, 3/14/76; Clark, 109; King, Sea of Words, 365.
70 NDAR, 4:669, Andrew Doria Journal, 4/5/76; ibid., 4:669–670, Prisoners taken in H.M. Bomb Brig Bolton, 4/5/76.
71 HSP, Joshua Humphreys Papers and Correspondence, January–March 1776; Independence Seaport Museum (ISM), Barry-Hayes Papers (BHP), Memorial to Congress, 1785.
72 NDAR, 4:152, Journal of the H.M.S. Liverpool, Captain Henry Bellew, 3/3/76; ibid., 4:271–272, Journal of H.M Sloop Otter, 3/4–9/76; ibid., 4:310–311, Charles Carroll of Carrollton to Charles Carroll, Sr., 3/12/76; ibid., 4:355–356, William Lux to Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, 3/15/76; ISM, BHP, Memorial to Pennsylvania State Assembly, 1783; Memorial to Congress, 1785; NYHS, Barnes Collection, NY5–31, Certification affidavit, John Hancock, 9/26/76.
73 NDAR, 4:399–400, Extract of a Letter from Philadelphia dated 18th March 1776; ibid., 4:510, Henry Fisher to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, 3/25/76; HSP, Joshua Humphreys Papers, Wharton & Humphreys Ship Yard Accounts, 1773–1795; Millar, 174–176.
74 HSP, Wharton-Humphreys Charge Book; Woodhouse Collection, “Commissioners of the Continental Navy in Account with the Brigantine Lexington, 3/28/76; Christopher Marshall Diaries, 3/28/76; PA Archives, Colonial Records, 10:524–528; Magazine of American History 2, part 1 (1878), “Narrative of Luke Matthewman”; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 74–75.
75 PA State Archives, State Papers, 1:113–115, Henry Fisher to PA Committee of Safety, 4/1/76; UVL, No. 4, Hamond Papers, Narrative of Captain Andrew Snape Hamond (Hamond’s Narrative), 3/28/76; HSP, Whipple to Bartlett, 3/28/76; NDAR, 4:595–597, Journal of the H.M.S. Roebuck, Captain Andrew Snape Hamond (Roebuck Journal), 3/25–31/76; ibid., 4:671, Henry Fisher to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, 4/5/76; King, Sea of Words, 229.
76 NDAR, 4:671, Fisher to Committee of Safety, 4/1/76; Pennsylvania Gazette, 4/17/76; NYHS, Commodore John Barry Papers, Continental Marine Committee to John Barry, 4/8/76; New York Journal, 4/11/76.
77 UVL, Hamond, No. 4, Hamond Narrative, 4/7/76.
78 NDAR, 4:448–449, “Disposition of His Majesty’s Ships and Vessels in North America under the Command of Rear [Vice] Admiral Shuldham”; ibid., 4:679–681, Andrew Doria Journal, 4/6/76; Journal of John Paul Jones; Journal of H.M.S. Glasgow, Captain Tyringham Howe, 4/5–6/76; LOC, John Paul Jones Papers (“JPJ”), Jones to Joseph Hewes, 5/19/76; Miller, 113; Morison, 70–71; Beck, 43, Signals; 49–51, Hopkins to Cooke, 4/8/76.
CHAPTER THREE “I FEAR NOTHING”
1 Pennsylvania Evening Post, 4/11/76.
2 Beck, 43.
3 NDAR, 5:27–28, Captain Nicholas Biddle to James Biddle, 5/10/76.
4 Ibid., 5:679–681: Andrew Doria Journal, 4/6/76; Journal of John Paul Jones, Journal of HMS Glasgow and Remarks, Captain Tyringham Howe, 4/5–4/6/76.
5 Pennsylvania Gazette, 4/17/76.
6 LOC, JPJ, Jones to Joseph Hewes, 4/14/76; Morison, 72–73.
7 NDAR, 5:680–681, Glasgow Journal and Remarks.
8 Ibid., 5:735–736, Commodore Esek Hopkins to John Hancock, 4/9/76; ibid., 5:819, George Washington to Commodore Esek Hopkins, 4/14/76; ibid., 5:860–861, Hopkins to Governor Nicholas Cooke, 4/17/76.
9 UVL, Hamond Papers, Hamond to Captain Henry Bellew, 4/8/76.
10 Pennsylvania Evening Post, 4/11/76; London Public Advertiser, 8/17/76; US Customs Office, Philadelphia, Admiralty Court Transcripts, “Condemnation Proceedings Against the British Tender Edward, 4/30/76.
11 HSP, Biddle Papers, List of People on Board the Andrew Doria; NDAR, 4:710, Gordon Saltonstall to George Washington, 4/8/76; ibid., 4:711–712, Commodore Esek Hopkins to Governor Jonathan Trumbull, 4/8/76; ibid., 4:735–736, Hopkins to John Hancock, 4/9/76.
12 NDAR, 4:819, Washington to Hopkins, 4/14/76; ibid., 4:868–869, Hancock to Hopkins, 4/17/76; ibid., 4:1252, Washington to Hopkins, 4/25/76; Miller, 117; Morison, 75.
13 HSP, Biddle Papers, Nicholas Biddle to Lydia McFunn, 4/26/76.
14 NDAR, 4:1296, John Adams to Abigail Adams, 4/28/76.
15 Ibid., 4:716–719, Round Robin of the Crew of the Continental Brig Cabot, 4/8/76.
16 LOC, JPJ, Jones to Joseph Hewes, 4/14/76; HSP, Biddle Papers, Nicholas Biddle to Charles Biddle, 5/2/76.
17 Ibid.; NDAR, 4:1328–1329, Captain Abraham Whipple to Commodore Esek Hopkins, 4/30/76; ibid., 4:1360, Crew of the Continental Sloop Providence to Commodore Esek Hopkins, 5/1/76.
18 NYHS, MSS Collection, Continental Marine Committee to Captain John Barry, 4/11/76; HSP, Christopher Marshall Diaries, 4/11/76; JCC, 3/28/76 and 4/13/76; Pennsylvania Gazette, 5/8/76.
19 HSP, Biddle Papers, Nicholas Biddle to Charles Biddle, 5/2/76; LOC, JPJ, Jones to Hewes, 4/14/76; NDAR, 4:1252: Washington to Hopkins, 4/25/76; ibid., 4:1358, Hopkins to Washington, 5/1/76.
20 David Cordingly, Under the Black Flag (New York, Harcourt Brace, 1995), 95–96; HSP, Biddle Papers,
Nicholas Biddle to James Biddle, 5/10/76; A List of People on Board the Andrew Doria 10th May.
21 NDAR, 4:1419–1422, Proceedings of Court-Martial of Abraham Whipple, Commander of the Columbus, 5/6/76.
22 Ibid., 4:1458–1459, Court-Martial of John Hazard, Commander of the Sloop Providence, 5/8/76; ibid., 5:64–65, Hazard to Hopkins, 5/12/76 (approx.).
23 NDAR, 5:27, Commodore Esek Hopkins to Lieutenant John Paul Jones, 5/10/76; ibid., 5:639–640, Jones to Daniel Tillinghast, 6/20/76.
24 Ibid., 5:1264–1231, Hamond to Lord Dunmore, 4/26/76; ibid., 5:1441–1442, William Whipple to John Langdon, 5/7/76; HSP, Christopher Marshall Diaries, 5/5/76.
25 NDAR, 8:738–740, Muster Rolls for the Continental Navy Brig Lexington, 5/21/76; PA Archives, “Petition of a Slave to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety,” date unknown.
26 BFP, Richard Bache to Benjamin Franklin, 5/7/76; Pennsylvania Evening Post, 5/7/76; PA Archives, Henry Fisher Papers, Fisher to the Committee of Safety, 5/7/76; Pennsylvania Evening Packet, 5/27/76.
27 NDAR, 4:1415, 1447–1448, Narrative of Captain Andrew Snape Hamond, 5/5 and 5/7/76; ibid., 4:1447–1448, Journal of the HMS Liverpool, Captain Henry Bellew, 5/5–5/7/76; PA Archives, PA Colonial Records 10:556–559, Minutes of the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, 5/7/76, Haverford College Library (HCL), Charles Roberts Collection, Robert Morris to John Barry, 5/8/76.
28 HSP, Etting Papers, Captain Henry Bellew to John Hancock, 5/8/76.
29 Biddle, Autobiography, 84–88.
30 Ibid.; NDAR, 4:1470, Roebuck Journal, 5/8/76.
31 NDAR, 4:1470–1471, Roebuck and Liverpool Journals, 5/8/76; ibid., 5:655–670, Deposition of John Emmes, A Delaware Pilot; Pennsylvania Evening Post, 6/29/76.
32 Ibid.
33 PA Archives, 1st Series, IV, 748, Colonel Samuel Miles to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, 5/8/76; NDAR, 4:1467, Joshua Barney Autobiography, 5/7–8/76.
34 NDAR, 4:1467–1469, Hamond to Bellew, 5/8/76; ibid., 4:1471, and 5:19, Liverpool Journal, 5/8/76 and 5/9/76; Pennsylvania Evening Packet, 6/29/76.
35 NDAR, 4:1465, Thomas Read to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, 5/8/76; PA Archives, 1st Series, 4:747–748, Thomas Read to the Committee of Safety, 5/8–9/76, three letters; ibid., 4:750, Barry to Robert Morris; JCC, 5/9/76.
36 NDAR, 5:15–16, Hamond’s Narrative, 5/5–9/76; 5:17–20, Barney’s Autobiography, 5/9/76; Roebuck Journal, 5/9/76; Liverpool Journal, 5/9/76; ibid., 5:655–670, Deposition of John Emmes, A Delaware Pilot.
37 HSP, Etting Autograph Collection, Captain Walter Stewart to John Hancock, 5/12/76; Purdie’s Virginia Gazette, 5/24/76; JCC, 5/29/76.
38 NDAR, 5:34–35, Hancock to Washington, 5/10/76; ibid., 5:67, John Adams to Abigail Adams, 5/12/76; HSP, Christopher Marshall Diaries, 5/11/76; Charles Biddle Autobiography, 84.
39 PA Archives, Colonial Series 10:563–566, Marine Committee to Hopkins, 5/10/76; NDAR, 4:1358–1360, Hopkins to Hancock, 5/1/76.
40 HSP, Biddle Papers, Nicholas to James, 5/10/76; NDAR, 5:46, Journal of the HMS Cerberus, Captain John Symons, 5/11/76; ibid., 5:63, Hopkins to Biddle, 5/12/76; Hopkins to Elisha Hinman, 5/12/76.
41 NDAR, 5:182–183, Andrew Doria Journal and footnote; Clark, Captain Dauntless, 123–124.
42 HSP, Biddle Papers, Nicholas to Charles, 6/16/76; NDAR, 5:688, Dixon and Hunter’s Virginia Gazette, 6/22/76.
43 NDAR, 5:473, Journal of Lieutenant Trevett, 5/29–6/11/76; Pennsylvania Evening Post, 7/2/76; Clark, Captain Dauntless, 129–130.
44 NDAR, 5:626, Captain Charles Pond to George Washington, 6/19/76.
45 Ibid., 5:492–493, Cerberus Journal, 6/12/76; Newport Mercury, 7/29/76; ibid., 5:975–976, Vice Admiral Molyneux Shuldham to Philip Stephens, 7/8/76; Pennsylvania Evening Post, 4/29/77; Portfolio Magazine, Nicholas Biddle Biography.
46 HSP, Biddle Papers, Nicholas to Charles, 6/16/76.
47 NDAR, 5:600, Cerberus Journal, 6/18/76; ibid., 5:638, Hopkins to General Nathanael Greene, 6/20/76; ibid., 5:1304, Nathanael Shaw, Jr., to John Hancock, 7/31/76.
48 Ibid., 5:424–426, Esek Hopkins to Stephen Hopkins, 6/8/76; ibid., 5:529–530, Hancock to Esek Hopkins, 6/14/76; ibid., 5:599–600, Hopkins to Biddle, 6/18/76; LOC, GWP, Hancock to Washington, 6/19/76.
49 Ibid., 277–278, Liverpool Journal, 5/27/76; ibid., 5:457–458, Bellew to Shuldham, 6/10/76; Constitutional Gazette, 6/22/76; US Coast Guard Geodetic Survey, Coast Chart No. 24, Delaware Entrance, W. W. Duffield, Superintendent, 1895.
50 LOC, William Bell Clark Papers, Kingfisher Journal, 6/28/76; PRO, Admiralty, 52/479, Orpheus Journal, 6/28/76; Maryland Historical Society, Scharf Collection, Lambert Wickes to Samuel Wickes, 7/2/76.
51 LOC, Clark Papers, Kingfisher Journal, 6/29/76; PRO Admiralty, 51/479, Orpheus Journal, 6/29/76; Elizabeth Montgomery, Reminiscences of Wilmington, Delaware (Wilmington: Johnston and Borgia, 1872), 176–181; Maryland Historical Society, Lambert Wickes to Samuel Wickes, 7/2/76; Pennsylvania Ledger, 7/6/76; Pennsylvania Evening Post, 7/11/76; Connecticut Courant, 7/15/76.
52 JCC, 7/2/76; HSP, Dreer Collection, Marine Committee to John Barry, 7/2/76.
53 JCC, 5/10/76; NDAR, 5: 893, Washington to Hancock, 7/3/76; David McCullough, 1776 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), 138; Fowler, The Baron of Beacon Hill, 208–210.
54 NDAR, 5:864–866, Major General Charles Lee to George Washington, 7/1/76; ibid., 5:927, John Wells’ Account of the British Attack on Charleston, 6/29–7/4/76; ibid., 5:928–929, Journal of the HMS Experiment, 7/2–7/4/76; ibid., 5:997–1002, Commodore Sir Peter Parker to Philip Stephens, 7/9/76.
55 HSP, Dreer Collection, Marine Committee to John Barry, 7/2/76; HSP, Joshua Humphreys Collection and NDAR, 5:1018–1020, Dimensions of the Ships Randolph and Delaware, 7/10/76; ibid., 5:951, Hancock to Washington, 7/6/76.
56 JCC, 8/12/76 (including footnotes); NDAR, 6, Autobiography of John Adams, 8/12/76; ibid., 6:195–198, Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on Commodore Esek Hopkins’ Defense, 8/12/83 [sic 1776]; JCC, 8/16/76.
57 NDAR, 5:768–769, Governor Nicholas Cooke to General Artemas Ward, 6/27/76; ibid., 5:788, Biddle to Hopkins, 6/28/76; ibid., 6:1011–1012, Trial and Condemnation of the British Prize Sloop Betsey in the Pennsylvania Admiralty Court, 9/26/76; Portfolio Magazine 7 (June 1814), “Memoir of Richard Dale”; King, Sea of Words, 130.
58 Painting of Jones by Cecilia Beaux, Sculpture by Houdon, U.S. Naval Academy Museum.
59 Thomas, 14–15; Morison, 22–23; Lincoln Lorenz, John Paul Jones: Fighter for Freedom and Glory (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1943), 18.
60 Thomas, 21–22; Morison, 33–35; William Loren Katz, Eyewitness: A Living Documentary of the African American Contribution to American History (New York: Touchstone, 1995), 44.
61 LOC, JPJP, Jones’ letter to his mother and sisters, 9/24/72; Morison, 38–40; Thomas, 24–25.
62 Ibid., Jones to Robert Morris, 9/4/76; Morison, 42; Thomas, 28–29.
63 LOC, JPJP, Jones to John Leacock, 4/15/73; Jones to Robert Morris, 9/4/76; Jones to Benjamin Franklin, 3/6/79; Morison, 43–45; Thomas, 30–32.
64 LOC, JPJP, John Read to Jones, 2/28/78; Thomas, 40–41.
65 LOC, JPJP, Jones to Franklin, 3/6/79; Morison, 51–53; Thomas, 39–41.
66 NDAR, 6:85–86, Marine Committee to John Paul Jones, 8/6/76; 209, Marine Committee to Jones and William Hallock, 8/16/76; McCullough, 1776, 138–139; Charles Rappleye, Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010), 49, 137.
67 LOC, JPJP, Lieutenant Alpheus Rice to Jones, 9/9/76; NDAR, 6:684–685, Jones to Marine Committee, 9/4/76; 1371–1377, Muster Roll, Providence, from May 10, 1776.
68 Morison, 57; Thomas, 56–57; King, Sea of Words, 105.
69 NDAR, 6:684–685, Jones to Marine Committee, 9/4/76; LOC, JPJP, Jones to Morris, 9/4/76.
CHAPTER FOUR “THAT REBEL IS MY BROTHER”
; 1 NDAR, 7:601–602, Governor Craister Greathead to Governor Johannes de Graaf, 12/23/76.
2 Ibid., 6:684–685, Jones to Marine Committee, 9/4/76; LOC, JPJP, Jones to Morris, 9/4/76.
3 NDAR, 6: Appendix, 1499–1511, David Bushnell and the Submarine Turtle; Bushnell to Ezra Stiles, 10/16/87.
4 Ibid.; Miller, 160.
5 Ibid., 1499–1500, Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 9/26/85.
6 Ibid., 1507–1511, Ezra Lee to David Humphreys, 2/20/1815.
7 Ibid., Miller, 160–62.
8 NDAR, 6:349–350, Minutes of the Council of War on the Evacuation of Long Island, 8/29/76; ibid., 6:372, Journal of Captain Henry Duncan, R.N., 8/29/76; ibid., 6:874–875, Major General Nathanael Green to Governor Nicholas Cooke, 9/17/76.
9 Ibid., 6:1228–1230, Major General John Burgoyne to Captain Charles Douglas, R.N., 10/12/76; ibid., 6:1235–1237, Brigadier General Benedict Arnold to Major General Horatio Gates, 10/12/76. For further reading, the author recommends James Nelson’s Benedict Arnold’s Navy.
10 Ibid., 782, Journal of Lieutenant Stephen Kemble, 9/11/76; ibid., 6:928–931, Diary of Frederick Mackenzie, 9/21–22/76; Journal, H.M.S. Rose, Captain James Wallace, 9/21/76.
11 Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library (FDR), Captain Isaiah Robinson to Lieutenant Joshua Barney, 9/8/76; NDAR, 6:782, Autobiography of Joshua Barney, 7/5–9/11/76; ibid., 6:948–949, Hopkins to the Continental Marine Committee, 9/22/76; ibid., 6:1304, Hopkins to Daniel Tillinghast, 10/17/76; Pennsylvania Packet, 9/10/76; New England Chronicle, 9/12/76; Independent Chronicle, 10/3/76. Connecticut Courant, 10/18/76.
12 NDAR, 6:11–12, John Almon’s Remembrancer, 1776; ibid., 6:76–77, William Bingham to Silas Deane, 8/5/76; ibid., 6:142–143, Vice Admiral James Young to Philip Stephens, 8/11/76; ibid., 6:583–584, Gabriel de Sartine to M. d’Argout, 8/11/76.
13 HSP, Biddle Papers, Lydia McFunn to Nicholas Biddle, 7/12/76; Providence Gazette, 9/7/76; NDAR, 6:770, Esek Hopkins to Marine Committee, 9/10/76; ibid., 6:790, Cerberus Journal, 9/11–12/76; Newport Mercury, 9/16/76; Pennsylvania Journal, 9/18/76; Pennsylvania Packet, 9/24/76; Portfolio Biography; Clark, Captain Dauntless, 146–149.