Traugott, Mark, ed. and trans., The French Worker: Autobiographies from the Early Industrial Era (Berkeley: University Of California Press, 1993)
MM Tréfeu et Prével, La Romance de la Rose – opéra bouffe, partition chant et piano (Paris, 1870)
Vizetelly, Ernest Alfred, With Zola in England: A Story of Exile (Middlesex: The Echo Library, 2007)
Voilquin, Suzanne, ‘Recollections of a Daughter of the People’ in Traugott, Mark (ed. and trans.), The French Worker: Autobiographies from the Early Industrial Era (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 92–115.
Willemin, Véronique, La Mondaine: Histoire et archives de la police des moeurs (Paris: Hoëbeke, 2009)
Wolff, Albert, La Haute-Noce (Paris: Victor-Havard, 1885)
Zeldin, Theodore, France 1848–1945: Taste and Corruption (Oxford, New York, Toronto and Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1980)
Zola, Émile, L’Assommoir (Paris: Fasquelle, 1977)
____ Correspondence, ed. by B.H. Bakker and Colette Becker, 10 vols (Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, Paris: Édition du centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1978–1995), vol. 3.
____ Nana, trans. Douglas Parmée (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992)
____ Nana, preface Henri Mitterand (Paris: Gallimard, 2002)
____The Drinking Den, trans. Robin Buss (London: Penguin Books, 2003)
ARTICLES
‘Les Arts incohérents’, L’Europe Artiste, 21 October 1883, p. 34.
‘Chronique’, Le Droit populaire, 26 November 1881, p. 402.
‘Chronique de l’audience’, Gil Blas, 16 November 1881, p. 3.
‘Court and Fashion’, Belfast News-Letter, 29 August 1862
‘Court and Fashion – Foreign Courts’, Era, 26 May 1867
‘L’Enfant de Mme Valtesse’, Le Rappel, 16 November 1881, pp. 2–3.
‘Essais de psychologie politique’, La Nouvelle Revue, 55 (November–December 1888), p. 295.
‘Fatal Gas Explosions’, Oamaru Mail, Volume IV, Issue 1322, 19 September 1882, p. 4.
‘French Actress Quits Hubby and Goes Home’, Reading Eagle, 26 November 1924, p. 1.
‘France’, The Morning Post, 1 October 1880
‘Gazette des tribunaux’, Le Figaro, 9 November 1881, p. 5.
‘Gazette des tribunaux’, Le Figaro, 15 November 1881, p. 2.
‘The Italian Opera in Paris’, The Morning Post, 13 June 1883, p. 5.
‘M. Gambetta et Mlle Valtesse’, Le Gaulois, 11 June 1883, p. 1.
‘Nécrologie’, Gil Blas, 21 December 1903, p. 2.
‘Nécrologie’, Le Matin, 21 December 1903, p. 5.
‘Obituary’, Standard, 22 March 1898, p. 5.
‘Obsèques d’Offenbach’, Le Gaulois, 8 October 1880, p. 2.
‘Parisian Actresses’, Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle etc., 17 November 1880
‘Petits bruits’, Le Gaulois, 12 November 1881, p. 1.
‘Les Premières’, Le Figaro, 5 March 1872, p. 1.
‘Les Premières’, Le Figaro, 11 April 1872, p. 1.
‘The Queen’s Visit to the Riviera’, The Morning Post, 28 February 1895, p. 5.
‘Sporting’, Belfast News-Letter, 26 April 1860
Auriant, ‘Quelques sources ignorées de “Nana”’, Mercure de France, 252 (1934), pp. 180–8.
B., V. de la, ‘Courrier d’Indo-Chine’, Le Figaro, 22 September 1880, p. 4.
Bataille, Albert, Le Figaro, 2 August 1896, p. 4.
Blavet, Émile, ‘La Princesse de Trébizonde’, Le Figaro, 3 August 1869, p. 3.
Blum, Ernest, Le Rappel, 30 January 1870, p. 4.
Bory, A. de, ‘Théâtre des bouffes-parisiens – soirée de réouverture’, La France musicale, 4 October 1868, p. 311.
Boudan, Gaston, ‘Madame Valtesse de la Bigne’, Au Pays Virois (October–December 1933), pp. 164–70.
Chambourcy, ‘Hommes et Choses – L’Union des Artistes’, Le Radical, 13 June 1883, p. 1.
Chapelou, Le Tintamarre, 11 June 1876, p. 3.
Chincholle, C., ‘Les Arts incohérents’, Le Figaro, 10 October 1883, p. 2.
Dandeau, ‘Un Collaborateur inattendu’, Le Gaulois, 6 January 1883, p. 2.
Desprez, Adrian, ‘Petites scènes’, Gazette littéraire, artistique et scientifique, 32 (10 December 1864), p. 324.
Le Diable Boiteux, Gil Blas, 8 November 1884, p. 1.
Fénéon, Félix, ‘Les Arts incohérents’, La Libre Revue, November 1883
Froufrou, ‘Les Premières’, Le Gaulois, 9 December 1869, p. 1.
Houssaye, Arsène, ‘Les Parisiennes d’Amour – Valtesse’, Panurge, 22 October 1882
Jouve, André, Le Courrier de Lyon, 17 January 1844, cited in Grafe, Etienne, Portraitistes Lyonnais 1800–1914 (Lyon: Musée des Beaux-Arts, 1986), p. 25.
Jouy, Jules, Le Tintamarre, 25 November 1877, p. 6.
Lafargue, Gustave, Le Figaro, 28 February 1870, p. 4.
Lasalle, Albert de, in Le Monde illustré, 10 February 1866, p. 95.
Lauwick, Béatrice, and Odile Nouvel Kammerer, ‘Le Lit de Valtesse de La Bigne’, Histoire de l’art, 32 (December 1995), pp. 71–7.
Lévêque, Jean-Jacques, ‘Trois intérieurs du début de la IIIe République’ Gazette des Beaux-Arts, (March 1976), pp. 92–4.
Loudun, Eugène, ‘Le Salon de 1881’, La Revue du monde catholique, 31 May 1881
Mareuil, ‘L’Accident de Ville-d’Avray’, Le Gaulois, 29 November 1882, p. 1.
Marx, Adrien, ‘La Plaine Monceau’, Le Figaro, 21 June 1880, p. 1.
Monin, Dr E., ‘Propos du docteur – La responsibilité en matière criminelle’, Gil Blas, 3 January 1888, p. 2.
Monin, Dr E., ‘Propos du Docteur – Hygiène et éducation féminines’, Gil Blas, 18 March 1890, p. 2.
Morand, Eugène, ‘Nouvelles diverses’, Le Figaro, 24 January 1870, p. 3.
Morgan, O.R., ‘Zola et Valtesse de la Bigne’, Les Cahiers naturalistes, 39 (1970), pp. 70–1.
O’Monroy, Richard, ‘Celle qui disparaît’, Gil Blas, 24 May 1902, p. 1.
Oswald, François ‘Bruits de coulisses’, Le Gaulois, 15 December 1869, p. 3.
Parisis, ‘Bal Incohérent’, Le Figaro, 13 March 1885, p. 1.
Un passant, Le Rappel, 9 December 1869, p. 1.
Picard, René, conclusion to Gaston Boudan, ‘Madame Valtesse de la Bigne’, Au Pays Virois (October–December 1933), p. 170.
Picard, René, and Gaston Boudan, ‘Deux Tableaux d’Édouard Detaille au Musée de Caen et Valtesse de la Bigne’, in Au Pays Virois (October–December 1933), pp. 161–3.
Polo, Roberto, ‘Édouard Lièvre, un créateur des arts décoratifs au XIXe’, L’Estampille – L’Objet d’art, 394 (September 2004), pp. 102–113.
E.R., ‘Le Salon de 1879’, La Presse, 27 May 1879, p. 2.
Richet, Etienne, ‘La vie parisienne’, Revue nouvelle: Le Feu follet (May 1900), p. 307.
Rigaud, M. l’abbé, ‘La dépopulation des campagnes’, Annuaire des cinq départements de la Normandie, 34 (1868)
Robaut, Alfred, ‘L’Atelier de Corot’, L’Illustration, 6 March 1875, p. 158.
Sussman, George, ‘The Wet-Nursing Business in Nineteenth-Century France’, French Historical Studies, 9 (1975), pp. 304–328.
V., L. de, ‘Hôtel privé, boulevard Malesherbes à Paris, par M.J. Février, architecte’, Le Moniteur des architectes, (1877), pp. 35–6.
Villemot, Émile, ‘A qui la fille?’, Gil Blas, 19 November 1881, p. 1.
Ward-Jackson, Philip, ‘A sculptor-mayor and his family: Le mariage civil by Henri Gervex’, Sculpture Journal, 14 (2005), pp. 41–50.
Wolff, Albert, Le Figaro, 20 March 1876, p. 1.
Maître X., Le Gaulois, 1 March 1882, p. 3.
Xau, Fernand, ‘Valtesse de la Bigne’, Gil Blas, 13 June 1883, p. 2.
Y., Z. and C., ‘Au Jour le jour – Les Merveilleuses’, Le Gaulois, 18 December 1873, p. 1.
Zola, Émile, L’Événement, 29 March 1866
Zola, Émile ‘Gambetta’, Le Figaro, 13 November 1880, p. 1.
Zola, Émile, ‘Revue dramatique et littéraire’, Le Voltaire, 28 October 1879, p. 1.
Newspapers and periodicals consulted
Aberdeen Weekly Journal
Au Pays Virois
Belfast News-Letter
Les Cahiers naturalistes
Chronique des arts et de la curiosité
Le Courrier de Cannes
Le Courrier de Lyon
Le Droit populaire
Dundee Courier & Argus
L’Estampille – L’Objet d’art
L’Europe Artiste
L’Événement
Le Figaro
La France musicale
French Historical Studies
Le Gaulois
Gazette des Beaux-Arts
Gil Blas
Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle etc.
Histoire de l’art
L’Illustration
Le Journal de Nice
Lehigh Brown and White
Le Matin
Mercure de France
Le Monde Illustré
Le Moniteur des architectes
The Morning Post
Niagara Falls Gazette
L’Orchestre
Panurge
Paris–Plaisir
Le Petit Journal
La Presse
Le Rappel
Reading Eagle
La Revue du monde catholique
Revue nouvelle: Le Feu follet
Le Rire
Sculpture Journal
The Standard
Le Supplément
Le Temps
The Times
Le Tintamarre, Critique de la réclame, satire des puffistes
Le Voltaire
Websites consulted
http://www.ancestry.co.uk
All currency equivalents calculated according to http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php
http://www.gallica.fr
http://www.mediatheque.mc/home/patrimoniaux/fonds-regional.dot
http://www.cix.co.uk/~mhayhurst/jdhayhurst/pigeon/pigeon.html (accessed 4 April 2014)
http://www.osenat.fr/html/fiche.jsp?id=3408505&np=14&lng=fr&npp=20&ordre=1&aff=1&r (accessed 9 June 2014)
http://ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr/officiers_dekergaradec_alexandre.htm (accessed 10 October 2014)
http://www.brittanica.com/EBchecked/topic/224764/Leon-Gambetta (accessed 20 August 2014)
Orr, Lyndon, ‘Famous Affinities of History – Léon Gambetta and Léonie Léon’, pp. 1–9, http://www.authorama.com/famous-affinities-of-history-iii-3.html (accessed 29 August 2014)
Celine Colassin, ‘663 – Andrée Lafayette’, http://cinevedette4.unblog.fr/663-andree-lafayette/ (accessed 18 February 2015)
Galleries, museums, libraries and archives
Les archives de la préfecture de police, Paris
Bibliothèque Nationale de France
The British Library
The Courtauld Institute of Art Book Library
Farnham Library, Surrey
Mairie du 19e arrondissement, Paris
Mairie de Monaco
Mairie de Ville-d’Avray
Musée des arts décoratifs
Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux
Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen
Musée Carnavalet
Musée de Normandie
Musée d’Orsay
Palais Princier de Monaco
Royal Holloway, University of London Library
Senate House Library
University for the Creative Arts Library, Farnham
The Witt Library
Notes
PROLOGUE
1.The following is drawn from an article in the journal Au Pays Virois in 1933. René Picard, ‘Deux Tableaux d’Édouard Detaille au Musée de Caen et Valtesse de la Bigne’, Au Pays Virois (October–December 1933), 161–3. I am indebted to Christophe Marcheteau de Quinçay and the staff at the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen for their kind assistance with my research on Detaille and Valtesse’s donation to the museum.
CHAPTER 1
1.I am indebted to Jean-Marie Levesque at the Musée de Normandie for his detailed knowledge of the migration of peasants to Paris in the 19th century.
2.Roads in Normandy were notoriously poor, and even after governmental investment in roads during the 1830s they remained wanting. Robert Gildea, Children of the Revolution: The French 1799–1914 (London: Allen Lane, 2008), pp. 75–6.
3.Roger Price, A Social History of Nineteenth-Century France (London: Hutchinson, 1987), p. 87.
4.Mme Romieu (Marie-Sincère), Des Paysans et de l’agriculture en France au XIXe siècle (Paris, 1865), p. 440.
5.Abbé Rigaud, ‘La Dépopulation des campagnes’, Annuaire des cinq départements de la Normandie, 34 (1868), 41–8 (p. 44).
6.The trousseau consisted of clothing, linen and jewellery that the bride-to-be would accumulate in preparation for her change of status. A family’s wealth and social standing could be gauged by the content of the trousseau.
7.Words used to describe Emilie’s family in ‘Chronique de l’audience’, Gil Blas, 16 November 1881, p. 3.
8.The number of schools in the Calvados department increased under the Restoration, and Emilie’s literacy could have been the result of this. Price, p. 337.
9.Price, p. 334.
10.Alistair Horne, Seven Ages of Paris (London: Pan Macmillan, 2003), p. 243.
11.Gabriel Désert, Les Paysans du Calvados 1815–1895: Une société rurale au XIXe siècle (Caen: Centre de Recherche d’Histoire Quantitative de Caen, 2007), p. 73.
12.Information supplied by the Musée de Normandie.
13.When Emilie later appeared in court in 1881, her partner’s name was given only as ‘T’. ‘L’Enfant de Mme Valtesse’, Le Rappel, 16 November 1881, pp. 2–3.
14.Rachel Fuchs, Abandoned Children: Foundlings and Child Welfare in 19th-Century France (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984), p. 92.
15.Colin Jones, Cambridge Illustrated History of France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 210–11.
16.Fuchs, p. 88.
17.Now known as the Rue de Paradis. Edmond Ronzeville, Paris Xe (Amiens: Martelle Editions, 1996); Laure Beaumont-Maillet, Vie et histoire du Xe arrondissement (Paris: Éditions Hervas, 1991).
18.Information supplied by the Musée Carnavelet documentation centre. I am indebted to Gérard Leyris for his assistance in my research.
19.Gildea, p. 156.
20.Gildea, pp. 80–1.
21.Fuchs, p. 88. The sou was a unit of currency created at the time of the Revolution. It was equal to 5 centimes, or approximately a halfpenny in English currency. See Émile Zola, The Drinking Den, trans. by Robin Buss (London: Penguin Books, 2003), p. 433, n. 5.
22.Gildea, p. 156.
23.Félicien Champsaur, Paris, le massacre (Paris, 1885), p. 268.
24.Jules Claretie, La Vie à Paris (Paris, 1911), p. 234.
25.Alfred Robaut vividly described Corot’s studio in 1875. Alfred Robaut, ‘L’Atelier de Corot’, L’Illustration, 6 March 1875, p. 158.
26.Sidney Allnutt, Corot (London: T.C. & E.C. Jack, 1911), p. 38.
CHAPTER 2
1.Roger Price, A Social History of Nineteenth-Century France (London: Hutchinson, 1987), p. 342.
2.Jeanne Bouvier, ‘My Memoirs’, in The French Worker: Autobiographies from the Early Industrial Era, ed. and trans. by Mark Traugott (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 336–80 (p. 348).
3.Price, p. 158.
4.Cited in Joanna Richardson, La Vie Parisienne 1852–1870 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1971), p. 78.
5.Gloria Groom and others, L’Impressionisme et la mode, exhib. cat. (Paris: Musée d’Orsay, 2013), p. 96.
6.Comtesse Dash, Comment on fait son chemin dans le monde, code du savoir-vivre (Paris, 1868), p. 76. Cited in Groom and others, p. 258.
7.Jeann
e Bouvier, ‘My Memoirs’, in The French Worker: Autobiographies from the Early Industrial Era, ed. and trans. by Mark Traugott (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 336–80 (p. 346).
8.Catherine Naugrette-Christophe, Paris sous le Second Empire: Le Théâtre et la ville (Paris: Librairie Théâtrale, 1998), annexe 4. Other sources set the average wage a little higher, between 3 and 5 francs. See Émile Zola, The Drinking Den, trans. by Robin Buss (London: Penguin Books, 2003), p. 433, n. 5. Auriant, Les Lionnes du Second Empire (Paris: Gallimard, 1935), p. 199.
9.Jeanne Bouvier in Traugott, p. 380.
10.Jeanne Bouvier in Traugott, p. 380.
11.Zola, Émile Zola, L’Assommoir (Paris: Fasquelle, 1977), p. 400.
12.Ego, Isola (Paris, 1876), p. 164.
13.Suzanne Voilquin, ‘Recollections of a Daughter of the People’ in The French Worker: Autobiographies from the Early Industrial Era, ed. and trans. by Mark Traugott (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 92–115 (p. 112).
14.Anon, What’s What in Paris (London, 1867), p. 58. Cited in Richardson, La Vie Parisienne, p. 72.
15.Maxime du Camp, Paris: ses organes, ses fonctions et sa vie dans la seconde moitié du XIXième siècle, 6 vols (Paris, 1869–75), III, 458.
16.‘L’Enfant de Mme Valtesse’, Le Rappel, 16 November 1881, p. 2.
17.Ego, p. 165.
18.Ego, pp. 163–5.
19.Jeanne Bouvier in Traugott, p. 374.
20.A. Coffignon, Paris Vivant, La Corruption à Paris (Paris, 1889), p. 21.
21.Gildea, pp. 80–1.
22.On the authorities’ attempts to control prostitution, see: Gildea, pp. 80–1; Gabrielle Houbre, Le Livre des courtisanes: archives secrètes de la police des moeurs, 1861–1876 (Paris: Tallandier, 2006); Alain Corbin, Women for Hire: Prostitution and Sexuality in France after 1850, trans. by Alan Sheridan (Cambridge, Mass and London: Harvard University Press, 1990), pp. 3–7 and pp. 128–55; Virginia Rounding, Grandes Horizontales: The Lives and Legends of Four 19th-Century Courtesans (London: Bloomsbury, 2003), pp. 1–29.
23.On the hierarchy that existed and the differences between the categories of prostitute, see: Virginia Rounding, Grandes Horizontales: The Lives and Legends of Four 19th-Century Courtesans (London: Bloomsbury, 2003), pp. 1–29; Joanna Richardson, The Courtesans: The Demi-Monde in 19th-Century France (London: Phoenix Press, 2000), pp. 1–4; Susan Griffin, The Book of the Courtesans (London: Pan Macmillan, 2003), pp. 1–17; Julie Kavanagh, The Girl Who Loved Camellias: The Life and Legend of Marie Duplessis (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013), pp. 49–59; Alexandre Dumas, Filles, lorettes et courtisanes (Paris, 1874); Alphonse Esquiros, Les Vierges folles (Paris, 1840).
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