91. “Islamic Authority in Malaysia Bans Moderate Muslim Mosque,” Salem News, May 1, 2009, http://www.salem-news.com/printview.php?id=10694.
92. Paul Wiseman, “In Malaysia, ‘Islamic Civilization’ Is Promoted.”
93. “59 Sky Kingdom Members Detained,” New Straits Times, July 21, 2005, http://www.religionnewsblog.com/11755/59-sky-kingdom-members-detained.
94. “Indignant Imams Flatten Teapot Deity’s Commune,” AsiaNews.it, August 2, 2005, http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=3837.
95. “Sky Kingdom Member Gets Two Years for Apostasy,” The Star Online, March 3, 2008, http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/3/4/courts/20519214.
96. “Ayah Pin Still Hiding in Thailand,” New Straits Times, May 3, 2006, http://www.religion-newsblog.com/14499/ayah-pin-still-hiding-in-thailand.
97. “Malaysia Women’s Group Sued over ‘Islam’ in Name,” Jakarta Post, March 22, 2010, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/03/22/malaysia-women039s-group-sued-over-039islam039-name.html.
98. “Sharia in Force on Atolls of the Maldives,” AsiaNews.it, October 20, 2008, http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Sharia-in-force-on-atolls-of-the-Maldives-13522.html. It is unclear if this means that a Maldivian may be stripped of citizenship or if the law applies only to foreigners who wish to gain citizenship; see Odd Larsen, “Maldives: Religious Freedom Survey 2008,” Forum 18 News, October 15, 2008, http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1203. For more background, see Larsen, “Maldives: What Do Maldivians Understand Freedom of Religion or Belief to Be?” Forum 18 News, December 7, 2009, http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1383.
99. Ahmed Naish, “Parliament Takes on Revised Penal Code,” Dhivehi Observer, October 14, 2009, http://doreview.blogspot.com/2009/10/parliament-takes-on-revised-penal-code.html.
100. Olivia Lang, “‘Anni’ Heralds New Era in Maldives,” BBC News, October 29, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7697283.stm.
101. “Maldives: Reform in Politics but Not in Religious Liberty,” World Evangelical Alliance, December 9, 2008, http://www.worldevangelicals.org/commissions/rlc/rlc_article.htm?id=2264; “No Place for Religious Freedom in the Maldives’ Democratic Dispensation,” AsiaNews.it, February 19, 2009, http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=14524&size=A.
102. Maryam Omidi, “Journalists ‘Exercise Self-censorship,’” Minivan News, June 4, 2009, http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg07062.html.
103. “Maldives,” International Religious Freedom Report 1999, U.S. State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/irf/irf_rpt/1999/irf_maldives99.html; See, for example, http://www.ctlibrary.com/ct/1998/september7/8ta27d.html, http://www.religioustolerance.org/rt_maldive.htm.
104. J. J. Robinson, “Islamic Foundation Calls for Death Sentence If Apostate Fails to Repent,” Minivan News, May 30, 2010, http://minivannews.com/politics/islamic-foundation-calls-for-death-sentence-if-apostate-fails-to-repent-7606/print/; “Apostate Publicly Repents and Rejoins Islam, after Counseling,” Minivan News, June 1, 2010, http://minivannews.com/politics/apostate-publicly-repents-and-rejoins-islam-after-counselling-7704/print/.
105. Hassan Saeed and Abdullah Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2004).
106. South Asia Analysis Group, “On Dr. Hassan Saeed’s Book on Freedom of Religion and Apostasy,” June 25, 2008, http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers28%5Cpaper2747.html.
107. “Maldives: Reform in Politics but Not in Religious Liberty,” World Evangelical Alliance, December 8, 2008, http://www.ea.org.au/default.aspx?id=4f06b920-cc46-4c2e-a939-7bd24de72c70.
108. Odd Larsen, “Maldives: Almost No Religious Freedom for Migrant Workers,” Forum 18 News, June 23, 2009, http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1316;
109. Sisters in Islam, “Banning of the Book on ‘Muslim Women and the Challenge of Islamic Extremism,’ ” press statement, August 21, 2008, http://www.sistersinislam.org.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=769&Itemid=1.
Part III
1. Statement by Ihab Gamaleldin, Egypt, at the 2nd Plenary Meeting of the 6th Session of the UN Human Rights Council, September 13, 2007, UN Human Rights Council archived video, http://www.un.org/webcast/unhrc/archive.asp?go=070913.
2. Resolution 12/16, Freedom of Opinion and Expression, UN Human Rights Council, adopted October 2, 2009.
3. On the tendency of religious repression to increase religious violence, see Brian J. Grim and Roger Finke, “Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies?” American Sociological Review 72 (August 2007): 633–58.
Chapter 10
1. Lee Keath, “Friday Brings New Prophet Drawing Protests,” Associated Press (AP), February 10, 2006, http://muzi.com/news/ll/english/10003182.shtml.
2. “Islam-West Divide ‘Grows Deeper,’ ” BBC News, February 10, 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4699716.stm.
3. Sadaqat Jan, “Protestors Rally in Pakistan, Iraq,” AP, February 21, 2006.
4. “Palestinian Children Demonstrate Against Denmark,” Jerusalem Post, February 13, 2006.
5. Riaz Khan, “Cleric Announces $1M Bounty on Cartoonist,” AP, February 17, 2006, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P1-118608901.html. In Morocco, thousands demonstrated, and lawyers in Tangier claimed the cartoons were part of a campaign beginning with “the profanation of the Qur’an in Guantanamo”; see Oumnia Guedda, “Prophet Caricatures,” Morocco Times, February 14, 2006. On February 19, tens of thousands demonstrated in Istanbul; see Ali Kotarumalos, “Muslims Assault U.S. Embassy in Indonesia,” AP, February 19, 2006, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11445755/.
6. In Bhopal, India, about 10,000 held a silent protest, with some banners stating, “Stop all anti-Islamic activities.” Thousands demonstrated in Gaza and in the capitals of Pakistan and Bangladesh; see “Islam-West divide ‘Grows Deeper.’ ”
7. Jytte Klausen, The Cartoons That Shook the World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 107.
8. Henryk M. Broder, “How a Film Triggered a Global Panic,” Der Spiegel, March 20, 2008, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,542255,00.html; Leander Schaerlackens, “Dutch Film to Slam Islam,” Washington Times, February 29, 2008, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/feb/29/dutch-film-to-slam-islam/; Ian Traynor, “‘I Don’t Hate Muslims. I Hate Islam,’ Says Holland’s Rising Political Star,” The Guardian, February 17, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/17/netherlands.islam.
9. “UN Chief Condemns Anti-Islam Film,” BBC News, March 28, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7319188.stm; “Muslim, UN Outrage over Dutch MP’s Anti-Islam Film,” Agence France Presse (AFP), March 28, 2008; “Arab, Muslim Leaders Denounce Film by Dutch Filmmaker,” AP, March 29, 2008, http://www.wsvn.com/news/articles/local/MI81627/; see also http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/03/29/2202493.htm?section=justin.
10. “Dutch Chief’s Son Killed in Afghanistan for ‘Fitna,’” AlArabiya, April 18, 2008, http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/04/18/48527.html.
11. Marcus Eliason, “Khomeini Sanctions Murder of ‘Blasphemous Novelist,’” AP, February 14, 1989, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=860&dat=19890222&id=CjkQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G48DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5697,5374875; Robert Barr, “‘Satanic Verses’ Author Scrubs U.S. Trip; Iranians Announce Bounty,” AP, February 15, 1989, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19890215&id=SQcgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6GQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1452,2808617.
12. Daniel Pipes, The Rushdie Affair (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2003), 113–18, notes that the title The Satanic Verses caught the attention of many who had not bothered to read the book itself and was frequently misinterpreted, particularly in translation, as meaning that the entire Qur’an was written by the devil.
13. In addition to the book itself (The Satanic Verses [New York: Random House, 2008]), this analysis draws on Lawrence Pollard, “Satanic Verses’ Polarising Untruths,” BBC News, Febr
uary 14, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7889974.stm, and Pipes, The Rushdie Affair, 53–69.
14. This consists by its own count of fifty-seven Muslim countries (it includes “the State of Palestine” and “Northern Cyprus”), headquartered in Saudi Arabia. See chapter 11.
15. Christopher Walker, “Islamic Leaders Urge Muslim World to Ban ‘Blasphemous Rushdie Book,’ ” The Times (London), November 22, 1988.
16. Pipes, The Rushdie Affair, 20–24, 134–35; Andrew Morgan, “Muslims Call in for Ban on Rushdie Publishers; Viking-Penguin,” The Times (London), January 30, 1989; Sheila Rule, “Khomeini Urges Muslims to Kill Author of Novel,” New York Times, February 15, 1989 http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie-khomeini.html.
17. Eliason, “Khomeini Sanctions Murder of ‘Blasphemous Novelist’ ”; Rule, “Khomeini Urges Muslims to Kill Author of Novel”; “French Firm Suspends Publication of ‘Satanic Verses,’ ” United Press International, February 15, 1989; “Waldenbooks: We Never Banned ‘Satanic Verses,’ ” United Press International, February 24, 1989; “B. Dalton’s to Return ‘Satanic Verses’ to Shelves,” AP, February 23, 1989, http://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/23/world/b-dalton-to-resume-its-sales-of-satanic-verses.html?pagewanted=1; Kathleen Maclay, “Bombs Strike Berkeley Bookstores, New York Newspaper,” AP, February 28, 1989.
18. Eliason, “Khomeini Sanctions Murder of ‘Blasphemous Novelist’”; Harvey Morris and Heather Mills, “Rushdie ‘Will Not Be Forgiven,’ ” The Independent, February 20, 1989.
19. Rule, “Khomeini Urges Muslims to Kill Author of Novel”; Morris and Mills, “Rushdie ‘Will Not Be Forgiven’ ”; Mona Ziade, “Iran Severs Relations with Britain over Book,” AP, March 7, 1989, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2002&dat=19890307&id=urkiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QLUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4175,1159671; “Islamic Conference denounces Rushdie,” United Press International, March 16, 1989.
20. “Thousands of Moslems Clash in Protest Against Salman Rushdie,” AP, May 27, 1989, http://articles.latimes.com/1989-05-28/news/mn-1613_1_london-protest-rushdie-book-blasphemy-law-satanic-verses; Angella Johnson, “MPs Call for Verses Ban,” The Guardian, May 29, 1989.
21. Daniel Pipes, “Salman Rushdie’s Delusion, and Ours,” Commentary, December 1998, http://www.danielpipes.org/article/301; Karin Davies, “Moslems Picket British Publisher,” United Press International, January 8, 1990.
22. Karin Davies, “Rushdie: ‘I Don’t Intend to Be Defeated,’” United Press International, April 27, 1990; Alexander Macleod, “Britons Link Novel, Hostage Issue,” Christian Science Monitor, May 18, 1990.
23. “Rushdie Apologizes for Offending Muslims,” The Globe and Mail, September 28, 1990; Nicholas de Jongh, “It’s Been Hell, Says Contrite Rushdie,” The Guardian, September 28, 1990; “Threat to Rushdie ‘Is Not Changed,’ ” The Times, September 29, 1990.
24. “Iranian Minister: Rushdie Death Decree Irrevocable,” AP, December 9, 1990, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19901210&id=8MYfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uNgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3757,5729637.
25. Angella Johnson, “Rushdie Makes Peace Overtures,” The Guardian, November 27, 1990; Iqbal Wahhab, “British Muslim Urges Iran to Stay Firm on Rushdie Sentence,” The Independent, December 4, 1990.
26. Hugo Young, “Commentary: The Muddle of Rushdie’s Satanic Prose,” The Guardian, December 20, 1990.
27. Robert Barr, “Rushdie Embraces Islamic Faith,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 25, 1990; “Rushdie Won’t Seek Paperback Version,” The News (Boca Raton), December 25, 1990, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1290&dat=19901225&id=5NkPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KY0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6399,5366187.
28. Pipes, The Rushdie Affair, 205, suggested that publishers and editors were particularly vulnerable since they were implicated by the ayatollah’s edict, yet unlike Rushdie they were not under guard.
29. “Rushdie’s Associates Targeted by Islamic Zealots,” AP, February 13, 1994; “Translator Hurt,” The Independent, July 4, 1991; “Rushdie, in Rare Public Appearance, Says Hitmen after Him,” AP, September 15, 1991, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19910916&id=o20WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9RIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5405,3600901.
30. T. R. Reid, “ ‘Satanic Verses’ Translator Found Slain,” Washington Post, July 13, 1991, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-1074580.html; Kevin Sullivan, “Rushdie Translator Stabbed to Death,” The Guardian, July 13, 1991; Ashok S. Rai, “Slain ‘Verses’ Translator Revered, Reviled,” The Nikkei Weekly, August 3, 1991. Igarashi’s murder remained unsolved when the statute of limitations was reached fifteen years later; “Statute of Limitations to Expire on ‘Satanic Verses’ Murder in Japan,” Japan Economic Newswire, July 4, 2006.
31. Paris: Editions la Découverte, 1993; English translation, For Rushdie: Essays by Muslim Writers in Defense of Free Speech (New York: George Braziller, 1994).
32. Koenraad Elst, postscript to Pipes, The Rushdie Affair, 259; “Turkish Paper Publishes ‘Satanic Verses,’ ” AFP, May 26, 2003; “Fundamentalists Protest at Satanic Verses,” AFP, May 28, 1993; “35 Dead, 60 Injured in Hotel Fire Set by Turkish Fundamentalists,” AFP, July 3, 1993; Hugh Pope, “Turkish Zealots Kill 40 in ‘Verses’ Attack,” The Independent, July 3, 1993, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/turkish-zealots-kill-40-in-verses-attack-militants-burn-down-hotel-in-riot-over-rushdies-book-1482639.html; “Turkey: Writer Aziz Nesin Denies Engaging in Anti-religious Propaganda,” Turkish TV broadcast of July 4, 1993, carried in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 6, 1993; Yalman Onaran, “Burned: An Author Charged with Inciting a Crowd to Kill Him,” Columbia Journalism Review, November 1994; Rasit Gurdilek, “Fundamentalist Rampage Leaves 35 Dead, 60 Injured,” AP, July 3, 1993; “Rushdie’s Supporters ‘Will Also Face Death,’ ” The Herald (Glasgow), July 8, 1993.
33. Doug Mellgren, “Salman Rushdie’s Norwegian Publisher Shot,” AP, April 11, 1993, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-969291.html; Mellgren, “Iran Denies Links to Shooting of Rushdie’s Publisher,” AP, October 14, 1993; “Police Hunting Nygaard Gunmen, Iranian Ambassador Called In,” AFP, October 21, 1993; “Norway Closes Rushdie Inquiry,” Washington Post, April 22, 1995.
34. “Norway Reopens Satanic Verses Shooting Case,” CBC News, November 27, 2010, http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/books/story/2010/11/27/norway-publisher-rushdie.html.
35. Jamie Wilson and Helen Carter, “Rushdie’s Nightmare Years as a Fugitive,” The Guardian, September 23, 1998; Anne McElvoy, “Banned on the Run,” The Times, August 26, 1995; Jan M. Olsen, “Danes Cancel Rushdie Visit, Citing Inadequate Security,” AP, October 31, 1996; “Tehran Confirms Fatwa Against Rushdie,” AFP, February 15, 2008; David Pallister, “Rushdie Wins Government Pledge to Combat Fatwa,” The Guardian, February 17, 1998; “Iran Says It Won’t Execute Rushdie,” AP, March 1, 1998; “Senior Iran Cleric Says Rushdie Death Sentence Is Irrevocable,” AP, July 24, 1998, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1345&dat=19910214&id=LMgSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CfoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5057,1778807.
36. Pipes, The Rushdie Affair, 184–87, describes Iranian state-sponsored assassinations or assassination attempts, particularly against Iranian expatriates in the West, during the 1980s.
37. “French Journalists Win First EU ‘For Diversity. Against Discrimination’ Award,” EU press release IP/05/512, May 2, 2005, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/512&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en.
38. Anthony Shadid and Kevin Sullivan, “Anatomy of the Cartoon Protest Movement,” Washington Post, February 16, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/15/AR2006021502865.html; Paul Marshall, interview with Flemming Rose, Copenhagen, August 6, 2006; Klausen, Cartoons That Shook the World, 14–15. Klausen reports that three other cartoonists turned down the assignment, one citing fear and the others unrelated reasons.
39. John Hansen, “The Editor and the 12 Cartoons,” interview with Carsten Juste, JyllandsPosten, December 18, 2005, http://jp.dk/udland/article177647.ece.
40. Flemming Rose, “Freedom of Expression: The Face of Muhammad,” Jy
llands-Posten, September 30, 2005, 3, translation available via the Australian Broadcasting Corporation at www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/AccompCart.doc.
41. The other images featured were: a Danish schoolboy named Muhammad gesturing to a blackboard that read “Jyllands-Posten’s journalists are a bunch of reactionary provocateurs”; Muhammad at the entrance to paradise telling a row of suicide bombers, “stop, stop, we’ve run out of virgins!”; Muhammad’s face with the traditional Islamic crescent around it and the star over his right eye; abstract forms that may have been stylized female figures next to verses that appear to chastise the Prophet for repressing women; Muhammad with a broken halo resembling horns; Muhammad viewing a paper and telling two sword-brandishing men, “Relax … it’s just a sketch made by a Dane from southwest Denmark”; Muhammad with eyes obscured by a black bar and sword in hand, standing in front of two frightened-looking women in burkas; Kare Bluitgen, the children’s book author in question, with an orange (a symbol for luck), reading “PR-stunt” nestled in a turban on his head and a drawing of a be-turbaned stick figure in his hand; and the image that Jyllands-Posten used for the centerpiece in its story, showing a man standing before a lineup of seven figures in turbans, including figures from other religions, Mr. Bluitgen, and a far-right Danish politician, saying “Hm … I don’t recognize him.”
Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy Codes Are Choking Freedom Worldwide Page 66