by David Loades
32. Cal. Ven, II, no. 511.
33. Ibid. Perry, Sisters , p. 138.
34. Du Bellay, VII, p. 187.
35. None of the numerous accounts of these events make mention of any expression of opinion on Mary’s part. Presumably actions spoke louder than words. Du Bellay, VII, p. 187.
36. Hall, Chronicle , p. 571. Letters and Papers , I, ii, no. 3580. S. J. Gunn, Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk (1988), pp. 32–5.
37. Cal. Span ., II, p. 192. Letters and Papers , I, nos. 3472, 3476.
38. Ibid., p. 201.
39. Letters and Papers , I, ii, no. 3387.
40. Richardson, Mary Tudor , p. 114.
41. Hall, Chronicle , p. 571.
42. Du Bellay, VI, p. 184
43. Letters and Papers , I, no. 3355. Sadlack, The French Queen’s Letters , p. 15.
44. D. Loades, The Boleyns (2011), p. 67. The exact date when Anne joined Mary’s household is not known.
45. Perry, Sisters , p. 147.
46. Pierre Gringore, ‘De la reception en entrée de la illustrissime dame et princesse Marie d’Agleterre … dans le ville de Paris le 6 Novembre 1514’. BL Cotton MS Vespasian B.II.
47. Hall, Chronicle, p. 571.
48. BL Cotton Vespasion B.II, f. 10.
49. Richardson, Mary Tudor , p. 118.
4. Mary as Queen of France
1. Richardson, Mary Tudor , pp. 119–20.
2. Ibid., p. 118.
3. Not all the continental observers would have agreed with this reservation, but in English accounts it is always the King who takes precedence. Perry, Sisters to the King , p. 149.
4. Jean de Autun, Chroniques de Louis XII , ed. R.de Maulde La Claviere (1889–93).
5. Dorset to Wolsey, 18 November 1514, Letters and Papers , I, ii, no. 3449.
6. Hall, Chronicle , p. 572.
7. Ibid., p. 573.
8. S. J. Gunn, Charles Brandon , pp. 32–5.
9. Letters and Papers , I, ii, no. 3472.
10. Ibid., nos. 3430, 3472, 3485. II, i, 1.
11. Richardson, Mary Tudor , p. 121.
12. Ibid.
13. This observer was the future Cardinal Jerome Alexander, who was quite accustomed to such occasions.
14. Suffolk to Wolsey, 7 November 1514, Letters and Papers , I, ii, no. 3424
15. Knecht, Francis I , p. 12.
16. Richardson, Mary Tudor , p. 124.
17. Francis’s attitude to Mary at this juncture is a matter of some controversy. He may, or may not, have made improper suggestions – it depends on which source you read!
18. Robert de la Marck Fleuranges, Histoire des choses memorables en France , printed in Les Memoires de Martin et Guillaume du Bellay (1753).
19. Louise de Savoie, Journal, in J-A. C. Buchon, Choix de chroniques et memoires relatif a l’Histoire de France (1778–80), IV, pp. 457–64.
20. Jane had been banned by Louis on the ground of bad moral character (she had been the mistress of the Duke de Longueville) in spite of the fact that she had been Mary’s childhood companion. The Queen was most upset.
21. Hall, Chronicle , p. 586.
22. Perry, Sisters to the King , p. 151.
23. The French crown was not strictly hereditary, ‘for the new king is not the heir of his predecessor, and does not succeed in the possession of his goods …’ The King succeeded by blood in accordance with the Salic Law. If Mary had borne a posthumous son to Louis XII, Francis would not have been the heir. Du Moulin, quoted by R. Doucet, Les institutions de la France au XVIe siècle (2 vols, 1948), I, p. 81.
24. Knecht, Francis I , p. 13.
25. Doucet, Institutions , I, 104–9. A. Lebey, Le connetable de Bourbon (1904), pp. 31–43.
26. Perry, Sisters to the King .
27. Letters and Papers , II, i, no. 46. BL Cotton MS Vespasian F.XIII, f. 281.
28. Letters and Papers , II, i, no. 80. BL Cotton MS Caligula D.VI. f. 179.
29. For a discussion of these negotiations, see Gunn, Charles Brandon , pp. 36–7.
30. Letters and Papers , II, i, no. 124.
31. Perry, Sisters to the King , p. 155.
32. BL Cotton MS Caligula D.VI, ff. 246–7.
33. Letters and Papers , II, i, no. 367. BL Cotton MS Vespasian F.XIII, f. 80.
34. Sadlack, The French Queen’s Letters , pp. 101–10.
35. Richardson, Mary Tudor , p. 167.
5. Mary & the Duke of Suffolk
1. Polydore Vergil, Anglica Historia , ed. Hay, pp. 222–4.
2. Ibid.
3. Leo Had succeeded the warlike Julius II in March 1513.
4. Sadlack, The French Queen’s Letters , p. 99.
5. Richardson, Mary Tudor , pp. 109–10.
6. Sadlack, p. 91.
7. Richardson, Mary Tudor , p. 132.
8. Sadlack, p. 98, which includes an exhaustive discussion of these drafts. Perry, Sisters to the King , p. 153.
9. Letters and Papers , II, i, nos. 85, 113.
10. Ibid., II, i. no. 227. TNA SP1/10, f. 79.
11. Vergil, Anglica Historia , pp. 228–9.
12. Letters and Papers , II, i, no. 80. BL Cotton MS Caligula D.VI, f. 186.
13. Perry, Sisters to the King , p. 153.
14. Sadlack, p. 178.
15. Letters and Papers , II, i, no. 222. BL Cotton MS Caligula D.VI, f. 176.
16. Letters and Papers , II, i, no. 203. Richardson, p. 180.
17. Perry, Sisters to the King , p. 154.
18. Letters and Papers , II, i, no. 223.
19. Sadlack, p. 178.
20. Ibid., pp. 180–1.
21. Letters and Papers , II, i, no. 436. Perry, Sisters to the King , p. 159.
22. Du Bellay, Memoires , VI, p. 185.
23. Cal. Ven . II, p. 618. This was in the process of admitting her own fault.
24. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 38.
25. Letters and Papers , II, i, nos. 224, 436. TNA, C54, 383.
26. Sadlack, p. 121.
27. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 2.
28. Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, 1485–95 , pp. 337–9.
29. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry VII , ed. W. Campbell (1873–77), II, p. 495. Gunn, Charles Brandon , pp. 2–3.
30. TNA C24/28, 29. His aunt, Mary Redyng, was a gentlewoman to the Prince.
31. Gunn, Charles Brandon , pp. 6–7.
32. A. Spont, The French Wars of 1512–13 (1897), pp. 145–53. Edward Echyngham to Wolsey, 5 May 1513.
33. Ibid., p. 147.
34. J. Anstis, The Register of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1724), i, p. 275.
35. Hall, Chronicle , pp. 533, 566, 568.
36. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 9.
37. Letters and Papers , I, i, no. 698; ii, App. No. 9. Hall, Chronicle , pp. 510–12, 516, 518.
38. Ibid., p. 566, Letters and Papers , I, ii, no. 2575.
39. Hall, Chronicle , p. 526. Gunn, Charles Brandon , pp. 11–12.
40. A Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of the Royal Household (1790), p. 206. The personnel of the stables numbered 137 during Brandon’s tour of duty, and its turnover was about £1,500 a year.
41. Letters and Papers , I, ii, nos. 1965, 1971, 1976, 1978, 1992.
42. The Guienne campaign had been a disaster because of the breakdown of discipline, something for which all the captains shared the responsibility. Letters and Papers , I, ii, no. 2575.
43. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 17
44. C. G. Cruikshank, The English Occupation of Tournai, 1513–1519 (1971), pp. 7–8.
45. BL Harley Charter 43E8. Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds in the Public Records Office , V, A13349.
46. Helen Miller, Henry the Eighth and the English Nobility (1986).
47. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 33.
48. Cal. Pat., 1494–1509 , p. 533. Calendar of the Close Rolls, 1500–1509 , p. 316.
49. Letters and Papers , I, ii, nos. 2654, 2941.
50. The Chronicle
of Calais , ed. J. G. Nichols (Camden Society 35, 1846), pp. 71–4. Hall, Chronicle , p. 566.
51. Elizabeth Grey was daughter and heir to Sir John Grey, Viscount Lisle; she was therefore Baroness Lisle in her own right when Brandon entered into his dubious contract with her, and he was granted the title on that consideration.
52. Sadlack, Letters , p. 182.
53. Richardson, Mary Tudor , pp. 183–5.
54. Gunn, Charles Brandon , pp. 42–3.
55. Ibid., pp. 39–40.
56. By 1516 he had been granted or had purchased 41 per cent of the total De la Pole holdings.
57. In East Anglia a queen attracted far more attention than a duke, and she received many presents and tributes. However the real test came at court, where their liveries were fully restored by 1519, and probably a good deal earlier. Letters and Papers , III. i, no. 491.
6. Mary, Suffolk & the King
1. Cal. Ven ., III, no. 88. Rutland Papers , ed. William Jerden (Camden Society, 21, 1842), pp. 28–49. Later, in January 1526 it was laid down that the Duke should always be lodged on the ‘king’s side’ if the Duchess was not present. If they were both at court, they were to be lodged on the ‘Queen’s side’. Letters and Papers , III, no. 1939.
2. Statutes of the Realm , IV, I, p. 194. Approved on 20 December 1515. Lords Journals , Vol. I, p. 56.
3. Gunn, Charles Brandon , pp. 61–2.
4. Letters and Papers , II, ii, no. 4567.
5. Ibid., I, nos. 180, 197. J. de Iongh, Margaret of Austria (1954), p. 167.
6. Letters and Papers , II, ii, nos. 4061, 4134.
7. Ibid., II, I, nos. 834, 913, 1025, 1026, 1030. Gunn, Brandon , pp. 57–8.
8. Letters and Papers , Addendum I, no. 171. TNA SP1/232, ff. 6–8.
9. Gunn, Brandon , p. 61.
10. S. T. Bindoff, The House of Commons, 1509–1558 (1982), II, p. 482. TNA IND 10217/1, f. 2.
11. Letters and Papers , II, i, no. 2170.
12. Gunn, Brandon, p. 58
13. Letters and Papers , II, ii, nos. 4061, 4134. Addendum, I, no. 210.
14. Ibid., II, ii, nos. 4303, 4346. TNA SP1/232, f. 81.
15. BL Cotton MS Vespasian D.I, f. 63. Letters and Papers , II, ii, Appendix, no. 48.
16. Ibid., no. 4448. TNA SP1/17, f. 67. Gunn, Brandon , p. 59.
17. Letters and Papers , III, i, nos. 14, 15.
18. Ibid., II, ii, no. 3872.
19. BL Harley Charter 43B1. BL Cotton MS Galba B.VI, f. 211. Letters and Papers , III, i, no. 926. Gunn, Brandon , p. 62.
20. Bod. MS Wood F.33, f. 45. TNA E179/69/4, 5. Chronicle of Calais , pp. 76–7. BL Egerton MS 985, ff. 61–4.
21. Gunn, Brandon , p. 63.
22. Ibid., p. 65.
23. Bod. MS Top. Berks . b.2, f. 13. TNA LR12/21/636.
24. Letters and Papers , II, i, no. 2170.
25. Ibid., no. 1935. E. Lodge, Illustrations of British History (1791), I, p. 17.
26. Cal. Ven ., II, p. 818. T. Malory, The Works of Sir Thomas Malory , ed. E. Vinaver (1947), II, pp. 568–70.
27. T. Rymer, Foedera , XIII, p. 624 et seq.
28. Cal. Ven ., III, p. 16.
29. For a full account of Wolsey’s involvement in these arrangements, see J. G. Russell. The Field of Cloth of Gold (1969), pp. 16–21.
30. Cal. Ven , III, no. 61. Surian to the Doge and Senate, 3 June 1520. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII , pp. 77–8.
31. Rutland Papers , pp. 28–49.
32. Russell, Field of Cloth of Gold , pp. 95–104.
33. Ibid., p. 120.
34. Cal. Ven ., III, nos. 80, 84, 85.
35. Some thought that Anne Browne, the sister of Sir Wistan, outshone her, but this was not the general opinion. Cal. Ven ., III, nos. 50, 69.
36. Ibid., no. 78.
37. Russell, Field of the Cloth of Gold , pp. 160–4.
38. Ibid., p. 167.
39. Cal. Ven ., III, nos. 50, 90. A ‘Chapel of Peace’ was supposed to be erected on the site where the mass was held.
40. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII , p. 80. D. Loades, Mary Tudor (1989), p. 16.
41. Perry, Sisters to the King , p. 212.
42. Knecht, Francis I , pp. 105–6. England, which occupied the fourth side, thus assumed a disproportionate strategic importance.
43. Richardson, Mary Tudor , p. 277. Letters and Papers , V, pp. 750, 758.
44. Greg Walker, ‘The Expulsion of the Minions in 1519 Reconsidered’, Historical Journal , 32, 1989.
45. Perry, Sisters to the King , p. 212.
46. Cal. Span ., Further Supplement, pp. 195 et seq.
47. S. J. Gunn, ‘The Duke of Suffolk’s March on Paris in 1523’, English Historical Review , 101, 1986.
48. Letters and Papers , IV, i, no. 61. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 76.
49. Gunn, ‘The Duke of Suffolk’s March’.
50. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 76.
51. Letters and Papers , IV, i, nos. 680, 841.
52. Cal. Span ., Further Supplement, pp. 388–9. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 77.
53. Cal. Span ., III, p. 315; Further Supplement, pp. 304, 348.
54. Ibid., III, p. 82.
55. G. W. Bernard, War, Taxation and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey and the Amicable Grant of 1525 (1986), pp. 110–30.
56. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII , pp. 140–1.
57. Cal. Ven ., III, no. 1141.
7. The Duchess & Her Children
1. Richardson, Mary Tudor , p. 199.
2. Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon , pp. 131–2.
3. Richardson, p. 200. She was the widow of William Courtenay, who had been created Earl of Devon in May 1511, but had died a month later.
4. Although no one says so! Richardson, loc. cit.
5. Perry, Sisters to the King , p. 186.
6. Richard Grafton, A Chronicle at Large (ed. 1809), p. 288.
7. Letters and Papers , II, i, nos. 834, 913, 1025, 1026, 1030.
8. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 58.
9. Sadlack, Letters , p. 184. BL Cotton MS Caligila B.VI, f. 119
10. Richardson, p. 203.
11. Letters and Papers , II, ii, no. 3018. TNA SP1/15, f. 33.
12. Richardson, p. 205.
13. Grafton, Chronicle , p. 293.
14. Ibid., p. 294. Grafton gives no figures, but this is a rough estimate.
15. Letters and Papers , II, ii, no. 3712. BL MA Cotton Caligula B.I, f. 244. Grafton noted that all her expenses in England had been ‘of the kings purse’.
16. Cal. Ven , II, pp. 918, 920. Letters and Papers , II, no. 1510.
17. ODNB . Richardson, Mary Tudor , pp. 210–11.
18. Hatfield was close to St Albans, and the Abbot no doubt well known to Nicholas West.
19. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 78. J. G. Nichols, ‘Inventory of the Wardrobe, plate etc., of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset’, Camden Miscellany , 3, 1855, pp. lxxxiv–v.
20. Walter Richardson ignored this child completely. Mary Tudor , p. 311.
21. Beyond the name of his tutor, nothing is known about Henry Brandon’s schooling, nor whether it was any memory of her childhood that prompted Frances later to induce her husband to provide a first-rate education for their daughters.
22. Letters and Papers , III, ii, nos. 2927, 2944, 2960, 3276. TNA C54/398, m. 14.
23. TNA C54/392, m. 26 Letters and Papers , IV, ii, no. 4350. Addendum , I, no. 653.
24. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 131.
25. Letters and Papers , IV, ii, nos. 4246, 4257; IV, iii, no. 5859.
26. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 95.
27. ODNB .
28. A. G. Dickens, The Clifford Letters of the Sixteenth Century (Surtees Society, 1962), p. 24.
29. TNA WARDS9/149, f. 7. Letters and Papers , IV, iii, no. 5336 (12).
30. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 96.
31. Hall, Chronicle , p. 674.
32. Cal. Ven . IV, i, no. 965. Hall, p. 719.
33. Gunn, Charles Brandon , pp. 98–100
34. Ibid., p. 98.
35. Letters and Papers , IV, ii, nos. 2980, 4615, 4616. Knecht, Francis I , p. 186.
36. Ibid., IV, i, no. 2256; IV, ii, nos. 4392, 4615, 5064.
37. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 92.
38. R. Flenley, Six Town Chronicles of England (1911), p. 195. Historical Manuscripts Commission: The Manuscripts of the Corporations of Southampton and Kings Lynn (1887). p. 173.
39. BL Cotton MS Titus B.I, f. 71. Letters and Papers , II, i, no. 1605.
40. Gunn, Charles Brandon , pp. 78–82.
41. Norfolk Record Office, Register 14, ff. 135, 186, 210, 212. Translated by S. J. Gunn.
42. Richardson, Mary Tudor , pp. 213–4.
43. Ibid., p. 215. For the size of Wolsey’s household, see P. J. Gwyn, The King’s Cardinal (1990).
44. Gunn, Charles Brandon , pp. 78–83. For the Duke of Buckingham see Carole Rawcliffe, The Staffords Earls of Stafford and Dukes of Buckingham (1978), pp. 232–43.
45. Richardson, Mary Tudor , pp. 217–18.
46. Ibid.
47. Henry was annoyed with Suffolk on one occasion when he warned him not to pass through Woodstock, because one of the Duke’s servants had died of the plague there. His annoyance was caused, however, by the thought that Suffolk should have warned him sooner. Letters and Papers , IV, ii, no. 2047.
48. Richardson, Mary Tudor , p. 119.
49. Ibid.
50. Brandon refers on a number of occasions to this ailment, without further elaboration, and the medical evidence of Mary’s last illness is non-existent.
8. The Last Days
1. Perry, Sisters to the King , pp. 199–200.
2. Letters and Papers , IV, ii, no. 1939.
3. Richardson, Mary Tudor , pp. 213–14.
4. Gunn, Charles Brandon , p. 113.
5. J. A. Guy, The Public Career of Sir Thomas More (1980), p. 116.
6. Shilston died shortly after his election and his will was witnessed by ducal servants. TNA PROB11/24/3. Gunn, Brandon , p. 114.
7. Letters and Papers , IV, iii, nos. 6225, 6262, 6436, 6575, 6738.
8. Ibid., V, nos. 40, 45, 70, 564, 864, 932.
9. Ibid., VII, no. 296; VIII, no. 342.
10. Ibid., V, no. 287.
11. Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon , p. 271.
12. Cal. Span ., IV, ii, pp. 892–3, 895–9.
13. Carlo Capello to the Doge and Signory, 23 April 1532. Cal. Ven ., IV, no. 761.
14. Ibid., no. 802.
15. Letters and Papers , IV, i, no. 2744.